辐射所致细胞周期G_2期延迟及其分子机制

细胞周期Ｇ_２期延迟与调控细胞周期的特定蛋白──细胞周期素（Ｃｙｃｌｉｎ）有关，辐射作用后，细胞周期素的转录、表达发生改变，与细胞周期素结合的ｐ３４~（ｃｄｃ２）磷酸化和脱磷酸化状态也发生变化，从而导致细胞在Ｇ_２期滞留。     

microRNA与细胞周期调控

microRNA(miRNA)是一类长度为22～25个核苷酸的小RNA,这类非编码的小RNA分子在转录后水平上特异性地调节基因的表达.研究表明,miRNA可调控在细胞周期进程中直接或间接发挥作用的蛋白质分子;其表达水平的改变会使得细胞周期进程失去控制从而导致肿瘤的发生.此外,miRNA可分别作为癌基因和抑癌基因发挥作用从而参与细胞周期进程的调控,尤其是对细胞周期检查点的调控;它们通过协同调控多个靶基因参与细胞周期进程.     

辐射损伤与细胞周期

辐射后的细胞可能发生恶性转化,可能死亡,另有一些细胞对辐射却产生适应性或抗性,最终长期存活下来.近年来研究发现,此差异与辐射对细胞周期的影响密切相关.辐射可阻断细胞周期活动及延长细胞周期,其中G1期、S期和G2/M期等细胞周期检查点(checkpoint)起决定作用,它们分别通过不同的信号途径对辐射所致的损伤进行调控,产生不同的辐射生物学效应.对该领域的深入研究不仅为进一步阐释辐射致癌提供一定的理论依据,而且为临床放疗增敏剂的研制提供新的思路.     

DNA损伤修复及细胞周期检控点激活的研究进展

新近的研究结果使人们对DNA损伤诱导的细胞和分子事件,特别是与DNA损伤反应和损伤修复相关蛋白的激活以及在DNA损伤部位的募集,有了更深入的认识;对细胞周期检控点的激活以及随后的细胞周期调控有了进一步的理解.     

某氡温泉周围居民外周血淋巴细胞周期及其调控蛋白的表达

目的 观察某氡温泉周边居民外周血淋巴细胞周期各时相变化以及周期调控蛋白CDK1、CDK2、CDK4、CDK6、CyclinD1、CyclinE1、WEE1和CDC25A的表达。方法 简单随机抽样法抽取温塘镇氡温泉周边居民46人,抽取对照地区居民39人。流式细胞术分别检测细胞周期各时相的变化和周期调控蛋白的表达水平。比较两组细胞周期各时相的差异以及周期调控蛋白表达水平的差异,多重线性回归分析周期调控蛋白表达与氡暴露等因素的关系。结果 G₀/G₁期和S期细胞所占比例在两组比较中有差异（t=2.250、-2.382,P<0.05）;CDK1、CDK6和CyclinE1在氡温泉组中的表达水平显著下调（t=4.770、11.419、5.238,P<0.05）,并与氡暴露因素存在相关关系且呈负相关（t=-5.097、-11.128、-5.117,P<0.05）。CDK2、CDK4、CyclinD1、WEE1和CDC25A在氡温泉组表达均上调,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 氡周边居民外周血淋巴细胞S期比例增加,周期调控蛋白CDK1、CDK6和CyclinE1表达下调,可能与长期的氡暴露有关。     

细胞周期与辐射诱发细胞恶性转化的敏感性

细胞正常分裂增殖包括有丝分裂期及分裂间期，随着研究的深入，细胞周期调控的研究已与细胞转化和基因表达调控的研究密不可分。本文简要介绍了联系细胞周期调控与基因表达调控，细胞周期调控与细胞转化的几个问题，并阐述了辐射诱发细胞恶性转化的细胞周期敏感性。     

7-乙酰基-鲁山冬凌草甲素诱导HL-60细胞周期阻滞及其机制研究

目的研究7-乙酰基-鲁山冬凌草甲素（7-acetyl-lushanrubescensin A,ARA）对人急性髓系白血病细胞株HL-60的细胞增殖和细胞周期的影响,并对其作用机制进行探讨。方法MTT法检测ARA对HL-60细胞增殖的影响;在ARA作用HL-60细胞不同时间后,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化;Western印迹检测周期相关蛋白Rb、p（phospho）-Rb（ser795）、p-Rb（ser807/811）,细胞周期蛋白（cyclin）D1、cyclin D3、cyclin E2、CDK4及CDK6的蛋白表达;流式细胞仪检测细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平。结果ARA剂量依赖性地抑制HL-60细胞增殖,48h的IC50为（1.96±0.08）μmol/L。ARA诱导HL-60细胞发生明显的细胞周期G0/G1阻滞,具有时间和浓度依赖性。机制研究显示ARA引起Rb总蛋白出现移行条带,并抑制p-Rb（ser795）位点磷酸化,显著抑制CDK4的蛋白表达,并部分降低cyclin D3和cyclin E2的表达水平,但对cyclin D1和CDK6的作用则不明显。此外,ARA显著增加HL-60细胞内ROS水平,而抗氧化剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸（NAC）能够阻断ARA诱导的ROS升高及细胞周期阻滞。结论ARA能够明显抑制白血病细胞增殖,诱导细胞周期阻滞,其机制可能与抑制Rb活化和降低cyclin D3、cyclin E2和CDK4的表达水平相关,并且ROS在ARA介导的生物学效应中可能有重要作用。     

