鼻黏膜耐受对实验性重症肌无力大鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨鼻黏膜耐受处理对实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(EAMG)大鼠胸腺细胞凋亡及Caspase-3表达的影响。方法将实验大鼠随机分为正常对照组、EAMG组和耐受组,将EAMG组及耐受组大鼠采用Rα97-116肽段多点皮下注射法制备成EAMG大鼠模型后,再将耐受组大鼠经鼻腔滴注Rα97-116(V108A)行免疫耐受处理,10d后评估疗效(临床症状、体质量、抗体滴度等),并采用TUNEL法计数对照组、EAMG组及耐受组大鼠胸腺细胞的凋亡程度,用免疫组化法检测3组大鼠胸腺淋巴细胞内Caspase-3的表达,并分析其阳性细胞染色强度。结果 EAMG组大鼠胸腺细胞的凋亡数较对照组显著减少,鼻黏膜耐受处理能明显促进EAMG大鼠胸腺细胞的凋亡,并改善EAMG大鼠的肌无力症状,增加其体重及降低AchR抗体滴度。EAMG组胸腺中Caspase-3阳性细胞表达较对照组明显下调,耐受组其表达则明显增加,3组之间有显著的统计学意义(F=58.26,P0.01)。结论 Rα97-116(V108A)鼻黏膜耐受能明显减轻EAMG大鼠肌无力症状,缓解胸腺细胞凋亡异常。     

耐受性树突状细胞通过降低Th1细胞和Th17细胞比例减轻CIA大鼠的关节炎症和病变

目的初步探讨核因子κB寡脱氧核苷酸诱骗剂(NF-κB ODN decoy)诱导建立的耐受性树突状细胞(tolDC)对胶原蛋白诱导性关节炎(CIA)大鼠1型辅助T(Th1)细胞、 Th2细胞、 Th17细胞、调节性T细胞(Treg)的影响及干预效果。方法取SD雌性大鼠建立CIA大鼠模型,设CIA模型组、牛Ⅱ型胶原蛋白-诱骗剂-树突状细胞(Col2-decoy DC)处理组、空白对照组、 Col2-decoy DC对照组。于初次免疫的第20天尾静脉注射tolDC进行处理,造模第7周处死大鼠。流式细胞术检测大鼠脾脏Th1细胞、 Th2细胞、 Th17细胞、 Treg比例,HE染色检测踝关节病变情况,并对关节炎指数(AI)进行评分。结果与CIA模型组相比,Col2-decoy DC组AI降低且踝关节病变减轻,脾脏CD4~+ T细胞中Th1细胞、 Th17细胞百分率降低而Th2细胞、 Treg百分率升高。结论 tolDC通过降低CD4~+ T细胞中Th1细胞和Th17细胞比率减轻CIA大鼠炎症和关节病变。     

小檗碱调节睡眠剥夺大鼠的肠道菌群结构以及Th17/Treg细胞平衡

目的研究小檗碱对睡眠剥夺大鼠肠道菌群以及辅助性T细胞17(Th17)和调解性T细胞(Treg)细胞的影响。方法将大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、低和高剂量小檗碱组(BBR1和BBR2,100和200 mg/kg,灌胃10 d干预)。小站台水环境法建立睡眠剥夺模型。检测大鼠直肠内容物中细菌数量,流式细胞计量技术分析大鼠肠道Th17/Treg细胞比值,并检测肠道白介素17(IL-17)、RAR相关孤儿受体(ROR)C和叉头框蛋白P3(Foxp3)表达。结果模型组大鼠肠道内产气荚膜梭菌数量增加(P0.05),而其他检测菌群数量降低(P0.05);Th17/Treg细胞比值升高(P0.05);IL-17和RORC表达升高(P0.05),Foxp3表达降低(P0.05)。小檗碱处理降低产气荚膜梭菌数量(P0.05),增加其他检测菌群的数量(P0.05);降低Th17/Treg细胞比值(P0.05);下调IL-17和RORC表达(P0.05),上调Foxp3表达(P0.05)。结论小檗碱能够拮抗睡眠剥夺诱导的大鼠肠道菌群结构和Th17/Treg细胞失衡。     

