动物活体内脏微循环观察简易手术缝合法

在进行动物活体内脏微循环研究时，需要手术后从其体内对某一脏器进行多次观测取得结果。对于此类实验面临着一个反复手术缝合和拆线问题，特别是对一些较难缝合的动物皮肤（如大鼠背部皮肤）以及一天内需多次观察结果的实验来讲，问题就越突出。这样不仅增加了操作者的难度，使实验时间延长，而且也增加了对动物的不良刺激，影响动物恢复，使实验结果受到干扰。为解决这一问题，我们采用了一种简易手术缝合法，具体缝合方法如下：（l）采用不同规格的丝线：浆膜层和肌层用“0’号或“l”号丝线，皮肤层用“4”号或“7”号丝线。（2）缝合方…     

基于自适应门限的小波分形四叉树医学图像编码

将一种分形域的自适应门限方法，引入到小波分形域中，解决了小波分形四叉树编码中小波树R与匹配树D的匹配误差的自适应取值问题。仿真实验结果表明，这一自适应门限的编码方法提高了小波分形四叉树图像压缩方法的适应性。     

STARD指南：评估科技出版物质量复杂难题的另一面

《转化医学年鉴》本期焦点是关于2015版诊断实验准确度研究报告标准(简称STARD)指南的复杂争论。一些权威杂志的编辑们对这一问题提出了他们自己的观点，他们回顾了很多专业人士的意见但在如何出版高质量的诊断实验研究这一问题上仍然有不同见解。作为本期的客座编辑，我希望能给出一些简明的要点，帮助读者对新版STARD2015指南的实质性贡献有一个直观感受，但仍然有一些关键性问题没有答案。     

原位逆转录多聚酶链反应技术的改进

原位逆转录多聚酶链反应（ＲＴＰＣＲ）技术问世以来〔１〕，虽然对实验方法和适应这一方法的热循环仪都进行了很大的改进，但由于该技术本身存在的一些问题以及仪器的昂贵，国内尚未能广泛应用。我们对该技术进行了一系列改进，获得满意结果。１　材料和方法１１　标本制备　实验动物为２月龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大白鼠（韩国庆北大学医学院动物室提供），处死后取鼻腔外侧壁粘膜，中性福尔马林４℃固定，常规脱水，石蜡包埋，连续切片，ＨＥ染色，组织学检查。在另１张载玻片上，根据Ｎｕｏｖｏ〔１〕介绍的方法贴相同组织３块，按下述改良方…     

研究发现肿瘤治疗的新曙光

最近，澳大利亚的研究人员提出了一种攻击肿瘤细胞的新方法，并在动物实验中得到了意想不到的治疗效果。这一方法刻意回避了目前化疗所存在的两大弊端：治疗缺乏特异性和继发性肿瘤耐药。在最新一期（June28，2009）的《自然．生物技术》网络版上报道了这一方法，通过移植高侵袭性并且多药耐药的人子宫癌细胞建立小鼠肿瘤模型，治疗组小鼠70天后肿瘤均消失，而未治疗组小鼠在一月后死亡。     

用神经网络进行超声医学图像分割

分割问题是超声心脏图像多维重建中的一大难题，本文研究超声心脏图像分割的自组织神经网络方法，这是一种无监督的分割方法，通过自组织神经网络的自动聚类分割，实验证明，本文方法优于传统的Ｋ－ｍｅａｎｓ方法。     

大鼠侧脑室置管方法的改良

国际上公认的实验动物脑室内给药方法是先在侧脑室内埋置固定于颅顶的套管, 5~10d后待动物从埋管过程造成的应激反应恢复后再经内管给药,这可以去除插管过程造成的应激对实验结果的干扰。但目前此种方法所用的管道系统多依赖进口,价格昂贵,且为一次性使用,其代价是很多国内实验室难以承受的。故国内神经生物学实验中动物脑室内给药的方法多为在颅骨钻孔后以微量注射器或玻璃微电极直接插入脑室内即刻给药,这种方法显然是有缺陷的。为克服这一问题,我们研究出了重复使用进口管道系统的方法,自行设计了置管时将管道固定在立体定向仪上的装置以取代国外公司昂贵的相关产品并可适用于国产定向仪。实验结果证实了这种方法是可行的。本文对这一实验方法的改造进行了详细的描述。     

