难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的相关因素分析

目的:分析难治性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(secondaryhyperparathyroidism,SHPT)患者高全段甲状旁腺激素(intactparathyroidhormone,iPTH)的相关因素。方法:回顾性总结134例行甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy,PTX)治疗的终末期肾病患者资料,男、女各67例,平均年龄49.5±11.8岁(24～75岁);平均透析龄111.8±55.9月(0～252月),采用多因素线性回归分析PTX前血清iPTH和年龄、性别、透析龄以及PTX前血清校正钙、磷和碱性磷酸酶(alkalinephosphatase,ALP)的相关性。结果:134例患者中,透析龄≥15年15例(11.2%),10～15年23例(17.2%),5～10年75例(55.9%),≤5年21例(15.7%);PTX前血iPTH1958±785ng/L(479～4200ng/L)、血清磷2.27±0.59mmol/L(0.64～4.17mmol/L)、血清校正钙2.56±0.22mmol/L(1.96～3.35mmol/L),血清ALP的中位数373IU/L(41～2752IU/L)。多因素回归分析表明,患者透析龄以及PTX前的血磷、ALP与iPTH相关,透析龄每增加1月,iPTH增加4.8ng/L(95%CI2.31～7.36,P=0.000),血磷每增加1mmol/L,iPTH增加437ng/L(95%CI154.16～719.92,P=0.003),血ALP每增加1IU/L,iPTH增加0.5ng/L(95%CI0.23～0.80,P=0.000)。结论:难治性SHPT患者PTX前高iPTH与术前的血磷、血ALP和透析龄相关,与性别、年龄和血清校正钙水平无明显相关性,提示控制血磷在防治发生难治性SHPT方面可能更为重要。     

甲状旁腺全切除术与甲状旁腺全切除加自体移植术治疗尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效比较

目的比较甲状旁腺全切除术(TPTX)和甲状旁腺全切除加自体移植术(TPTX+AT)治疗尿毒症后继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2014-06～2017-06三家医院行甲状旁腺切除手术的200例尿毒症后SHPT患者的临床资料,其中行TPTX 97例(TPTX组),行TPTX+AT 103例(TPTX+AT组),收集两组术前、术后1 d、1周、3个月、1年血清全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、血钙、血磷值,观察临床症状及术后并发症、复发情况等资料。结果所有患者顺利完成手术治疗,术后骨痛、皮肤瘙痒、肌无力和不安腿等症状明显缓解,两组术后1 d、1周、3个月、1年的i PTH、血钙及血磷值均较术前明显下降(P 0. 05),但两组各时点间iPTH、血钙、血磷值比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05);两组术后iPTH、血钙、血磷值下降幅度差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。随访1年两组的复发率,TPTX组为3. 09%(3/97),低于TPTX+AT组的3. 88%(4/103),但差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。两组患者均未出现严重的无法耐受的低钙血症或低转运性骨病等明显的不良反应。结论两种术式均能有效治疗尿毒症后SHPT,不良反应发生率和复发率均较低。应遵循个体化原则、患者要求及有无肾移植意愿决定手术方式。     

