动态监测老年重症肺炎患者血乳酸、胆碱酯酶及前白蛋白的临床意义

目的:探讨动态监测血乳酸(LAC)和胆碱酯酶(CHE)、前白蛋白(PA)水平对判断老年重症肺炎患者病情严重程度及预后的意义。方法:40例老年重症肺炎患者入院后第1、4、7天分别进行血LAC、CHE和PA检测,并行APACHEⅡ评分,根据预后分为死亡组和治愈组,同时选取40例健康体检老年人为对照组,进行分析比较。结果:与健康组比较,老年重症肺炎患者入院第1天LAC明显增高,CHE及PA明显降低(P0.01);死亡组第4天、第7天LAC明显高于治愈组,CHE及PA水平显著低于治愈组(均P0.01)。血CHE及PA与APACHEⅡ评分呈负相关(r分别为-0.576及-0.389,均P0.01);血LAC与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(r=0.665,P0.01)。结论:联合动态监测血LAC、CHE及PA水平变化趋势有助于老年重症肺炎病情的监测及预后的判断。     

老年重症肺炎血清胆碱酯酶、前白蛋白与预后

目的了解老年重症肺炎血清胆碱酯酶(CHE)、前白蛋白(PA)变化特点及临床意义。方法 47例老年重症肺炎患者,治疗后按转归分为治愈/存活组(A组)24例和未愈/死亡组(B组)23例,均于入组当天检测血清CHE、PA、CRP,并行APACHEⅡ评分;于入组第3天检测血清CHE、PA。20例健康老年人为对照组(C组)。结果与A组比较,B组第1天及第3天血清CHE、PA均明显降低(P均<0.01);CRP及APACHEⅡ评分均明显增高(P均<0.01)。两组与C组比较,血清CHE、PA均明显降低(P均<0.01)。APACHEⅡ评分与血清CHE及PA呈负相关,r分别为-0.568及-0.399(P均<0.01)。结论血清CHE、PA的变化能反映老年重症肺炎病情严重程度及预后。     

动态监测血清胆碱酯酶、降钙素原水平有助于重症肺炎患者的预后评估

目的:分析动态监测血清胆碱酯酶(CHE)、降钙素原(PCT)水平对ICU重症肺炎患者预后的评估价值。方法:选取2017年1月-2018年6月重庆市开州区人民医院ICU收治的重症肺炎患者92例,按照转出ICU或出院时病情转归分为好转组(53例)与恶化组(39例)。比较2组患者临床资料与血清CHE、PCT水平及APACHEⅡ评分等指标,采用Spersman等级相关性分析法分析血清CHE、PCT水平与APACHEⅡ评分的相关性,采用多因素Logistic回归分析ICU重症肺炎患者病情恶化的危险因素。结果:入院时,好转组患者MODS评分、C反应蛋白(CRP)以及空腹血糖均明显低于恶化组(P均0. 05);好转组住ICU时间、抗生素应用时间、机械通气及留置导尿管患者比例均明显低于恶化组(P均0. 05)。入院后3、7 d以及转归前,好转组CHE水平明显高于入院时,PCT水平及APACHEⅡ评分明显低于入院时(P均0. 05);恶化组CHE水平明显低于入院时,PCT水平及APACHEⅡ评分明显高于入院时(P均0. 05);入院时、入院后(24 h、3 d、7 d)及转归前,好转组CHE水平明显高于恶化组,PCT水平及APACHEⅡ评分明显低于恶化组(P均0. 05)。血清CHE水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈负相关(r=-0. 531,P 0. 05),血清PCT水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(r=0. 725,P 0. 05),血清CHE水平与PCT水平呈负相关(r=-0. 564,P 0. 05)。APACHEⅡ评分、MODS评分、血清CHE、PCT、CRP、空腹血糖以及机械通气为ICU重症肺炎患者病情恶化的独立危险因素(P均0. 05)。结论:ICU重症肺炎患者血清CHE水平明显降低、PCT水平明显升高,动态监测血清CHE、PCT水平有助于ICU重症肺炎患者的预后评估。     

