高频振荡通气在小儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的研究进展

小儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征是小儿常见危重症,病死率较高.高频振荡通气具有肺保护、改善氧合和减轻肺部炎症反应等作用,被认为是治疗小儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的一种理想通气模式.该文就国内外关于高频振荡通气在小儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的应用进展及地位做一综述.     

小儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊疗技术规范--南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院急诊医学科/重症医学科诊疗技术规范

本文介绍一家三级儿童医院重症医学科的小儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的技术诊疗规范,包括其病因判断、诊断标准、诊断时注意事项、诊断流程图、辅助检查及治疗等。在治疗中强调了病因治疗、保守补液、肺保护性通气策略、俯卧位通气及镇痛镇静肌松等。     

脓毒症与急性呼吸窘迫综合征

重症脓毒症常并急性呼吸窘迫综合征，是导致死亡的重要原因，目前认为炎性反应在急性肺损伤或急性呼吸窘迫综合征的发病机制中起主要作用，保护性肺通气策略可应用于儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗。     

严重肺部感染的呼吸支持疗法

呼吸功能障碍及呼吸衰竭是儿童严重呼吸道感染常见问题,维持呼吸道通畅、合理使用机械通气、保证氧合是重要支持治疗措施.现重点介绍严重呼吸道感染的概念、人工呼吸道建立与管理、常规通气肺保护及急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征通气策略.     

肺泡表面活性物质对新生儿急性肺损伤氧合功能的影响

目的 研究肺泡表面活性物质（pulmonary surfactant,PS）对新生儿急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征氧合功能的影响.方法 纳入符合急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断标准的新生儿98例,分为PS治疗组30例及常规治疗组68例,PS治疗组经气管插管注入PS 70 ～ 100 mg/kg,其余治疗同常规治疗组.结果 两组新生儿的性别、胎龄、出生体重、肺损伤程度差异无统计学意义;PS治疗组在急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗后6h、12h、24 h、48 h的PaO3/FiO2、呼吸机有效指数均高于常规治疗组,而氧合指数、呼吸指数均低于常规治疗组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;PS治疗组在急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗后机械通气时间[（66±13）h、（82 ±26）h]和用氧时间[（86±13）h、（103±25）h）]均较常规治疗组[（80 ±18）h、（101 ±36）h和（104±16）h、（125 ±29） h]缩短,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 应用PS治疗新生儿急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征可改善肺顺应性及氧合功能,缩短机械通气及氧疗时间,有利于改善预后.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗新进展

急性呼吸窘迫综合征是重症监护室危重症之一,目前病死率仍较高.其诊断和治疗存在颇多争议.最基本的治疗策略是肺保护性通气策略,当基本治疗策略无法维持机体足够氧合时则应采取挽救性治疗措施,包括肺复张、高呼气末正压通气、俯卧位通气、高频振荡通气、吸入一氧化氮、GC或体外生命支持技术.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征相关的基础问题

从1967年Ashbaugh首次提出成人急性呼吸窘迫(acute respiratory distress in adults)概念之后,50多年间有关的探索始终没有停步,最新的定义为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS),机械通气作为针对ARDS治疗的重要措施,相关的技术研究持续进行中,近20年来,有关肺保护性通气策略的提出与实施,给ARDS机械通气治疗带来诸多新的希望和进展。2015年国际上首次给予儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征(pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome,PARDS)明确的定义,鉴于PARDS作为儿科临床危重症之一,其治疗仍存在诸多难点,且缺乏大规模的临床研究作为临床应用的基石,此次邀请国内儿科重症医学领域的专家,就ARDS相关呼吸力学、肺保护性通气策略中的核心问题及无创监测的最新进展等问题进行讲解,冀望能对临床医师有所帮助,推动中国的PARDS相关临床研究和技术进步。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气治疗时自主呼吸的调节