甲状旁腺全切除术治疗10例Sagliker综合征疗效评估

目的 评估甲状旁腺全切除术治疗重症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)致Sagliker综合征(SS)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析在我院因SHPT接受甲状旁腺切除术的212例患者中随访3年以上的SS病例.甲状旁腺全切除术疗效判定:术后全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)＜150 ng/L为治愈;150～300 ng/L为显效;301～500 ng/L为有效;＞500 ng/L为无效.术后iPTH＞150 ng/L定义为持续性SHPT.术后1周内iPTH＜100 ng/L,以后随访中逐渐上升＞150 ng/L定义为SHPT复发.结果 (1)入选的10例患者中,男4例,女6例,年龄30～54(39.3±10.4)岁.平均透析龄142个月,所有患者都有严重骨关节疼痛,伴进行性面部增大、鸡胸、驼背、髋部骨骼畸形,身高缩短.(2)术前检查:iPTH中位数2000(1800～2863)ng/L;血钙(2.45±0.21)mmol/L,血磷(2.19±0.51)mmol/L,碱性磷酸酶(1189.8±780.0)IU/L.10例患者颈部超声和99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)扫描均证实有增大的甲状旁腺2～4枚.(3)局麻或伞麻下甲状旁腺全切除术.术后结合血钙水平补充钙剂和骨化三醇.(4)术后随访:术后骨痛、肌无力、皮肤瘙痒、失眠、燥热症状明显改善.全部患者术后有低血钙,2例发生一过性声音嘶哑.所有患者术后iPTH显著下降,术后1个月iPTH中位数55.5(10～967)ng/L,较术前显著下降(P＜0.001),其中疗效判定为治愈8例,持续性SHPT 2例(显效1例,无效1例),其中1例于术后第4年死于心力衰竭.长期随访骨骼畸形停止发展,营养不良得到改善,第3年iPTH中位数135(28～390)ng/L(P＜0.001),血钙、血磷和碱性磷酸酶也在达标范围.2例分别于第2年、第3年SHPT复发.结论 甲状旁腺全切除术可以有效治疗SS,改善患者预后,如骨痛消失、骨骼畸形发展停止、改善营养不良.长期随访部分患者iPTH有再升高可能,应该重视监测.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the parathyroidectomy (PTX) in the treatment of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) with Sagliker syndrome (SS). Methods A retrospective review was undertaken among 212 SS patients underwent PTX in our hospital and with more than 3 years' follow up. The definitions of the efficacy were based on the postoperative intact parathyroid hormone level (iPTH). "Cure" showed that the iPTH was ＜ 150 ng/L; "marked effectiveness" was 150-300 ng/L; "effectiveness" was 301-500 ng/L;"ineffectiveness" was ＞500 ng/L. The status was defined as persistent SHPT if iPTH was ＞ 150 ng/L after surgery. The status was considered as SHPT recurrence if iPTH was ＜ 100 ng/L in the first week after surgery, and gradually increased and ＞ 150 ng/L with the follow-up. Results ( 1) Ten patients were involved and the average dialysis time was 142 months [male/female: 4/6; age 30-54 (39. 3 ± 10. 4) years]. All patients had severe bone and joint pain, accompanied with progressive facial increases, chicken breast, kyphosis, hip bone deformities, and body height shortening. (2) Preoperative tests: the median of iPTH 2000(1800-2863) ng/L; serum calcium (2. 45 ±0. 21) mmol/L, phosphorus (2. 19 ±0. 51) mmol/L, alkaline phosphatase ( ALP) (1189. 8 ± 780. 0) IU/L. Two to four enlarged parathyroid glands were confirmed by ultrasound and 99Tcm-MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy. ( 3 ) Surgical procedures: local or general anesthesia for PTX. Supplement with calcium and calcitriol implemented low serum calcium after PTX. (4) Follow-up: symptoms, including bone pain, muscle weakness, skin itching, and insomnia, were significantly improved after surgery. Transient hoarseness occurred in 2 cases. The iPTHs of all patients were decreased significantly after surgery. The median of iPTH was 55.5 ( 10-967) ng/L at 1 month post PTX, and was significantly less than prior to PTX (P＜0. 001). Eight patients were "cure" , 1 "marked effectiveness" ,and 1 "ineffectiveness". Two patients were persistent SHPT, and 1 died of heart failure in the 4th year after PTX. The development of bone deformities was stopped and malnutrition was improved in long-time follow up. The level of iPTH 135(28-390)ng/L(P＜0. 001 ) , serum calcium, phosphorus, and ALP showed normal in the third year. The SHPT recurrence was appeared in the 2nd and 3rd year in 2 out of 8 patients, respectively. Conclusions Total PTX can effectively treat SS by SHPT. It can improve prognosis for patients, such as bone pain disappearing, bone deformities stopping and malnutrition improving, etc. The level of iPTH may rise again in some patients in the future. Therefore, more attentions should be paid to monitoring.     