类风湿性关节炎患者外周血Th17细胞/调节性T细胞比例增加并与疾病活动相关

目的通过检测类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者外周血Th17细胞、调节性T细胞(Treg)的相对数量,探讨其在RA发病机制中的作用及其临床意义。方法选取符合入组标准的RA患者60例及健康体检者15例,采用流式细胞术检测Th17细胞/Treg占外周血CD4+细胞百分比,比较其在RA患者与健康体检者间的差异,分析其表达与肿胀关节数、压痛关节数、28个关节疾病活动度评分(DAS28)、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)的关系。结果与健康对照组比较,RA组患者外周血Th17细胞数量明显增加、Treg数量明显减少。RA患者外周血中Th17细胞数量与肿胀关节数、压痛关节数、DAS28分值及CRP呈正相关;RA患者外周血中Treg的数量与肿胀关节数、压痛关节数、疼痛VAS、DAS28分值、ESR及CRP等病情活动指标无明显相关性。结论 RA患者外周血Th17细胞增加,Treg减少,以Th17占优势,Th17细胞数量增加与RA病情活动有关。     

Treg细胞在VIP治疗实验性类风湿性关节炎中的作用研究

目的:本研究探讨血管活性肠肽(VIP)治疗实验性类风湿性关节炎的免疫调节机制及Treg细胞参与的调节。方法:本研究以鸡Ⅱ型胶原(CCⅡ)诱导的Wistar大鼠实验性类风湿性关节炎(CIA)为动物模型,分析大鼠关节指数评分和关节病理变化,通过细胞因子检测分析Th1/Th2平衡关系;通过流式细胞术和功能实验分析Treg的变化,评价VIP的治疗作用和机制。结果:我们的研究显示体内经VIP治疗的CIA大鼠在临床和组织学水平均得到了保护和缓解。其抑制作用与下列因素有关:抑制致病性T细胞的增殖,免疫应答由Th1型应答向Th2型应答转换,以及上调了具有抑制T细胞活化和增殖作用的CD4+CD25+Treg细胞数量与功能。结论:本研究揭示了VIP可通过调节Th1/Th2平衡和上调Treg细胞来抑制致病性T细胞的活性,从而保护、缓解实验性关节炎。     

雷帕霉素对高脂血症小鼠的治疗效果及作用机理探讨

目的探究雷帕霉素(RAPA)对高脂血症小鼠的治疗效果及其作用机制。方法 60只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和RAPA组,每组20只。对照组给予基础饲料喂养,模型组和RAPA组则给予高脂饲料喂养以建立高脂血症小鼠模型。连续喂养6周后,RAPA组小鼠以1 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)的剂量腹腔注射RAPA,对照组和模型组小鼠腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水,连续给药4周。采用全自动生化分析仪测定小鼠TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C血脂含量;采用Western blot检测小鼠血管内皮细胞mTORC1活性及自噬水平;采用流式细胞仪检测小鼠外周血Th17和Treg细胞表达水平;采用ELISA法检测小鼠血清IL-17、IL-6、IL-10和TGF-β含量。结果与对照组相比,模型组小鼠TC、TG及LDL-C血清含量显著升高(P0.05)。RAPA组小鼠TC、TG、LDL-C血清含量较模型组显著下降(P0.05)。模型组小鼠Phospho-S6K1和P62表达水平较对照组明显升高,RAPA组小鼠的Phospho-S6K1和P62表达水平较模型组显著下调(P0.05)。与对照组相比,模型组小鼠外周血Th17细胞比例及其分泌的IL-17、IL-6血清浓度明显上升,Treg细胞比例及其分泌的IL-10、TGF-β血清浓度明显下降,Th17/Treg细胞比率上升(P0.05)。与模型组小鼠相比,RAPA组小鼠外周血Th17细胞比例及IL-17、IL-6血清浓度明显下降,Treg细胞比例及IL-10、TGF-β血清浓度显著上升,Th17/Treg细胞比率下降(P0.05)。结论 RAPA可能通过抑制m TORC1的活化,增强小鼠体内的自噬水平,改善Th17/Treg细胞的免疫失衡,从而调节小鼠体内的血脂代谢。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血Th17细胞/调节性T细胞比值变化的意义