经颅磁刺激同步脑电技术在认知研究中的应用

经颅磁刺激（TMS）是一种无创地用于干预大脑神经元活动的技术。因为这一特点，近年来将TMS与其他神经影像技术相结合的研究日益增多，在认知研究中更得到了广泛应用。其中脑电（EEG）技术因为其高的时问分辨率和低的实验成本在与TMS的结合研究中占据了独特的地位。从主要研究内容、同步记录、伪迹问题以及数据处理等角度对TMS-EEG技术的应用进行了综述，并总结了目前存在的问题和可能的解决方法。随着新的相关技术解决方案的不断提出，相信TMS-EEG技术在认知研究中必将带来更多更深入的研究成果。     

软组织层在刚性基础上的离体压缩

本文作者用猪的皮肤脂肪层进行了离体压缩实验。共做了六组,使用了三种不同的压力头。用一种名叫“灯芯技术”的方法测量了压力头的位移和组织间隙的流体压力。同时,作者又用有限元方法对同一问题进行了计算,其中的物理常数是在作者以前实验的基础上假设的。实验结果与计算结果在定性上符合得很好。这对作者提出的“皮肤脂肪的     

一种基于广谱X线条件下的双能量X线骨密度测量技术

虽然双能量Ｘ线技术的骨密度测量方法在很多方面优于传统的双光子骨密度测量方法，但由于实际Ｘ线源的广谱性，使这一方法的测量结果不可避免地带有很大误差。本文从分析实际Ｘ线系统的特性出发，提出了一种不受任何前提假设条件限制的骨密度测量方法，并通过实验对这一方法进行了验证，证明其测量结果要优于传统的双能量Ｘ线骨密度测量方法。     

Competitive ELISA of Chloramphenicol: Influence of Immunoreagent Structure and Application of the Method for the Inspection of Food of Animal Origin

An indirect competitive ELISA for the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) in food of animal origin (milk, meat, eggs) is described. Influence of immunoreagent structure and composition on the assay sensitivity and specificity was investigated. Two CAP derivatives were used for conjugation with proteins: CAP succinate and a diazo derivative of CAP. Molar incorporation of CAP into the coating conjugates was also varied. To eliminate matrix effect on the assay results, a special casein-containing buffer was used for milk samples, whereas for meat and egg samples a 50-fold dilution of the buffer extracts was needed. The method developed permits CAP concentrations to be determined in the range 0.08-100 μg 1^-1. The detection limit is 0.08 μg kg^-1. Recovery in different food samples averages between 70 and 130%. The method can be applied for inspection of food of animal origin for CAP residues.     

An ultrasensitive immunochromatographic assay for non-pretreatment monitoring of chloramphenicol in raw milk

A non-pretreatment monitoring method based on immunochromatographic test (ICT) strips was developed to test for chloramphenicol (CAP) in raw milk. This assay was designed to measure competitive binding affinities for CAP molecules in raw milk and CAP antigen immobilized on strips with colloidal gold nanoparticles (GNPs, average diameter of 30 nm) labeled with anti-CAP monoclonal antibody (CAP mAb). Several working conditions, including the CAP solvent, different types and concentrations of CAP mAb, coating antigen, and GNP, were optimized for performance. After optimization, the detection process was carried out in 8 min with a visual limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 ng/mL for qualitative detection and a LOD of 0.064 ng/mL for semi-quantitative detection. No cross-reactivity was detected toward CAP analogs. Based on these results, this simple and ultrasensitive assay could be thoroughly applied in the on-site testing of CAP in raw milk.     