慢性肾脏病继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症术后持续/复发再手术治疗对策及临床效果分析

目的 分析慢性肾脏病继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)患者术后持续/复发再手术治疗对策和临床效果。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2021年11月广西中医药大学第一附属医院收治的20例SHPT术后持续/复发患者的临床资料,总结SHPT持续/复发再手术指征、术前甲状旁腺影像学定位检查方法、手术方式,以及术中全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)测定、甲状旁腺探查切除策略。观察再手术患者术后症状、iPTH、血钙、血磷等指标变化情况。结果 该组20例患者共切除32枚病变甲状旁腺,术前经多学科医师协作共同阅片分析,联合彩色多普勒超声、CT扫描,甲状旁腺定位准确率达93.55%(29/31)。患者术后骨痛及皮肤瘙痒症状消失,术后血iPTH、血钙、血磷水平与术前比较均显著降低(P<0.05)。20例患者术后均未发生严重低钙血症及其他严重并发症,随访期间无SHPT持续/复发发生。结论 联合多种影像学检查及多学科医师协作共同阅片,可提高再手术前甲状旁腺定位准确率,采用甲状旁腺全切治疗SHPT持续/复发的临床效果良好。     

维持性透析患者甲状旁腺切除术式选择和并发症管理

甲状旁腺切除术(PTX)能够快速纠正透析患者难治性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT),缓解骨痛、瘙痒等症状,迅速降低高血钙和高血磷,改善骨质疏松,降低患者心血管钙化进展。选择恰当的手术时机和防治术后骨饥饿对改善骨质疏松,预防术后复发非常重要,本文介绍我院针对透析患者施行PTX病例超过千例的治疗经验,重点介绍术式选择和术后骨并发症管理。     

甲状旁腺次全切除术和西那卡塞口服对难治性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者骨代谢的影响

目的:观察甲状旁腺次全切除术(near total parathyroidectomy,NPTX)治疗尿毒症导致的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者骨密度的临床疗效。方法:采用随机对照法选择我院尿毒症引起的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者60例,设手术组和对照组,手术组使用NPTX,对照组口服西那卡塞,分别监测治疗前、后骨密度值,全段的甲状旁腺激素(intact parathyroid hormone, i PTH)、血钙、血磷和碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)指标,以评估疗效。结果:手术组血磷、iPTH,ALP、骨密度明显改善(均P<0.05),对照组血钙、血磷、iPTH均有明显改善(均P<0.05),ALP治疗前、后无明显差异。手术组较对照组血磷、iPTH、ALP、骨密度改善程度更好(P     

尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症术后复发再手术治疗探讨

目的探讨尿毒症继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)术后复发再手术治疗的手术方式及效果。方法对10例尿毒症SHPT术后复发患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,对比患者手术前后症状、血清全段甲状旁腺素(i PTH)、血钙血磷等变化,总结其手术效果及手术并发症等临床资料。结果 10例患者行颈部遗留甲状旁腺全切和自体前臂移植甲状旁腺切除术,术后患者骨痛及皮肤瘙痒症状消失,与术前比较,术后血i PTH、血钙、血磷水平均显著降低(P0.05)。随访6个月,无复发。结论尿毒症SHPT术后复发再手术治疗效果良好,术前定位应联合各种影像学定位,术前手术医生与影像学医生充分沟通,手术应切除全部残留甲状旁腺组织,避免SHPT反复发作。     

甲状旁腺切除术对尿毒症继发甲状旁腺功能亢进症的维持性血液透析患者肾性贫血的影响

目的观察甲状旁腺切除术(parathyroidectomy, PTX)对尿毒症继发甲状旁腺功能亢进症(secondary hyperparathyroidism, SHPT)的维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis, MHD)患者肾性贫血及促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)用量的影响。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年2月在福建医科大学附属龙岩第一医院因尿毒症SHPT接受PTX治疗的58例MHD患者,观察手术前及术后第3、6个月时血清钙、血清磷、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、血清全段甲状旁腺激素(intact parathyroid hormone, iPTH)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞比积(Hct)、促红细胞生成素(EPO)用量、血清铁蛋白(SF)、转铁蛋白饱和度(TS)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血白蛋白(Alb)和尿素清除指数(Kt/V),分析术后3个月和6个月Hb水平及EPO用量的变化。结果 58例患者行PTX后iPTH水平明显下降(术前1828.88±811.2 ng/L,术后3个月56.75±158.4 ng/L,术后6个月64.52±178.5 ng/L;与术前比较P0.05);与术前相比,术后3个月、6个月的血钙、血磷和ALP均明显下降(P0.05)。术后Hb水平明显上升(术前99.92±14.26 g/L,术后6个月123.2±13.65 g/L,均P0.05);术后EPO用量减少[术前235.18±62.65 U/(kg·周),术后3个月158.78±34.24 U/(kg·周),术后6个月112.53±25.37 U/(kg·周),均P0.05]。结论甲状旁切除术能有效控制继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进,改善肾性贫血、减少促红细胞生成素用量。     

