鲍曼不动杆菌Ⅰ类整合子与多重耐药相关性研究

目的 了解临床分离鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药状况、Ⅰ类整合子的分布情况,探讨Ⅰ类整合子与多重耐药的关系.方法 检测20种临床常用抗菌药物对鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC).PCR扩增Ⅰ类整合酶基因.对部分Ⅰ类整合酶阳性菌株进行耐药基因盒序列分析.结果 鲍曼不动杆菌呈现多重耐药,鲍曼不动杆菌对IMP和MRP耐药率分别为0.9%和1.8%,对CPZ/SB的耐药率为35.7%,对其它抗菌药物的耐药率均大于60%,多重耐药率为76.8%(86/112),但对COL和MIN均敏感.80.4%(90/112)的菌株检测出Ⅰ类整合子.Ⅰ类整合子阳性株对多种药物的耐药率均高于阴性株,且Ⅰ类整合子阳性株多重耐药率(90%)明显高于阴性株(22.7%)(P<0.01).Ⅰ类整合子基因盒序列分析显示,Ⅰ类整合子携带aacA4,catB8和aadA13种耐药基因.结论 Ⅰ类整合子在鲍曼不动杆菌中检出率很高并与其多重耐药性关系密切.     

该基因的整合和鲍曼不动杆菌基因可变区盒式结构分析检测

目的:了解整合酶基因在天津地区多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌株中的分布和流行情况,分析整合子与鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药性的关系。方法:收集天津地区3家医院55株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,以K-B法进行抗生素敏感试验,用PCR方法检测整合酶基因,结合以往检测的耐药基因,采用聚类法对55株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌进行菌株亲缘性分析。结果:55株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共检出47株含有Ⅰ类整合酶基因,其中有23株检出可变区结构,未检出Ⅱ、Ⅲ类整合酶基因,可变区所携带的aacA4和aadA1基因盒是引起鲍曼不动杆菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药的主要原因。55株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共含有3个克隆株。结论:天津地区多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中主要存在Ⅰ类整合子,聚类分析方法可对所有菌株分型。     

2009-2014年我院抗菌药物临床应用对鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性变迁的影响

目的 研究鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性变迁趋势,探讨抗菌药物使用对鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率变化的影响,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供理论依据.方法 回顾性分析2009-2014年鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率变化趋势及抗菌药物年用量,计算用药频度(DDDs),采用Pearson相关分析法对耐药率与DDDs进行分析.结果 2 859株鲍曼不动杆菌菌株对常用抗菌药物呈多重耐药趋势,对β-内酰胺类、大多β-内酰胺类加酶抑制剂、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、碳青霉烯类、磺胺类的耐药率均超过65.0％,仅对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和米诺环素的耐药率相对较低,波动在32.1％ ～ 54.2％之间.2009-2014年不同抗菌药物的DDDs有不同程度升降.庆大霉素、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星和亚胺培南的DDDs与鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率呈高度正相关(r＞0.800,P＜0.05).结论 鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性较为严重,抗菌药物用量与鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率之间存在一定相关性,应加强抗菌药物临床应用管理.     

鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性及与Ⅰ型整合子的关系

目的分析河北省临床分离的90株鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药情况及与Ⅰ型整合子的关系。方法用微量肉汤稀释法测定美罗培南等7种临床常用抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度,PCR检测Ⅰ型整合子基因,并分析耐药性与Ⅰ型整合子基因的关系。结果 90株鲍曼不动杆菌中,多重耐药株56株（62.2%）;56株Ⅰ型整合子基因阳性;Ⅰ型整合子阳性菌株对多种药物耐药,整合子阴性菌株耐药种类较少（P（0.05）。结论临床常用的7种抗菌药物中,无一种能完全抑制鲍曼不动杆菌,其中美罗培南和亚胺培南敏感率较高,而头孢他啶和阿米卡星耐药率较高;Ⅰ型整合子基因的作用是导致鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药和高耐药的重要原因之一。     

98株鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解鲍曼不动杆菌在医院感染中的分布、构成比及其耐药性。方法：按常规方法对临床各种标本进行细菌培养、分离、鉴定;药物敏感试验采用K-B法,结果按美国临床实验室标准化委员会标准进行;采用回顾性方法统计分析98株鲍曼不动杆菌标本来源、感染科室分布及耐药状况。结果：98株鲍曼不动杆菌有62株来自于下呼吸道标本（痰）,占63.2%;分离鲍曼不动杆菌的科室分别为ICU占48.9%,呼吸内科占27.5%,肿瘤科占14.2%;药敏结果显示鲍曼不动杆菌对磺胺类、喹诺酮类、β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类均有很高的耐药率,而对碳青酶烯类、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦有较低的耐药率,最低为亚胺培南15.3%。结论：鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株多来源于呼吸道痰标本和ICU病房,并对多种抗菌药物的耐药率较高,且出现一定比例的对亚胺培南耐药株,多重耐药性明显,临床应加强对鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性的监测并防止多重耐药株的流行。     