C-反应蛋白和前白蛋白评估社区获得性肺炎患者预后的应用

目的探讨社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者前白蛋白(PA)及C-反应蛋白(CRP)的变化和其与病情严重程度及预后的关系。方法测定我院内科92例CAP患者入院第1天与第7天的CRP、PA、SIRS评分和APACHEⅡ评分,按预后把患者分成死亡组和存活组。结果死亡组入院第1天CRP、PA与存活组比较无差异,SIRS和APACHEⅡ评分均大于存活组(P0.05);死亡组第7天PA较前降低(P0.05),CRP、SIRS评分和APACHEⅡ较前相比无差异(P0.05);存活组第7天CRP、SIRS和APACHEⅡ评分较第1天降低,PA较前升高(P0.05),与死亡组相比有显著性差异。结论CRP持续高水平与PA持续低水平是预后不良的表现,动态观察CRP和PA水平对预测CAP患者预后有重要意义。     

前白蛋白和C-反应蛋白对老年脓毒症患者预后的评估

目的 观察老年脓毒症患者前白蛋白(PA)和C-反应蛋白(CRP)的变化,探讨其与病情严重程度及预后的关系.方法 测定140例老年脓毒症患者入院第1天和第7天的CRP、PA、全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)评分和急性生理和慢性健康状况(APACHE)Ⅱ评分,分析死亡组和存活组上述指标的变化.结果 死亡组入院第1天CRP、PA[分别为(118.2±40.5)mg/L、(140.6±32.6)mg/L]与存活组[分别为(105.6±54.8)mg/L、(148.5±43.1)mg/L]比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),死亡组SIRS评分≥3例数的百分比和APACHE Ⅱ评分[分别为87.5%和(24.6±5.1)分]均高于存活组[分别为49.1%和(20.7±6.3)分](P＜0.05);死亡组第7天PA[(90.2±46.7)mg/L]较第1天降低(P＜0.05),CRP、SIRS评分≥3例数的百分比和APACHEⅡ评分[分别为(120.4±25.3)mg/L、91.6%和(25.7±8.2)分]与第1天比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);存活组第7天CRP、SIRS评分≥3例数的百分比和APACHEⅡ评分[分别为(71.4±31.8)mg/L、30.2%和(16.2±3.5)分]较第1天降低,PA[(216.2±35.4)mg/L]升高(P＜0.05),与死亡组比较,差异有统计学意义(均为P＜0.01).结论 CRP和PA与老年脓毒症患者病情严重程度具有相关性.CRP持续高水平与PA持续低水平是预后不良的表现,动态观察CRP和PA对预测老年脓毒症患者预后有一定的临床价值.     

PAB、CRP、ApoA1及CHE的检测对评估重症肺炎患者预后的价值

目的探讨PAB、CRP、Apo A1及CHE的检测对评估重症肺炎患者预后的价值。方法选取125例重症肺炎患者作为研究对象。根据预后情况将患者划分为存活组和死亡组。于患者入住ICU内第1个24 h,记录APACHEⅡ参数值,计算APACHEⅡ评分;于患者入住ICU的24 h内,检测患者的前清蛋白(prealbumin,PAB)、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、载脂蛋白A1(apolipoprotein A1,Apo A1)和胆碱酯酶(cholinesterase,CHE)水平。通过ROC曲线下的面积(AUC)评估各指标对重症肺炎患者预后的预测价值。结果存活组的PAB、CHE和Apo A1水平均显著高于死亡组,差异有统计学意义(P0.001);而存活组的CRP水平、APACHEⅡ评分均显著低于死亡组,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。PAB、CHE、Apo A1、APACHEⅡ和CRP的AUC分别为0.911、0.900、0.894、0.922和0.892,对重症肺炎患者预后的预测有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论除APACHEⅡ评分系统外,PAB、CHE、Apo A1、APACHEⅡ和CRP可以有效评估重症肺炎患者的预后。     