微波消融治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的初步临床探讨

目的探讨微波消融治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(PHPT)的安全性与疗效。方法回顾性地分析6例患者共6个PHPT结节微波消融资料。消融功率25~30 W,多点消融,术后超声造影评估疗效。术后检测患者全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)、血钙及血磷的变化。结果单枚腺体消融时间为550~840(638±138)s。术后1 d iPTH和血钙测值分别由术前(479.2±477.3)ng/L降为(69.3±49.8)ng/L(P0.05),(2.57±0.13)mmol/L降为(2.08±0.15)mmol/L(P0.05)。随访终点iPTH和血钙测值均略有上升(P0.05)。术后血磷测值无明显变化。术中及随访时间内未出现并发症。结论微波消融治疗PHPT是一种安全、有效的方法,可以明显降低iPTH和血钙测值,该技术可望成为手术治疗的替代手段。     

甲状旁腺全切加自体移植在继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者中的疗效观察

目的:探讨甲状旁腺全切加自体移植(PTX+AT)术后移植物成活率,及其对继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)患者预后和生活质量的影响。方法:选取2011-02-01至2015-11-30在安徽医科大学第二附属医院成功切除甲状旁腺并行前臂移植的160例维持性血液透析(MHD)患者进行随访。术后2周同时测定双侧前臂甲状旁腺激素(PTH)值,判断移植物存活情况。收集患者术后第1、3、6、9、12月检查钙、磷等生化指标,观察临床症状改善及术后并发症和SHPT复发情况。结果:(1)术后移植物成活率为66.25%。手术成功患者骨痛、瘙痒等症状显著改善。(2)与术前相比,术后血钙、磷、全段甲状旁腺激素(i PTH)、碱性磷酸酶水平显著下降,血红蛋白、总蛋白、白蛋白水平明显上升(P0.05)。移植物成活组术后3月和12月血钙水平、术后12月i PTH水平明显高于未成活组(P0.05)外,其余指标两组间差异无统计学意义。移植物未成活组中因低钙血症再入院人数略高于成活组,而两组严重低钙血症均好发于透析龄长、术前PTH高及骨骼畸形严重的患者。(3)术后1年内,未成活组死亡2例,成活组死亡1例。成活组术后SHPT复发率高于未成活组(10/106 vs 2/54,P0.05)。结论:PTX+AT后移植物成活与否均可显著改善患者预后和生存质量。术后严重低钙血症主要与SHPT的严重程度相关。     

成年血液透析患者矿物质及骨代谢紊乱调查

目的 调查江苏省昆山市第一人民医院维持性血液透析（maintenance hemodialysis,MHD）患者的慢性肾脏病矿物质及骨代谢异常（chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders,CKD-MBD）情况,比较分析老年和非老年患者CKD-MBD的特点,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 调查234例MHD患者的透析龄、透前肌酐、血小板、白蛋白、血色素、血钙、血磷、ALP及iPTH的水平及临床资料,与指南比较分析老年组和非老年组血钙、血磷、ALP及iPTH的特点.结果 我院MHD患者非老年组患病率高于老年组（P＜0.05）;透析龄、干体重、透前肌酐、白蛋白水平等指标两组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;血清钙、磷、iPTH达标率分别为83.76％、19.66％、40.17％.两组比较,老年组血清钙、磷、iPTH、ALP均不同程度的低于非老年组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 老年组MHD患者CKD-MBD指标低于非老年组,提示两组患者CKD-MBD发生机制存在差异,老年患者容易合并低转运骨病（akinesis bone disease,ABD）.     