目的测定慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者外周血CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞(Treg)和CD4+IL-17+T细胞(Th17细胞)频率及其相关细胞因子的变化,并探讨Th17/Treg平衡在CHB发病过程中的作用。方法选取CHB住院患者(CHB组)60例,其中35例轻中度CHB患者(CHB-LM),25例慢性重型肝炎患者(CSHB),同时选取21位健康体检者作为正常对照组(HC)。流式细胞术检测外周血中Th17和Treg的细胞频数,双抗体夹心ELISA检测血清中IL-17、IL-23、IL-10及转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)的表达水平。结果与HC组相比,CHB患者外周血Th17细胞频率及其相关细胞因子IL-17、IL-23浓度明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Treg频率及其相关细胞因子IL-10及TGF-β1浓度明显增高。Th17/Treg比值变化显示,与HC组相比,在CHB组中该比例明显升高,具有显著性差异,且与CHSB组相比,在CHB-LM组中该比值明显降低。结论 Th17细胞/Treg的失衡是造成慢性乙型肝炎病程演变的重要因素,检测Th17细胞/Treg比值变化对疾病发展的早期预测有一定价值。     

类风湿关节炎患者外周血CD4+T细胞亚群的分析

目的 研究类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者不同时期外周血Treg和Th1、Th2、Th17细胞以及中性粒细胞上CD64的表达水平,及它们与RA的活动性指标和自身抗体的相关性.方法 采集78例RA患者和21例健康人外周静脉血,采用流式细胞术检测淋巴细胞亚群(Treg,Th1、Th2、Th17细胞)的变化.结果 RA的CD3+ CD4+T细胞和CD4+ CD25+T细胞增多,活动期RA组Treg比率高于缓解期RA组和健康对照组,缓解期RA组Th2细胞减少,RA中Th1,TH17细胞与健康对照组相比无统计学意义,Treg和Th1、Th2、Th17细胞与RA的活动性指标(ESR,CRP和PLT)均无关联.结论 CD4+T细胞亚群数量异常可能与RA疾病发展有关.     

新疆黑蜂胶对结肠癌模型大鼠T细胞的影响

探讨新疆黑蜂胶对结肠癌大鼠模型中T细胞的影响及其作用机制。雄性Wistar大鼠55只,随机分为对照组、模型组、蜂胶预防组、蜂胶治疗组和5-FU组。采用N-甲基-N'-硝基-N-亚硝基胍(MNNG)灌肠建立结肠癌大鼠模型。各治疗组给予相应药物治疗30d,其中蜂胶预防组于造模初便给予蜂胶预防性灌胃。每周观察大鼠体质量变化,HE染色观察结肠癌组织病理学变化、ELISA检测血清细胞因子TGF-β和IL-6水平、流式细胞术检测脾脏T细胞亚群数量、RT-PCR检测脾脏组织中转录因子Foxp3及ROR-γt mRNA的表达水平。结果显示,与模型组相比蜂胶治疗组及5-FU组大鼠体质量显著增高(P0.05);模型组Treg数量及其转录因子Foxp3的表达较对照组明显增高(P0.05),蜂胶预防组及5-FU组Treg数量及其转录因子Foxp3的表达较模型组明显降低(P0.05);模型组Th17及其转录因子ROR-γt的表达较对照组明显增高(P0.05),5-FU组Th17数量及其转录因子ROR-γt的表达较模型组显著降低(P0.05);模型组大鼠Th17/Treg比值较对照组明显降低,而5-FU组大鼠Th17/Treg比值较模型组显著升高。这提示新疆黑蜂胶具有预防和治疗结肠癌的作用,调节相关T细胞的功能及细胞因子的表达可能是其作用机制之一。     