降钙素原与临床肺部感染评分在呼吸机相关性肺炎预后评估中的价值

目的探讨降钙素原(PCT)与临床肺部感染(CPIS)评分在呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)预后评估中的价值。方法 65例VAP患者根据临床转归分为生存组和死亡组,动态监测两组患者入院第1天、第5天及转出或死亡前PCT、CPIS评分及APACHEⅡ评分的动态变化,并分析三者之间的相关性。结果两组患者在年龄、入住ICU时间、机械通气时间、CPIS评分及APACHEⅡ评分等方面比较无显著差异性(P0.05);生存组第5天和转出或死亡前PCT、CPIS评分及APACHEⅡ评分等指标明显低于死亡组(P0.05);PCT与CPIS评分呈正相关(r=0.647,P0.01),PCT、CPIS评分均与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(r=0.735,P0.01和r=0.548,P0.01)。结论动态监测PCT与CPIS评分对VAP患者预后评估具有较好的临床价值。     

血皮质醇浓度、APACHEⅡ评分的变化与老年重症创伤患者预后的相关性

目的分析血皮质醇浓度、急性生理和慢性健康评估评分系统(APACHE)Ⅱ评分的变化与老年重症创伤患者预后的相关性。方法老年重症创伤患者共90例为老年组,选取同期入院的非老年重症创伤患者85例作为非老年组。将老年患者按照死亡与否分为存活组和死亡组,对比两组血皮质醇浓度、APACHEⅡ评分、血糖、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)水平。分析老年患者的血皮质醇水平与APACHEⅡ评分、血糖相关性及老年重症创伤患者预后的影响因素。结果老年组血皮质醇浓度、APACHEⅡ评分、血糖水平显著高于非老年组(P0.01);老年组和非老年组血ACTH水平无显著差异(P0.05)。存活组的血皮质醇浓度、APACHEⅡ评分和血糖显著低于死亡组(P0.05);存活组和死亡组血ACTH水平无显著差异(P0.05)。血皮质醇水平和APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(r=0.364,P0.05);血皮质醇水平和血糖水平呈正相关(r=0.512,P0.05)。血皮质醇水平和APACHEⅡ评分与老年重症创伤患者预后有回归关系(P0.05)。结论血皮质醇浓度和APACHEⅡ评分可作为评价老年重症创伤患者预后的重要指标。     

血清胆碱酯酶水平对老年重症肺炎患者生存状况的影响

目的探讨血清胆碱酯酶(CHE)水平对老年重症肺炎患者生存状况的影响。方法选取128例老年重症肺炎患者,根据预后分为死亡组(n=59)和存活组(n=69)。比较两组的基线资料、生命体征、血常规、凝血功能、肝肾功能、电解质、血清CHE水平、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统(APACHEⅡ)评分、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)评分,采用多因素Logistics回顾分析筛选出影响老年重症肺炎患者预后的影响因素。通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评价各指标对患者死亡的预测价值。结果死亡组中慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)史的发生率、体温(T)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化的部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、D-二聚体(DD)、APACHEⅡ评分及MODS评分等显著高于存活组,血细胞比容(HCT)、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、血碳酸氢根离子(HCO-3)、氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO2)、血清CHE等显著低于存活组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,DD、血清CHE、APACHEⅡ评分、MODS评分是患者出现死亡的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。ROC分析结果表明,DD、血清CHE、APACHEⅡ评分、MODS评分对重症肺炎有预测价值。结论血清CHE水平对老年重症肺炎患者的生存状况有较好地预测价值,其检测简便,可联合APACHEⅡ评分或MODS评分来评估患者病情和预后。     