Effects of 22-oxacalcitriol and calcitriol on PTH secretion and bone mineral metabolism in a crossover trial in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

The purpose of this crossover comparison study is to elucidate the differences between the effects of a novel calcitriol analog, 22-oxacalcitriol, and calcitriol on parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bone mineral metabolism in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). Twenty-three patients with moderate to severe SHPT were included in a random 2 x 2 crossover trial with two vitamin D analogs (12 weeks for each treatment). Two patients withdrew during the run-in period for personal reasons. Serum electrolyte, bone metabolic marker, intact PTH (iPTH) and whole PTH (wPTH) levels were measured periodically. The primary endpoint measure was a decrease in serum iPTH level, and the secondary outcome measures included changes in serum calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and metabolic bone marker levels. Both treatments decreased iPTH and wPTH levels by similar degrees. Serum Ca, P, and Ca x P product levels at the end of each treatment were comparable and the frequencies of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia were also similar during each treatment period. 22-Oxacalcitriol significantly decreased the levels of bone metabolic markers, namely, bone-specific alkaline phosphate, intact osteocalcin, pyridinoline, and cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen, after a 12-week treatment. In contrast, calcitriol did not change any of the levels of bone metabolic markers. The present study showed that 22-oxacalcitriol is equally effective for PTH suppression, and Ca and P metabolism. In addition, 22-oxacalcitriol might have putative actions on bone remodeling independent of its PTH suppression. Further study is necessary to confirm the effects of 22-oxacalcitriol on bone metabolism in SHPT.     

Bone turnover markers predict changes in bone mineral density after parathyroidectomy in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism

Objective Patients on long‐term dialysis may develop secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), which causes varying degrees of bone mass loss. This condition is treated with parathyroidectomy (PTX). We investigated whether serial serum bone turnover markers could predict changes in bone mineral density (BMD) after PTX. Design and patients Renal patients on maintenance haemodialysis who received PTX for refractory SHPT (n = 26, male/female: 13/13; mean age: 48·6 ± 10·7 year) and control subjects without SHPT (n = 25) were prospectively followed for 1 year at two tertiary hospitals in Taiwan. Measurements Serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and type 5b tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were measured serially. Additionally, femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) BMD were measured before and 1 year after PTX. Results After PTX, iPTH levels decreased markedly and persistently. BMDs increased in both the FN and LS, but particularly in the LS. Serum BAP progressively increased to a peak at 2 weeks after PTX. Serum TRAP levels progressively decreased over 6 months after PTX. In univariate correlation analyses, baseline iPTH correlated positively with T‐score changes in FN (r = 0·45, P = 0·021) and LS (r = 0·48, P = 0·013). In multivariate regression models, changes in FN T‐scores were negatively predicted by baseline BAP levels (r = ?0·615, P = 0·005) and baseline FN T‐scores (r = ?0·563, P = 0·012), and they were positively predicted by baseline TRAP(r = 0·6, P = 0·007). Changes in LS T‐scores were positively predicted by baseline TRAP values (r = 0·528, P = 0·01) and negatively predicted by the percentage change in BAP after 2 weeks (r = ?0·501, P = 0·015). Conclusions Parathyroidectomy provided marked, sustained improvements in BMD for up to 1 year. Furthermore, markers of bone turnover predicted 1‐year changes in FN and LS BMDs after PTX.     

Age-related changes in parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone action in normal humans

We evaluated parathyroid function in 158 normal subjects, aged 23-85 yr. Calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, and cAMP were measured in blood and urine in the fasting state and after a 1-g oral calcium challenge. Serum immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) was measured with a goat antiserum developed against human PTH, using (43Tyr) human PTH-(44-68) as tracer and standards. With age, a decrease in total serum Ca (r = -0.14; P less than 0.05) was attributable to a fall in serum albumin (r = -0.40; P less than 0.001). Creatinine clearance fell from 124 ml/min at age 20 yr to 61 ml/min at age 80 yr (r = -0.44; P less than 0.001). iPTH rose with age in men (r = 0.21; P less than 0.05) and women (r = 0.31; P less than 0.001) from 29 pg/ml at age 20 yr to 48 pg/ml at 80 yr. iPTH was also correlated with creatinine clearance (r = -0.32; P less than 0.001. When renal function was controlled in the analysis, the regression of iPTH with age was no longer significant. Other significant correlations with age include a decrease in renal phosphorus reabsorption (r = -0.17; P less than 0.05) and an increase in urinary nephrogenous cAMP excretion (r = 0.34; P less than 0.01). The rise in nephrogenous cAMP was not accompanied by a change in total urinary cAMP, since plasma, and therefore filtered, cAMP decreased with age. Basal calcium excretion was stable, but the calciuric response to oral calcium decreased (r = -0.27; P less than 0.01). We conclude that loss of renal function is the major cause of rising iPTH levels with age.     