机械通气是急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的主要治疗手段。机械通气时适当的保留自主呼吸能促进肺泡复张、改善通气/血流比例及氧合、减轻膈肌萎缩、改善部分器官灌注,但过强的自主呼吸也可能导致跨肺压过高、肺灌注增加,加重肺损伤。在临床实践中,应注意自主呼吸的调节,选择合适的机械通气方案,以实现更好的肺保护性通气策略。本文就调节自主呼吸在ARDS患者机械通气治疗中的作用进行综述。     

肺保护性通气策略联合一氧化氮吸入治疗小儿重症肺炎合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征10例报道

目的探讨肺保护性通气策略联合一氧化氮（NO）吸入治疗小儿重症肺炎合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2008至2011年收治的10例重症肺炎合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征患儿的临床资料,全部病例采用小潮气量通气（6—8ml／k）,逐渐增加PEEP（6cm H2O开始,达到10～14cmH2O,1cmH2O=0．098kPa）,NO吸入浓度（5—25）×10^-6,同时给予综合治疗,观察疗效。结果10例患儿平均上机时间13．7d,NO吸入时间6．8d,全部患儿均并发多脏器功能障碍（以呼吸衰竭、心力衰竭和胃肠功能衰竭最多）,其中合并气胸、纵隔气肿、皮下气肿8例。6例存活,2例死亡,2例放弃治疗后死亡。存活患儿恢复期肺CT表现严重肺大泡3例,纤维化2例。1例形成支气管胸膜漏,经手术修补未愈合再次成漏,患儿放弃治疗后死亡。结论小儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的病死率高,小潮气量通气可减少气压伤,NO吸入可帮助患儿度过严重低氧血症期,从而降低呼吸机参数,二者联合应用有可能降低病死率。     

儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征肺复张策略的研究进展

近年来肺复张策略因可打开肺泡,减少肺泡萎陷所致的肺损伤,改善肺顺应性,提高动脉氧分压与氧合指数,减少肺内分流而成为急性呼吸窘迫综合征机械通气治疗手段之一.本文就肺复张在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征的应用做一综述.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Psychopathologie du syndrome d’Asperger et « aspérigisation » de la société contemporaine

The author has attempted here to point out, just for a start, the characteristics of Asperger syndrome from the point of view of psychopathology through a rereading of Hans Asperger's original paper (1944). This thesis merits reevaluation, if for no other reason than to fill the gaps in operational diagnostics based on the DSM. It is found by rereading that Asperger's view of the principal disturbances of autistic psychopathy include a “disturbance of natural evidence” or a “crisis of common sense”. This question of natural evidence that he evokes with regard to autistic psychopathy corresponds to W. Blankenburg's natural evidence, which constitutes a key concept for comprehending schizophrenia in the form poor-symptom (“symptomarme Schizophrenie”) that he observes in the speech of his patient Anne Rau. One can deduce from this that in terms of fundamental disturbances, Asperger syndrome and this “symptom-poor” schizophrenia overlap at the level of loss of natural evidence. It is moreover possible to classify Asperger syndrome among the disturbances of spacing in the sense meant by the evolutionary psychiatry of A. Stevens and J. Price. The author then develops our comprehension of Asperger syndrome from the point of view of the perspective proposed by the notion of resilience in people with Asperger syndrome and of the possibility for them, through these mechanisms of adaptation, to find in the organization of the personality of the “as if” type a position of relative equilibrium. They concur or overlap in the creation of crutches, of borrowed personalities secondarily legitimated by the reaction of the socius. This will end up in the production of inventions and œuvres (works). Clearly, one rarely encounters several cases that one could consider pertinently to be “successful” Asperger syndrome. Finally, the author notes that one can find a sort of isomorphism between Asperger syndrome and contemporary society when he proposes the term “asperigisation” to characterize our society, given that the equilibrium between emotion and logic is strongly disturbed in these patients, in whom logic undergoes hypertrophy while emotion is impoverished. From this perspective, the author hopes to suggest reasons for the increase in the number of cases of Asperger syndrome in the clinical setting and in society in general in our contemporary era.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.