DNA损伤修复及细胞周期检控点激活的研究进展

新近的研究结果使人们对DNA损伤诱导的细胞和分子事件,特别是与DNA损伤反应和损伤修复相关蛋白的激活以及在DNA损伤部位的募集,有了更深入的认识;对细胞周期检控点的激活以及随后的细胞周期调控有了进一步的理解     

p53在调节细胞周期阻滞和细胞凋亡中的作用及其机制

p53作为抑癌基因,在各种应激情况下(包括电离辐射所致DNA损伤、核苷酸缺失、低氧或癌基因激活)调控细胞周期进程和细胞凋亡过程。本文综述了p53及其下游分子在细胞周期和细胞凋亡中的作用,在此基础上探讨p53在选择细胞周期阻滞和细胞凋亡中的影响因素。     

p16负向调控通路与辐射诱导的G1期阻滞

辐射诱导细胞发生G1期阻滞，其分子调控机制尚不十分清楚。近期献报道，独立于p53基因之外的p16-Cyclins-CDKs(细胞周期素依赖性激酶)细胞周期负向调控通路在紫外线和电离辐射照后发生改变，提示此通路可能在辐射诱导的G1期阻滞中发挥至关重要的作用。     

Exercise as an antioxidant: it up-regulates important enzymes for cell adaptations to exercise

Aims. – To assess the role of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell signalling and in the regulation of gene expression.Methods. – Exercise causes oxidative stress only when exhaustive. Strenuous exercise causes oxidation of glutathione, release of cytosolic enzymes, and other signs of cell damage. We have tested this hypothesis by studying the effect of inhibition of ROS production by allopurinol (an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, a free radical generating enzyme) on cell signalling pathways in marathon runners and in rats submitted to exhaustive exercise by running on a treadmill.Results. – Exercise caused an activation of NF-κB in lymphocytes from marathon runners which was completely prevented by allopurinol. In the rat model exercise caused an activation of MAP kinases in gastrocnemius muscle. This in turn activated the NF-κB pathway and consequently the expression of important enzymes associated with defence against ROS (superoxide dismutase) and adaptation to exercise (eNOS and iNOS). All these changes were abolished when ROS production was prevented by allopurinol.Conclusion. – Thus we report evidence that ROS act as signals in exercise because decreasing their formation prevents activation of important signalling pathways which cause useful adaptations in cells. Because these signals result in an up-regulation of powerful antioxidant enzymes, exercise itself can be considered as an antioxidant.     

茶多酚对高转移性人肺癌细胞间隙连接通讯功能的上调研究

应用MTT法体外观察不同浓度茶多酚对PG细胞的杀伤作用，激光共聚焦显微镜和流式细胞仪检测用药后PG细胞内Ca^2 浓度、细胞间隙连接通讯(GJIC)、Cx43表达和细胞增殖周期分布的变化。结果显示，4个浓度的茶多酚对PG细胞均有杀伤作用，呈剂量依赖关系。细胞增殖受到明显抑制，使细胞阻滞于G0／G1期，不能进入S期及G2／M期，细胞增殖指数明显下降。与对照组相比，随着茶多酚浓度的增加，细胞内Ca^2 浓度、GJIC和Cx43表达水平逐渐上升。提示茶多酚对PG细胞具有生长抑制作用，其机制可能与上调细胞间隙连接通讯功能有关。     

Exploring the radiosensitizing potential of magnetotherapy: a pilot study in breast cancer cells

Abstract

Aim: To explore the influence of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the cell cycle progression of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and to evaluate the radiosensitizing effect of magnetotherapy during therapeutic co-exposure to EMFs and radiotherapy.

Material and methods: Cells were exposed to EMFs (25, 50 and 100?Hz; 8 and 10?mT). In the co-treatment, cells were first exposed to EMFs (50?Hz/10?mT) for 30?min and then to ionizing radiation (IR) (2?Gy) 4?h later. Cell cycle progression and free radical production were evaluated by flow cytometry, while radiosensitivity was explored by colony formation assay.

Results: Generalized G1-phase arrest was found in both cell lines several hours after EMF exposure. Interestingly, a marked G1-phase delay was observed at 4?h after exposure to 50?Hz/10?mT EMFs. No cell cycle perturbation was observed after repeated exposure to EMFs. IR-derived ROS production was enhanced in EMF-exposed MCF-7 cells at 24?h post-exposure. EMF-exposed cells were more radiosensitive in comparison to sham-exposed cells.