CTLA-4Ig对B6.MRL-Faslpr/J狼疮小鼠脾脏Th17和Treg细胞表达的影响与其对小鼠狼疮样病征干预作用的相关性研究

目的:初步探讨B7阻断剂CD28与细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4免疫球蛋白(CTLA-4Ig)对B6.MRL-Faslpr/J狼疮小鼠脾脏Th17和调节性T细胞(Treg细胞)表达的影响与其对小鼠狼疮样病征干预作用之间的相关性。方法:将4个月龄大小雌性B6.MRL-Faslpr/J狼疮小鼠16只,随机分为观察组(Ⅰ组)和对照组(Ⅱ组),分别静脉注射CTLA-4Ig及等量PBS,检测小鼠干预前后24 h尿蛋白、ANA抗体、ds-DNA抗体及干预结束2周后血清IL-17A、脾脏中Th17细胞和Treg细胞百分比。结果:末次干预2周后Ⅰ组的24 h尿蛋白、血清ANA及ds-DNA较Ⅱ组下降均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。末次干预2周后Ⅰ组血清中IL-17A、脾脏Th17细胞比例均较Ⅱ组低,而脾脏的Treg细胞占CD4+T淋巴细胞的比例高于Ⅱ组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:CTLA4-Ig具有减轻B6.MRL-Faslpr/J狼疮鼠狼疮样病征的作用;上调Treg细胞、下调Th17细胞可能是CTLA-4Ig减轻B6.MRL-Faslpr/J狼疮鼠狼疮样病征的重要机制之一。     

升陷汤治疗实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力大鼠免疫机制研究

目的:探讨升陷汤治疗实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(EAMG)大鼠的免疫机制。方法:采用人工合成鼠源乙酰胆碱受体琢亚基97鄄116 肽段加完全弗氏佐剂免疫Lewis 大鼠构建EAMG,经评估确定建模成功25 只。将这25 只大鼠随机分为模型对照组,阳性药物组(强的松组),升陷汤低、中、高剂量组。观察该方对模型大鼠临床评分、体重、低频重复电刺激(RNS,5 Hz)衰减率、血清中乙酰胆碱抗体(AChR Ab)含量及TGF、IFNβ、IL-2、IL-4 和IL-17 水平的影响。结果:造模后各组较佐剂对照组RNS 衰减率明显增大(P<0.01 或P<0.05),且均超过10%,体重进行性下降,并出现典型肌无力样症状,证明造模成功。给药治疗后,升陷汤低、中、高剂量组大鼠RNS 衰减率均显著降低(P<0.01),体重下降均减缓,症状好转。与模型对照组相比,升陷汤低、中、高剂量组血清AChR Ab 含量均降低(P<0.05),TGFβ水平均升高,IFN、IL-2、IL-4 和IL-17 水平均降低(P<0.01 或P<0.05)。结论:升陷汤可使RNS 衰减好转,改善EAMG 大鼠体重持续下降趋势,并使体重增加趋势升高,其机制可能是上调TGFβ1水平,下调IFN、IL-2、IL-4 和IL-17 的水平,抑制B 细胞产生AChR Ab,降低血清AChR Ab 含量,减少对NMJ 处AChR 的损害,从而起到治疗EAMG 的作用。     

Blocking of IL-6 suppresses experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis

Suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg) and pathogenic T helper 17 (Th17) cells are two lymphocyte subsets with opposing activities in autoimmune diseases. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 is a potent factor in switching immune responses in vivo from the induction of Treg to pathogenic Th17 cells. We studied the Treg and Th17 cell compartments in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) and healthy control rats in order to assess whether the equilibrium between Treg and Th17 cells is perturbed in the disease. We found that Th17 cell-related genes are upregulated and Treg-related genes are downregulated in EAMG. The shift in favor of Th17 cells in EAMG could be reversed by antibodies to IL-6. Administration of anti-IL-6 antibodies to myasthenic rats suppressed EAMG when treatment started at the acute or at the chronic phase of disease. Suppression of EAMG by anti-IL-6 antibodies was accompanied by a decrease in the overall rat anti-AChR antibody titer and by a reduced number of B cells as compared with control treatment. Administration of anti-IL-6 antibodies led to down-regulation of several Th17 related genes including IL-17, IL-17R, IL-23R and IL-21 but did not affect the number of Treg cells in the lymph nodes. These data identify IL-6 as an important target for modulation of autoimmune responses.     

