功能性下丘脑性闭经患者生活事件、个性及激素水平

功能性下丘脑性闭经 (functionalhy pothalamicamenorrhea ,FHA)是除外下丘脑、垂体器质性病变 ,由于促性腺激素功能不足而导致性腺功能低落的闭经 ,其发病率约占继发性闭经的 5 5 % [1 ] 。自Refeinstein ( 1946年 )首次应用“精神性(心理性 )闭经”[2 ] 来描述应激诱发的月经紊乱以来 ,人们研究FHA时才开始考虑心理因素的作用。本研究从心理生理学的角度探讨FHA患者的生活事件、个性及激素水平 ,为临床防治对策的应用提供科学依据。本文选取 2 0 0 1年 3月—2 0 0 1年 6月 ,经本省省级医院确诊为FHA的患者 ,共 3 3例。病例组闭经时…     

FHA患者心理社会因素及激素水平的多因素条件Logistic回归分析

功能性下丘脑性闭经 (functionalhypothalamica menorrhea,FHA)是临床最常见的一类闭经 ,其发病率约占继发性闭经的 5 5 % [1] ,对广大妇女身心危害极大。在身体方面 ,除影响患者的生育功能外 ,还可因长期缺乏雌激素而出现骨密度下降、骨折及心血管疾病增加等严重后果[2 ] ;在心理方面 ,月经的建立是生殖功能成熟的标志之一 ,相应的闭经则意味着进入围绝经期[3] 或女性的完整性受到损害 ,常常成为妇女特殊的心理问题 ,给妇女带来不适、紧张、焦虑、恐惧等心身反应。本研究从心理生理学的角度通过对FHA患者心理社会因素及激素水平的多因素…     

继发性闭经患者性激素测定的临床意义

为探讨性激素水平与继发性闭经的关系,以及在临床诊断和治疗中的意义,我们对178例继发性闭经患者进行性激素五项水平分析:泌乳素(PRL)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)。现将结果报告如下。1资料和方法1.1临床资料1.1.1病例组自2002年～2004年到我院就诊的继发性闭经患者178例,年龄(20～39)岁,平均(26.3±5.5)岁,抽血检测前2个月未用任何影响激素水平的药物。1.1.2对照组同时期40名健康女性,年龄(20～39)岁,平均(27.1±5.23)岁,2月内未用任何影响激素水平药物。1.2方法采集被检测者早晨空腹静脉血3ml(对照组…     

人腔前卵泡体外培养研究

目的探讨FSH对人腔前卵泡(preantralfollicle)体外生长的影响.方法培养液中加入不同浓度的FSH,观察卵泡存活天数和卵泡发育增大.结果卵泡体外存活天数对照组为2.80±1.69天,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(FSH浓度为0.5IU/ml、1IU/ml、2IU/ml)分别为5.36±0.63、5.47±2.50、8.13±4.19天,与对照组相比,分别为P＜0.05、P＜0.01、P＜0.001.卵泡增大比率对照组为20.00%,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别为35.71%、60.00%、81.25%,与对照组相比分别为P＞0.05、P＜0.05、P＜0.01.结论FSH能使卵泡体外存活天数延长,卵泡发育增大,并大致呈正相关关系.     

拉米夫定对PBMC及血清内HBV-DNA的阴转和细胞因子的诱导作用

目的探讨拉米夫定对慢性乙肝患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)及血清内HBV-DNA的阴转效果和对细胞因子的影响。方法将81例慢性乙肝患者分为A(47例)、B(34例)两组,分别采用拉米夫定和常规治疗,于治疗前后分别检测患者PBMC、血清中HBV-DNA和细胞因子水平。结果拉米夫定治疗36周后,慢性乙肝患者PBMC内和血清中HBV-DNA阴转率分别为55.32%(26/47)和61.70%(29/47),常规治疗组PBMC内和血清中HBV-DNA阴转率分别为26.47%(9/34)和32.35%(11/34),两者相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。拉米夫定治疗24、36周后,慢性乙肝患者血清HBeAg的阴转率分别为46.81%(22/47)和68.09%(32/47),与常规治疗组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05和P<0.01)。采用拉米夫定和常规治疗后,丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、门冬氨酸转氨酸(AST)、ALT/AST水平分别为(30.1±9.6)U/ml、(32.3±10.7)U/ml、0.9±0.1和(48.4±10.7)U/ml、(44.7±11.0)U/ml、1.1±0.2,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。慢性乙肝患者IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α表达水平较高,拉米夫定可显著下调IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α至(250.5±33.3)pg/ml、(153.4±22.2)pg/ml、(232.6±21.2)pg/ml,与常规治疗组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论拉米夫定对PBMC及血清内HBV-DNA均具有较好的治疗效果,其阴转率明显高于常规治疗法。拉米夫定比常规药物更具有减轻局部炎性细胞因子浸润、分泌和促进肝细胞功能恢复的作用。     