Study on specific IgE antibodies in pediatric allergic patients by CAP system

The CAP system is a new method to detect specific IgE antibodies and is an advanced method of the traditional paper disc RAST. Our result suggests a significant correlation between scores obtained with the CAP system and those with the traditional RAST. Since specific IgE antibodies against multiple allergens can be measured with the CAP system, we studied 5 food allergen specific IgE antibodies (Fx5) in cases of infantile atopic dermatitis. This study indicates a good correlation between the Fx5 scores and clinical symptoms of these patients. Thus, it is concluded that the CAP system is useful for screening IgE antibodies against multiple food allergens in cases of infantile atopic dermatitis.     

颈动脉波特征提取的小波变换分析方法

本文把小波变换应用于颈动脉波的特征提取，为检测ＣＡＰ上升支起点的降支重搏波切迹提出了一种新方法。文中讨论了利用小波变换的极值点和零交叉点检测信号的奇异点的原理，并给出了适当利用平滑信号在拐点处的斜率帮助检测ｕ点的方法。分析了表明，即使在严重基线漂移和强噪声干扰下，这一方面也能得到准确的检测结果。     

Comparison of VIDAS Stallertest and Pharmacia CAP assays for detection of specific IgE antibodies in allergic children

In vitro determination of specific IgE antibodies in serum is the most frequently used method, besides the skin test, for diagnosing allergies. Standardized and reproducible assays of specific IgE antibodies contribute to the quality of diagnosis and treatment of allergic disease. This study compared the results and performance characteristics of the Pharmacia CAP system and a new specific IgE method using the VIDAS Stallertest (manufactured by bioMériux). To evaluate their clinical efficiency, the results of the CAP and VIDAS Stallertest assays were compared with skin prick test (SPT) results. After allergic patients completed SPTs, serum samples were collected and CAP and VIDAS Stallertest assays were performed to determine specific IgEs for Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, cockroach, and alternaria. For egg and milk, we measured only the correlation between the 2 in vitro assays. When SPT was used as a reference standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the CAP assay was a little higher in respect to all inhalant allergens. There were significant correlations between the results of VIDAS Stallertest and CAP assays for IgE antibodies to inhalant and food allergens. This study indicates that the VIDAS Stallertest and Pharmacia CAP assays are feasible and replicable for measuring allergen-specific IgE.     

A model for compound action potentials and currents in a nerve bundle II: A sensitivity analysis of model parameters for the forward and inverse calculations

We present a detailed analysis of the sensitivity of simulated Compound Action Current (CAC) and Compound Action Potential (CAP) recordings to specific model parameters, including the Single Fiber Action Currents (SFACs) and Single Fiber Action Potentials (SFAPs) that represent the contributions of each axon in the nerve bundle. In the preceding paper, we described a general method for simulating CACs and CAPs. This method uses a volume conduction model that incorporates the effects of the nerve bundle and other anisotropic properties of the region of the bundle that surrounds an individual nerve axon. In this paper, we present a complete analysis of the effects of incorrectly assigned model parameters on the simulated CAC and CAP. We also investigate the effects of incorrectly assigned parameters, recording noise, and data smoothing on the Conduction Velocity Distributions (CVDs) predicted from the CAC and CAP. We find that the simulated CAC is less sensitive to most of the parameters than is the CAP.     

A Sensitive Streptavidin‐Biotin Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay for Rapid Screening of Residues of Chloramphenicol in Milk

A sensitive streptavidin‐biotin enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) in milk is described. This test is based on a procedure developed earlier for the direct detection of CAP in crude aqueous meat extracts. Milk samples were defatted by centrifugation, filtered and directly submitted to the ELISA procedure. The results were compared with the values obtained by analysis of a part of the sample from which CAP was removed by an immobilized monoclonal antibody preparation. In spiked samples the presence of CAP at concentrations of 1·0 μg/kg and higher can be easily demonstrated. The possibility of the interpretation of the ELISA results with a statistical method, i.e. the so‐called standard deviation ratio (SDR) procedure, was also investigated.     