Activation of the adenosine A2A receptor attenuates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis severity

The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) is the major cellular adenosine receptor commonly associated with immunosuppression. Here, we investigated whether A2AR activation holds the potential for impacting the severity of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) induced following immunization of Lewis rats with the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) R97-116 peptide. This report demonstrates reduced A2AR expression by both T cells and B cells residing in spleen and lymph nodes following EAMG induction. A2AR stimulation inhibited anti-AChR antibody production and proliferation of AChR-specific lymphocytes in vitro. Inhibition was blocked with the A2AR antagonists or protein kinase A inhibitor. We also determined that the development of EAMG was accompanied by a T-helper cell imbalance that could be restored following A2AR stimulation that resulted in increased Treg cell levels and a reduction in Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-cell subtypes. An EAMG-preventive treatment regimen was established that consisted of (2-(p-(2-carbonylethyl)phenylethylamino)-5-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) (CGS21680; A2AR agonist) administration 1 day prior to EAMG induction. Administration of CGS21680 29 days post EAMG induction (therapeutic treatment) also ameliorated disease severity. We conclude that A2AR agonists may represent a new class of compounds that can be developed for use in the treatment of myasthenia gravis or other T-cell- and B-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.     

Nasal tolerance in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG): induction of protective tolerance in primed animals

Nasal administration of μg doses of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is effective in preventing the development of B cell-mediated EAMG in the Lewis rat, a model for human MG. In order to investigate whether nasal administration of AChR modulates ongoing EAMG, Lewis rats were treated nasally with AChR 2 weeks after immunization with AChR and Freund's complete adjuvant. Ten-fold higher amounts of AChR given nasally (600 μg/rat) were required to ameliorate the manifestations of EAMG compared with the amounts necessary for prevention of EAMG. In lymph node cells from rats receiving 600 μg/rat of AChR, AChR-induced proliferation and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secretion were reduced compared with control EAMG rats receiving PBS only. The anti-AChR antibodies in rats treated nasally with 600 μg/rat of AChR had lower affinity, reduced proportion of IgG2b and reduced capacity to induce AChR degradation. Numbers of AChR-reactive IFN-γ and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA-expressing lymph node cells from rats treated nasally with 600 μg/rat of AChR were suppressed, while IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) mRNA-expressing cells were not affected. Collectively, these data indicate that nasal administration of AChR in ongoing EAMG induced selective suppression of Th1 functions, i.e. IFN-γ and IgG2b production, but no influence on Th2 cell functions. The impaired Th1 functions may result in the production of less myasthenic anti-AChR antibodies and contribute to the amelioration of EAMG severity in rats treated with AChR 600 μg/rat by the nasal route.     

TLSFJM抑制大鼠心脏移植排斥反应的作用

目的　在同种异体大鼠异位心脏移植模型中 ,探讨TLSFJM对急性移植排斥反应的抑制作用及机制。方法　以F344大鼠作为心脏移植受体 ,以LOU/CN大鼠作为心脏移植供体 ,建立大鼠异位心脏移植模型。受体大鼠分为 3组 ,于移植前后分别施以RPMI16 4 0、CsA或TLSFJM。每天观察移植心脏跳动情况 ,并于停跳当天或之前解剖观察。分别取供体大鼠脾细胞作为刺激细胞 ,取受体大鼠脾细胞作为反应细胞 ,进行单向混合淋巴细胞反应。结果　TLSFJM可明显延长大鼠异位移植心脏的存活时间 :RPMI16 4 0对照组移植心脏的存活期全部为 6d ,TLSFJM治疗组最长均可存活 2 7d ,高剂量 (15mg/kg·d)CsA治疗组存活期超过 2 7d。TLSFJM治疗组大鼠脾细胞增殖的cpm值均低于对照组。结论　TLSFJM具有良好的抗急性移植排斥反应作用。TLSFJM对同种异体抗原诱导T细胞增殖的明显抑制 ,可能是其发挥免疫抑制作用的机制之一     

Iloprost modulates the immune response in systemic sclerosis

Background

Recent evidence shows that allograft survival rates show a positive correlation with the number of circulating T regulatory cells (Tregs). This study investigated both the number and the cytokine profiles exhibited by Foxp3⁺ Tregs in blood, spleen and lymph nodes of Lewis rat recipients of BN rat cardiac allografts after a single-dose of Rapamycin (RAPA).