Dose-response study of 22-oxacalcitriol in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism

The dose-response relationships and the safety of administering 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) to patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT) under regular three-times-weekly hemodialysis (HD) were evaluated by double-blind parallel group design. A total of 203 patients with 2HPT were randomly allocated into four groups, and 5 microg (Group L), 10 microg (Group M), or 15 microg (Group H) OCT, or placebo (Group P) was administrated at the end of every HD for 12 weeks. Reductions of intact-parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration greater than 30% from baseline were observed in 7.7% of Group P as compared to 77.3% of the pooled OCT groups after 12 weeks of treatment (Mantel test: P < 0.001). Time-trends (slopes) of log-iPTH concentration calculated by least-squares line fitting to each patient's data during treatment differed between Group P and the pooled OCT groups (t-test: P < 0.001) and these iPTH slopes decreased dose-dependently (linear trend by t-test: P < 0.001). Slopes of serum calcium corrected for albumin (corrected-sCa) concentrations also differed between Group P and the pooled OCT groups (t-test: P < 0.001), and increased dose-dependently (linear trend by t-test: P < 0.0001). Serum phosphorus and Ca x P product increased significantly only in high dose groups. Slopes of log(iPTH) and corrected-sCa concentrations were reciprocally related. Most adverse events were hypercalcemia and dose-related, but occasionally comprised pruritus or increased serum creatinine phosphokinase. These results indicate that OCT produced a strong and dose-dependent suppression of PTH and an increase of corrected-sCa concentration in patients with 2HPT. The recommended initial dosages of OCT would appear to be 5 microg when pretreatment iPTH concentrations are less than 500 pg/mL, and 10 microg when greater than 500 pg/mL for safe and effective treatment. As in the case of PTH, calcium and phosphorus showed dose-dependent increases. It is therefore essential to take precautions as to possible increases in calcium and phosphorus.     

Changing osteocalcin concentrations during pregnancy and lactation: implications for maternal mineral metabolism

We measured serum osteocalcin concentrations in 82 pregnant and 21 nonpregnant women. Osteocalcin values declined in the second trimester, but returned to nonpregnant levels late in the third trimester. The mean serum osteocalcin concentration in 36 women during pregnancy (mean gestation, 26 weeks) of 2.8 ng/mL was significantly lower than that in nonpregnant women (6.4 ng/mL; P less than 0.001) or term pregnant women at delivery (6.1 ng/mL; n = 46). Serum immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) levels were significantly higher during pregnancy than in nonpregnant women [97 +/- 5 vs. 56 +/- 4 ng/L (mean +/- SE); P less than 0.001]. No significant correlations were found between maternal osteocalcin concentrations and serum phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, or iPTH, but significant negative correlations were found between osteocalcin and total calcium or total protein. Osteocalcin concentrations in midtrimester amniotic fluid were very low (mean, 0.3 +/- 0.1 ng/mL; n = 11). In 29 lactating mothers, the mean serum osteocalcin level was 9.5 +/- 1.5 ng/mL, significantly higher than in any of the other groups (P less than 0.05), but their serum calcium and iPTH levels were normal. There was no correlation between serum osteocalcin and calcium or iPTH concentrations in lactating women. These changes are compatible with a sequence in which bone turnover is reduced during early pregnancy, rebounds in the third trimester, and increases in postpartum lactating women.     