老年脓毒症患者APACHEⅡ评分与降钙素原及C-反应蛋白的相关性

目的探讨老年脓毒症患者急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统(APACHE)Ⅱ与降钙素原(PCT)及C-反应蛋白(CRP)的相关性。方法选取108例老年脓毒症患者,按APACHEⅡ评分结果分为低危组35例、中危组43例、高危组30例;按治疗结果分为两个亚组:好转组(75例)和恶化组(33例),另选取同期50例老年非脓毒症患者为对照,比较各组间APACHEⅡ评分、PCT及CRP水平,并分析老年脓毒症患者APACHEⅡ评分与PCT及CRP的相关性。结果老年脓毒症组APACHEⅡ评分、PCT及CRP水平均显著高于老年非脓毒症组(P0.05);中、高危组PCT、CRP水平均显著高于低危组(P0.05),高危组PCT、CRP水平均显著高于中危组(P0.05);好转组3、7 d APACHEⅡ评分、PCT及第7天CRP水平均显著低于第1天(P0.05),恶化组的第3、7天APACHEⅡ评分、PCT及CRP水平均显著高于第1天(P0.05),恶化组3、7 d APACHEⅡ评分、PCT及CRP水平均显著高于好转组第3、7天(P0.05);老年脓毒症患者PCT与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(r=0.858,P0.05),CRP与APACHEⅡ评分无显著相关性(P0.05)。结论老年脓毒症患者PCT水平与APACHEⅡ评分相关,PCT水平可反映老年脓毒症患者病情程度。     

Clinical trials update: highlights of the scientific sessions of The American College of Cardiology 2002: LIFE,DANAMI 2, MADIT-2, MIRACLE-ICD,OVERTURE, OCTAVE,ENABLE 1 & 2, CHRISTMAS,AFFIRM, RACE,WIZARD, AZACS,REMATCH, BNP trial and HARDBALL

This article continues a series of reports updating recent research developments of particular interest to personnel involved in the treatment and management of patients with heart failure. This is a summary of selected presentations made at the American College of Cardiology 51st Annual Scientific Session held in Atlanta on 17-20 March 2002. Reports of the following clinical studies are included: LIFE, DANAMI 2, MADIT-2, MIRACLE-ICD, OVERTURE, OCTAVE, ENABLE 1 & 2, CHRISTMAS, AFFIRM, RACE, WIZARD, AZACS, REMATCH, BNP trial and HARDBALL.     

Electrochemical Recovery and Behaviors of Rare Earth (La,Ce, Pr,Nd, Sm,Eu, Gd,Tb, Dy,Ho, Er,Tm, and Yb) Ions on Ni Sheets

The electrochemical behaviors of rare earth (RE) ions have extensively been studied because of their high potential applications to the reprocessing of used nuclear fuels and RE-containing materials. In the present study, we fully investigated the electrochemical behaviors of RE(III) (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) ions over a Ni sheet electrode in 0.1 M NaClO₄ electrolyte solution by cyclic voltammetry between +0.5 and −1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Amperometry electrodeposition experiments were performed between −1.2 and −0.9 V to recover RE elements over the Ni sheet. The successfully RE-recovered Ni sheets were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The newly reported recovery data for RE(III) ions over a metal electrode provide valuable information on the development of the treatment methods of RE elements.     

Prevalence,Self-Awareness,Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in Lhasa,Tibet

To investigate the prevalence, self-awareness, and treatment of hypertension in Lhasa, Tibet, a total of 1370 native Tibetan aged ≥18 years were selected, using stratified proportional sampling. The study showed that the prevalence of hypertension was 51.2%, significantly higher in men (56.0%) than in women (48.0%) (P = .004). The hypertension prevalence increased with increasing age (77.8% in 60–74 y and 82.5% in ≥75 y groups) and was higher in urban, suburban, or agricultural area than in pastoral area (P < .001). The self-awareness, treatment, and control rate of hypertension were 63.5%, 24.3% and 7.7%, respectively. In multivariable regression analysis, age, urban residence, amount of daily intake of fat and oil, and body mass index <18.5 kg/m² were independently associated with hypertension. In conclusion, hypertension was highly prevalent among native Tibetan people in Lhasa, and the rates of self-awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension were low.     

Lack of effect of colesevelam HCl on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aspirin,atenolol, enalapril,phenytoin, rosiglitazone,and sitagliptin

Aims

Drug interactions with bile acid sequestrants are primarily due to the potential of these agents to bind to concomitant drugs. Six clinical studies were performed to determine the effects of colesevelam on the pharmacokinetics of aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, phenytoin, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin.