闭经妇女血液流变学变化与性激素关系的探讨

对高促性腺激素组(高Gn)32例,低促性腺激素组(低Gn)27例,分别测定血液流变学及性激素.结果:两组全血低切粘度(ηb40~(s-1))、血浆粘度(ηp)、还原粘度(ηr)、k值、体外血栓长度(L)、湿重(MW)与对照组比较均有非常显著差异.高Gn组促卵泡成熟激素(FSH)、黄体生成激素(LH)均显著增高,低Gn组FSH、LH均显著下降.两组雌二醇(E_2)催乳素(PRL)均下降,睾酮(T)变化不大.指出高Gn、低Gn闭经妇女尽管闭经的原因不同,但最终均可造成体内E_2水平低落及血液流变学高粘性的改变.提示:对闭经妇女存在的高粘血症应引起临床重视,且血液流变学检查为其早期诊断及疗效的观察提供了客观依据.     

闭经及月经失调妇女血清PRL,FSH LH RIA的临床意义

本文用放射免疫方法测定了52例闭经和46例月经失调患者血清中PRL、FSH、LH的含量,以探讨其与疾病的关系。同时以40例健康成年女性作为对照组进行分析,现将结果报告如下。 材料和方法 一、对象: (一)对照组:为本院健康体检确认无妇科疾病者40人,年龄21～39岁。 (二)患者组:52例闭经及46例月经失调患者均来自本院妇科门诊,年龄16～49岁。 二、方法:所有受试者均在上午8点抽取空腹静脉血2ml,置37℃水浴30min,分离血清,-20℃低温     

重组Derp2变应原诱导小鼠变态反应气道炎症动物模型的建立

目的建立重组屋尘螨Derp2变应原(rDerp2)诱导的小鼠变态反应气道炎症动物模型。方法在大肠杆菌中诱导表达Derp2重组蛋白,用镍亲和柱层析法提纯重组蛋白;32只BALB/c小鼠随机分为屋尘螨粗浸液组(A组)、屋尘螨粗浸液+rDerp2组(B组)、rDerp2组(C组)、对照组(D组)。分别观察肺组织病理变化与支气管肺泡灌洗液(BLAF)中细胞学变化,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定BLAF中和脾细胞培养上清IL-4与INF-γ变化,ELISA测定血清中IgE、IgG1与IgG2a抗体变化。结果成功表达、纯化Derp2重组蛋白;A、B、C组肺部病理改变呈现明显的变态反应性炎症;A、B、C组小鼠BALF中的细胞总数、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞数和EOS计数显著高于D组(P<0.01);A、B、C组BALF中IL-4含量分别为(109.35±16.46)pg/ml、(88.87±5.66)pg/ml、(85.59±6.05)pg/ml,与D组(23.17±2.67)pg/ml相比差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。A、B、C组抗原特异性IgE抗体分别为0.49±0.04、0.41±0.02、0.37±0.04,与D组(0.03±0.01)相比差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01);A、B、C组小鼠脾细胞分泌IL-4分别为(266.20±19.18)pg/ml、(252.72±15.81)pg/ml、(243.62±19.07)pg/ml,与D组(15.99±1.56)pg/ml相比差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。结论用rDerp2能成功建立小鼠变态反应气道炎症动物模型。     

血清性激素测定在女性性早熟的诊断和治疗中的临床应用

本文收集因乳房发育或伴有阴道出血在本院就诊女孩38例,年龄14个月～8足岁不等,乳房增大直径从1cm硬结至8cm之腺体组织。7例外阴发育,3例出现阴毛。血清LH、FSH,E_2测定发现,26例LH、FSH升高,LH值为3.6±1.8(IU/L)((?)±SD),FSH值为4.9±2.6(IU/L)((?)±SD),,31例E_2升高达育龄妇女月经周期之卵泡早期水平。对LH、FSH升高患者应用醋酸甲孕酮治疗取得了满意的效果,乳房萎缩,激素恢复正常。     

慢性乙型肝炎病人单个核细胞γ干扰素的诱生和T淋巴细胞亚群的研究

本文对28例慢乙肝病人的外周血单个核细胞进行ConA诱生γ干扰素的测定,同时用T细胞单克隆抗体系统检测其T细胞亚群。结果发现,慢乙肝病人ConA诱生的γ干扰素效价为7.858±1.483log2U/ml,而正常对照组为7.839±0.621log2U/ml,两组间无显著性差异,但在慢乙肝病人组内个体间IFN-γ的效价差别显著大于对照组(P<0.05).慢乙肝病人组T细胞亚群的T_4/T_3比例与对照组无显著差异。但IFN-γ反应低下组的5人均有T_4/T_3比例异常。在28例病人中有14例T_4/T_3比例异常(高于或低于正常),且20例HBeAg阳性病人中有12例T_4/T_3比例异常;8例HBeAg阴性病人中仅2例T_4/T_3比例异常。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.