Cytokine profiling of pancreatic fluid using the ePFT collection method in tandem with a multiplexed microarray assay

Cytokines are secreted immunomodulating proteins involved in pancreatic stellate cell activation and propagation of fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis. We aim to show that cytokines can be identified from pancreatic fluid by (1) collecting pancreatic fluid with the ePFT method, (2) processing the fluid for cytokine-targeted microarray analysis, and (3) comparing cytokine profiles in pancreatic fluid of chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients and of chronic abdominal pain (CAP) controls. We endoscopically collected pancreatic fluid from patients with CP and those with CAP using the ePFT method. This fluid was subjected directly to a multiplexed cytokine protein microarray assay. Six patients (3 CP, 3 CAP) underwent a secretin-stimulated ePFT. The mean peak bicarbonate concentrations [meq/L] of the CP and CAP patients were 43 and 97, respectively. Statistically significant decreases in the cytokine concentrations of EGF, IP-10, eotaxin, IL-3, MIP-1a, IL-15, PDGF-AB/BB, and IL-1a were observed in the CP specimens (p<0.05). We have successfully identified differences in the abundance of cytokines in ePFT-collected pancreatic fluid with a multiplexed microarray assay comparing CP and CAP controls. Further targeted investigation of cytokines in ePFT-collected fluid will broaden our knowledge of pancreatic immune response and pathogenesis in chronic pancreatitis.     

Physical plasma therapy accelerates wound re-epithelialisation and enhances extracellular matrix formation in cutaneous skin grafts

Skin grafting is a surgical method of cutaneous reconstruction, which provides volumetric replacement in wounds unable to heal by primary intention. Clinically, full-thickness skin grafts (FTSGs) are placed in aesthetically sensitive and mechanically demanding areas such as the hands, face, and neck. Complete or partial graft failure is the primary complication associated with this surgical procedure. Strategies aimed at improving the rate of skin graft integration will reduce the incidence of graft failure. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is an emerging technology offering innovative clinical applications. The aim of this study was to test the therapeutic potential of CAP to improve wound healing and skin graft integration into the recipient site. In vitro models that mimic wound healing were used to investigate the ability of CAP to enhance cellular migration, a key factor in cutaneous tissue repair. We demonstrated that CAP enhanced the migration of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. This increased cellular migration was possibly induced by the low dose of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by CAP. Using a mouse model of burn wound reconstructed with a full-thickness skin graft, we showed that wounds treated with CAP healed faster than did control wounds. Immunohistochemical wound analysis showed that CAP treatment enhanced the expression of the dermal–epidermal junction components, which are vital for successful skin graft integration. CAP treatment was characterised by increased levels of Tgfbr1 mRNA and collagen I protein in vivo, suggesting enhanced wound maturity and extracellular matrix deposition. Mechanistically, we show that CAP induced the activation of the canonical SMAD-dependent TGF- β 1 pathway in primary human dermal fibroblasts, which may explain the increased collagen I synthesis in vitro. These studies revealed that CAP improved wound repair and skin graft integration via mechanisms involving extracellular matrix formation. CAP offers a novel approach for treating cutaneous wounds and skin grafts. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Genotype-based differentiation of the Cryptococcus neoformans serotypes by combined PCR-RFLP analysis of the capsule-associated genes CAP10 and CAP59.

This report describes an indirect identification method for Cryptococcus neoformans serotypes developed using combined restriction enzyme pattern analysis of two PCR-amplified portions of the capsule-associated genes CAP10 and CAP59. The method relies on the recognition of the sequence conformation of nine serotype-related polymorphic sites by the analysis of four restriction profiles. A 610 nucleotides long trait of the CAP10 gene was digested with the enzymes Sty I or Sal I and a 597 nucleotides long trait of the CAP59 gene was digested with the enzymes Sal I or EcoRV+PstI. The resulting profiles, reported as a string of four numbers, defined for each strain an intrinsically coherent allelic profile closely correlated to the serotype. We analyzed by this method 172 C. neoformans strains obtained from different sources. All the serotype A strains examined and all the strains of the B-C serotypes group were recognized by specific allelic profiles, but serotypes B and C could not be distinguished from each other. Of the serotype D strains, 84% were characterized by a unique allelic pattern, while the remaining 16% were genotypically indistinguishable from the AD serotype organisms among which differences in the ploidy number and evidence of recombination could be recognized.