重症监护室多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌整合子与耐药相关性研究

目的：了解鲍曼不动杆菌整合子分布情况,探讨发现的整合子与其耐药性的关系。方法：分离2014—2015年重症监护室（ICU）多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,用VITEK2全自动微生物鉴定系统进行菌种鉴定及药敏检测,聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测整合子可变区。结果：鲍曼不动杆菌对ICU常用药物除头孢哌酮舒巴坦外耐药率均超过50%,整合子结构的检出率为82.81%,可变区包含arr-3+aacA4和aacA4+catB8+aadA1,属于两种Ⅰ类整合子。结论：ICU的多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌广泛存在Ⅰ类整合子结构,介导对氨基糖苷类、氯霉素和利福平耐药,对ICU多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药基因有待进一步检测。     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的主动外排泵基因对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药性的影响

目的 探讨对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药的多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌主动外排泵基因在耐药机制中表达情况.方法 多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌96株,分析其对9种β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的耐药性.以加入泵抑制剂羰基氰氯苯腙(CCCP)后最低抑菌浓度(MIC)降低至≤1/4为标准,筛选出34株外排泵表型阳性的鲍曼不动杆菌,用聚合酶联链反应(PCR)扩增法对其行外排泵蛋白基因adeB进行检测和分析.结果 多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为92.3％,86.6％,83.0％,70.8％,68.3％;对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为90.1％,77.5％,72.4％和67.3％.34株外排泵表型阳性的鲍曼不动杆菌检测到adeB基因有33株,检出阳性率97.06％.对33株鲍曼不动杆菌的外排泵基因adeB进行测序,经比对所测序列与Genebank中序列同源性为100.0％.结论 主动外排泵基因是多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药的一个重要因素.     

鲍曼不动杆菌整合酶基因测定及可变区基因盒结构分析

摘要：目的了解整合酶基因在我市多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌株中分布和流行情况,分析整合子与鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药性的关系。方法收集我市三家三甲医院55株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,以KB的法进行抗生素敏感试验及用聚合酶链反应方法检测整合酶基因,结合以往检测的耐药基因,采用聚类分析对55株进行菌株亲缘性分析。结果55株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共检出47株含有Ⅰ类整合酶基因,其中有23株检出可变区结构,未检出Ⅱ,Ⅲ类整合酶基因,可变区所携带的aacA4和aadA1基因盒是引起鲍曼不动杆菌对氨基糖甙类抗生素耐药的主要原因。多基因聚类分析结果表明55株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共含有3个克隆株。结论我市多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中主要存在本人类整合子,可变区所携带的基因盒aacA4和aadA1是引起鲍曼不动杆菌对氨基糖甙类抗生素耐药的主要原因,聚类分析方法可对所有菌株分型,为流行病学调查,院内感染控制及抗生素应用提供依据。 关键词：鲍曼不动杆菌,整合子;聚类分析     

鲍曼不动杆菌感染的分布特点及耐药性分析

目的 了解福建省莆田学院附属医院3年来鲍曼不动杆菌感染现状,分析其耐药谱变迁,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据.方法 对该院2008~2010年分离的鲍曼不动杆菌分离情况及抗菌药物敏感性进行回顾性的分析.结果 3年间共分离鲍曼不动杆菌628株,其中通过呼吸道感染的占90.76%,每年分离率均占总分离菌的前三位.鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率有普遍上升趋势并呈多重耐药,其中对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低(16.24%),对亚胺培南的耐药率也较低(42.83%),对氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类、头孢菌素类等的耐药率在59.87%~86.94%.结论 鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离率不断激增,耐药性逐年增强,应加强其耐药率监测,合理使用抗生素.     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对12种抗菌药物的耐药性分析

抗菌药物的滥用已经成为突出的问题[1].β内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类及喹诺酮类抗菌药为目前应用较广的几类抗感染药物[2],临床上使用的3类及其以上抗菌药物同时耐药的细菌,被称作"多重耐药菌"[3].研究表明,多重耐药菌引起的医院感染,已经严重影响到医疗安全和患者安全.本研究分析鲍曼不动杆菌对12种抗菌药物的耐药性情况,现总结如下. 1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料 收集2009年10月至2011年10月台州市博爱医院分离取得的鲍曼不动杆菌354株,来自外科63株、内科72株、ICU 135株、其他科室84株;标本取自血液7株、尿液11株、分泌物42株、痰277株、其他17株. 1.2 方法 针对鲍曼不动杆菌354株,实施纸片扩散法进行头孢呋辛、头孢西丁、头孢曲松、亚胺培南、阿莫西林/棒酸、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢唑啉、左氟沙星、氨曲南、头孢他啶等12种抗菌药物的药敏试验,具体方法如下.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.