Methods

All six studies enrolled healthy subjects aged 18–45 years. The phenytoin study used a single-dose, three-period crossover design (phenytoin alone, phenytoin simultaneously with colesevelam, and phenytoin 4 h before colesevelam). The other studies used a two-period crossover design (test drug alone and test drug simultaneously with colesevelam). Colesevelam (3750 mg once daily) was dosed throughout the pharmacokinetic sampling period. After each single dose of the test drug, serial blood samples were collected for determination of plasma drug concentrations and calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters.

Results

For all six test drugs, 90% CIs for geometric least-squares mean ratios of AUC and C_max for the measured analytes were within specified limits, indicating no interaction between the test drug and colesevelam.

Conclusions

Aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin may be taken with colesevelam. Although the phenytoin study indicated no pharmacokinetic interaction, phenytoin should continue to be taken ≥4 h before colesevelam in accordance with current prescribing information.     

Clinical trials update from the American College of Cardiology 2008: CARISMA, TRENDS, meta-analysis of Cox-2 studies, HAT, ON-TARGET, HYVET, ACCOMPLISH, MOMENTUM, PROTECT, HORIZON-HF and REVERSE

This article provides information and a commentary on trials relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of heart failure, presented at the American College of Cardiology. Unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as analyses may change in the final publication. CARISMA investigated the use of implantable loop recorders for detecting life-threatening arrhythmias in patients with LVSD after MI and found that brady- and ventricular tachy-arrhythmias predicted an adverse prognosis. The TRENDS study showed that the burden of atrial fibrillation detected by pacemakers or defibrillators predicted the risk of embolic events but not with sufficient precision to justify changes in anti-thrombotic management. A meta-analysis of six trials reported an increased cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib, particularly for heart failure, which was related to dose and baseline cardiovascular risk. The HAT study failed to show a benefit of providing post-MI patients with a home defibrillator. MOMENTUM, a study of a device designed to augment aortic blood flow, was stopped early due to increased bleeding risk. Results from PROTECT support the use of rolofylline 30 mg/day in acute heart failure, a definitive study is now underway. Istaroxime, an agent that appears to have both inotropic and lusitropic effects, improved haemodynamics when added to standard therapy in patients stabilised after admission with heart failure in HORIZON-HF. The REVERSE study suggested that CRT improves ventricular function and reduces morbidity even in patients with few or no symptoms of heart failure and may delay or prevent worsening heart failure.     

Biliary microlithiasis,sludge,crystals,microcrystallization,and usefulness of assessment of nucleation time

BACKGROUND:The process of microcrystallization,its sequel and the assessment of nucleation time is ignored.This systematic review aimed to highlight the importance of biliary microlithiasis,sludge,and crystals,and their association with gallstones,unexplained biliary pain,idiopathic pancreatitis, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.DATA SOURCES:Three reviewers performed a literature search of the PubMed database.Key words used were"biliary microlithiasis","biliary sludge","bile crystals","cholesterol crystallisation","bile microscopy","microcrystal formation of bile","cholesterol monohydrate crystals","nucleation time of cholesterol","gallstone formation","sphincter of Oddi dysfunction"and"idiopathic pancreatitis".Additional articles were sourced from references within the studies from the PubMed search.RESULTS:We found that biliary microcrystals account for almost all patients with gallstone disease,7%to 79%with idiopathic pancreatitis,83%with unexplained biliary pain, and 25%to 60%with altered biliary and pancreatic sphincter function.Overall,the detection of biliary microcrystals in gallstone disease has a sensitivity ranging from 55%to 87%and a specificity of 100%.In idiopathic pancreatitis,the presence of microcrystals ranges from 47%to 90%.A nucleation time less than 10 days in hepatic bile or ultra-filtered gallbladder bile has a specificity of 100%for cholesterol gallstone disease.CONCLUSIONS:Biliary crystals are associated with gallstone disease,idiopathic pancreatitis,sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, unexplained biliary pain,and post-cholecystectomy biliary pain.Pathways of cholesterol super-saturation,crystallisation, and gallstone formation have been described with scientificsupport.Bile microscopy is a useful method to detect microcrystals and the assessment of nucleation time is a good method of predicting the risk of cholesterol crystallisation.