Results

Rats were divided into three groups: control group (containing healthy control and acute rejection group), and recipients treated with a single dose of RAPA on either Day 1 (1D group)or Day 3 (3D group) post-transplant. We analyzed the number of Foxp3+Tregs and the expression of Foxp3 and cytokines in the peripheral blood and the peripheral lymphoid tissues. No difference was found in the numbers of circulating Foxp3+ Tregs between these three groups. RAPA administration significantly increased Foxp3 expression in peripheral lymphoid tissues after a single dose of RAPA on Day 3 post-transplant. Foxp3+Tregs inhibited the activity of effector T cells (T_eff) via the secretion of TGF-β1.

Conclusion

The number of Tregs in the recipient's blood may not be a good predictor of transplant rejection. Foxp3+Tregs inhibit the activity of T_eff cells mainly in the peripheral lymphoid tissues.     

BM stromal cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by altering the balance of Th cells through the secretion of IDO

In addition to their capacity to differentiate, BM stromal cells (BMSC) have immunosuppressive qualities that make them strong candidates for use in cell therapy against human autoimmune diseases. We studied the immunoregulatory activities of BMSC on experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in vitro and in vivo. Intravenous administration of syngenic BMSC to EAMG‐model rats on the day of their second immunization was effective in ameliorating the pathological features of the disease. In vitro, the proliferative ability of T cells or B cells from EAMG rats was inhibited when they were cocultured with BMSC at proper ratios. This inhibitory effect was at least partially dependent on the secretion of IDO. We also determined that the development of EAMG is accompanied by an imbalance among the Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cell subsets, and that this can be corrected by the administration of BMSC, which leads to an increase of Th2 (IL‐4) and Treg (Foxp3) cells, and a reduction of Th1 (IFN‐γ) and Th17 (IL‐17) cells, through an IDO‐dependent mechanism. These results provide further insights into the pathogenesis of MG, EAMG, and other immune‐mediated diseases, and support a potential role for BMSC in their treatment.     

Depletion of CD8+ T cells suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in Lewis rats

To understand the role of CD8⁺ T cells in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), CD8⁺ T cells were depleted by injecting a monoclonal anti-rat CD8 antibody (OX8) into Lewis rats immunized with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). CD8-depleted EAMG rats showed strikingly less muscle weakness and lower anti-AChR IgG antibody levels compared to Hy2-15-injected control EAMG rats. Moreover, the numbers of AChR-specific IgG antibody-secreting cells, AChR-reactive interferony-γ-secreting T helper type 1-like cells and lymphocyte proliferation to AChR were lower in the CD8-depleted group than in control EAMG rats. These differences were significant among mononuclear cells from inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen, but not from thymus when examined 3, 5 and 7 weeks post-immunization. We suggest that CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the induction and persistance of EAMG by directly or indirectly affecting AChR-reactive T cells and anti-AChR IgG antibody-secreting cells.     

Regulatory and Effector Helper T-Cell Profile after Nerve Xenografting in the Toll-Like Receptor-Deficient Mice

Introduction: The balance between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector T help cells (Th cells) is critical for the control of adaptive immune response during nerve transplantation. However, whether the homeostasis of immune regulation between Tregs and Th cells requires toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is unclear. The aim of this study is to profile the distribution of spleen Tregs and Th cells in a mouse model of nerve xenografting in the TLR2 and NF-κB gene knockout mice.Methods: The sciatic nerve was taken from a SD rat or an allogeneic mouse and transplanted to a right back leg of recipient C57BL/6, TLR2^-/-, or NF-κB^-/- mice by subcutaneous transplantation. After 7 days, the T lymphocytes were then isolated from spleen, stained with phenotyping kits, and analyzed by flow cytometry.Results: The results showed that Tregs were decreased after nerve xenografting in the recipient C57BL/6 mouse. In addition, nerve xenografting also increased the Th1 and Th17 but not the Th2 cell populations. In contrast, amelioration of the Tregs elimination was found in TLR2^-/- and NF-κB^-/- mice after transplantation of the nerve xenograft. Moreover, the mice lacking TLR2 or NF-κB showed attenuation of the increase in Th1 and Th17 cells after nerve xenografting.Conclusions: TLR signaling is involved in T cell population regulation during tissue transplantation. Knock-out of TLR2 and NF-κB prevented Tregs elimination and inhibited Th1- and Th17-driven immune response after nerve xenografting. This study highlighted the potential of inhibiting TLR signaling to modulate T cell-mediated immune regulation to facilitate tolerance to nerve transplantation.