Evaluation of changes in bone density and biochemical parameters after parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism

We examined the relationships between serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) versus bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and radius in terms of their preoperative values and of their annual percentage and net changes after parathyroidectomy (PTX) in 44 Japanese patients (14 men and 30 women) with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). Lumbar and radial BMD values were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and single photon absorptiometry and were used for evaluating the cancellous and cortical bone mass, respectively. Age- and sex-adjusted value (Z-score) of the radial BMD was significantly lower than that of the lumbar BMD before and after PTX (P < 0.05). In preoperative patients, serum levels of both intact PTH and ALP were significantly and negatively correlated with Z-score of the radial BMD (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively), but not with that of the lumbar BMD. After PTX, serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, ALP, and PTH became normal, and both lumbar and radial BMD values markedly increased over 1 year, with percentage changes of 12.2+/-1.4% and 11.6+/-1.6%, respectively, which were larger than those in any other Caucasian study previously documented. Even in patients without osteopenia (Z-score of BMD 20), lumbar and radial BMD values increased considerably after the operation (9.6+/-1.9% and 6.7+/-1.4%, respectively). Annual percentage and net changes in lumbar BMD were significantly and negatively correlated with those in ALP with high correlation coefficients, but those in radial BMD were correlated only with the annual net change in ALP but not with the percentage change. No significant correlations were observed between annual changes in either lumbar or radial BMD and those in intact PTH. Taken together, this study shows that PTX causes dramatic improvements in both the cancellous and cortical bone mass in Japanese pHPT patients regardless of the severity of their osteopenia, and suggests that the cancellous and cortical bones react differently to a preoperative endogenous PTH excess and a high bone turnover rate as well as to the postoperative normalization of a bone turnover rate in the patients.     

Graves病患者骨质疏松患病情况及骨转换指标特征

目的 探讨Graves病(GD)患者骨质疏松的患病情况,研究GD患者血清骨钙素、Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端前肽(PINP)、血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、β-Ⅰ型胶原羧基端肽(β-CTX)等骨转换指标的特征及其与甲状腺激素水平的相关性.方法 人选明确诊断GD患者163例,电化学发光法测定甲状腺相关激素水平、骨钙素、PINP、CTX,全自动生化仪测定ALP、血钙、磷及尿钙／肌酐比值,用双能X线吸收骨密度仪(DEXA)测定腰椎正位,左侧股骨近端的骨密度.结果 GD患者中,男性43例(26.4％),女性120例(73.6％),平均年龄(47±1)岁.其中骨质疏松37例(22.7％),非骨质疏松的126例(77.3％),按不同骨代谢状态分组比较,校正性别、年龄、体重指数后,骨质疏松组患者骨钙素、ALP、PINP、β-CTX和游离T3(FT3)水平高于非骨质疏松组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).校正性别、年龄、体重指数后,骨钙素、PINP、β-CTX水平与FT3水平呈正相关(均P＜0.01);根据FT3水平四分位数分组,各组骨钙素、PINP、β-CTX水平逐渐上升(P＜0.01).结论 Graves病甲状腺功能亢进患者具有较高的骨质疏松患病比例,高骨转换速率是GD合并骨质疏松患者的显著特征,高甲状腺激素水平是影响其骨转换速率和骨质疏松的重要因素.     

淀粉酶联合CRP和SAA检测对急性胰腺炎诊断价值的评价

目的 探讨淀粉酶、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)及血清淀粉样物质A(serumamyloid A,SAA)的变化对AP诊断的临床意义.方法 测定MAP和SAP患者发病24 h内、48 h、72 h及第7天的血、尿淀粉酶和CRP、SAA水平.结果 发病24 h内SAP患者的血淀粉酶、尿淀粉酶、CRP和SAA水平分别为(904.5±402.2)U/L、(2280.3±1270.3)U/L、(155.6±36.2)mg/L和(521.9±109.4)mg/L,均明显高于MAP患者的(598.3±400.4)U/L、(1304.9±868.7)U/L、(51.9 4±38.0)mg/L和(158.6±187.6)mg/L(P＜0.05或P＜0.001);血淀粉酶高峰出现于发病后24 h内,而尿淀粉酶、CRP和SAA高峰出现在发病48 h,分别为(2173.5±1110.6)U/L、(185.3±41.4)mg/L和(717.5±144.2)mg/L.MAP和SAP患者血、尿淀粉酶水平在第7天均明显降低(P＜0.05),MAP患者CRP、SAA在第7天也明显降低(P＜0.05),但SAP患者CRP、SAA在第7大无明显降低(P＞0.05).CRP、SAA和病变发展相平行,CRP和SAA呈正相关(r=0.761,P＜0.05).结论 淀粉酶联合CRP、SAA水平的检测能够早期诊断AP,CRP和SAA可作为早期诊断SAP的参考指标.