Conclusions: These results highlight the potential benefits of concomitant treatment with magnetotherapy before radiotherapy sessions to enhance the effectiveness of breast cancer therapy. Further studies are warranted to identify the subset(s) of patients who would benefit from this multimodal treatment.     

Eph家族信号转导途径及其在肿瘤中的作用

Eph受体是受体酪氨酸激酶家族中最大的一个亚群。它们参与多条信号通路的转导,通过调节细胞骨架影响细胞的形态、运动和黏附,在神经和血管发育、免疫功能调节和肿瘤进展中发挥重要作用。本文重点就Eph亚家族参与的信号转导以及它们在肿瘤进展中的作用进行综述。     

ATM: the protein encoded by the gene mutated in the radiosensitive syndrome ataxia-telangiectasia.

PURPOSE: To provide an update on the product of the ATM gene mutated in the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). SUMMARY: The product of the ATM gene mutated in the human genetic disorder A-T is a 350 kDa protein that plays a central role in the regulation of a number of cellular processes. It is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase superfamily, but is more likely a protein kinase similar to another member of that family, i.e. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). A-T cells and fibroblasts derived from the atm -/- mouse are hypersensitive to ionizing radiation and defective in cell cycle checkpoint control. At present the nature of the lesion in damaged DNA recognized by ATM remains uncertain, but it is evident that a small number of residual strand breaks remain unrepaired in A-T cells, which may well account for the radiosensitivity. On the other hand, considerable progress has been achieved in delineating the role of ATM in cell cycle checkpoint control. Defects are observed at all cell cycle checkpoints in A-T cells post-irradiation. At the G1 /S interface ATM has been shown to play a central role in radiation-induced activation of the tumour suppressor gene product p53. ATM binds to p53 in a complex fashion and activates the molecule in response to breaks in DNA by phosphorylating it at serine 15 close to the N-terminus and by controlling other phosphorylation and dephosphorylation changes on the molecule. This in turn leads to the induction of p21/WAF1 and other p53 effector proteins before inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activity and G1 arrest. Emerging evidence supports a direct role for ATM at other cell cycle checkpoints. Other proteins interacting with ATM include c-Abl a protein tyrosine kinase, beta-adaptin an endosomal protein and p21 a downstream effector of p53. The significance of these interactions is currently being investigated. ATM also plays an important role in the regulation and surveillance of meiotic progression. The localization of ATM to both the nucleus and other subcellular organelles implicates this molecule in a myriad of cellular processes. CONCLUSION: ATM is involved in DNA damage recognition and cell cycle control in response to ionizing radiation damage. There is evidence that ATM may also have a more general signalling role.     

Cell cycle progression and radiation survival following prolonged hypoxia and re-oxygenation

PURPOSE: To investigate cell cycle progression and radiation survival following prolonged hypoxia and re-oxygenation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: NHIK 3025 human cervical carcinoma cells were exposed to extremely hypoxic conditions (<4ppm O2) for 20 h and then re-oxygenated. The subsequent cell cycle progression was monitored by analysing cell cycle distribution at different time-points after re-oxygenation using two-dimensional flowcytometry. The clonogenic survival after a 3.6 Gy X-ray dose was also measured at each of these time-points. The measured radiation survival was compared with theoretical predictions based on cell cycle distribution and the radiation age response of the cells. RESULTS: Following re-oxygenation the cells resumed cell cycle progression, completed S-phase, and then accumulated in G2. Non-clonogenic cells remained permanently arrested in G2, while the remainder of the cells completed mitosis after a few hours delay. The radiation survival of the hypoxia-pretreated cell population remained lower than for an exponentially growing control population for the investigated 50h of re-oxygenation. However, following 7 h of re-oxygenation, the radiation survival of the hypoxia-treated cell population correlated well with theoretically predicted values based on cell cycle distribution and radiation age response. CONCLUSIONS: The work demonstrates that prolonged hypoxia followed by re-oxygenation results in a G2 delay similar to that observed after DNA damage. Furthermore, chronic hypoxia results in decreased radiation survival for at least 50h following the reintroduction of oxygen. The hypoxia-induced radiosensitization following 7 h of re-oxygenation could in large part be explained by the synchronous cell cycle progression that occurred.     

Review: ATM: the protein encoded by the gene mutated in the radiosensitive syndrome ataxia-telangiectasia

Purpose: To provide an update on the product of the ATM gene mutated in the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). Summary : The product of the ATM gene mutated in the human genetic disorder A-T is a 350kDa protein that plays a central role in the regulation of a number of cellular processes. It is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase superfamily, but is more likely a protein kinase similar to another member of that family, i.e. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). A-T cells and fibroblasts derived from the atm /- mouse are hypersensitive to ionizing radiation and defective in cell cycle checkpoint control. At present the nature of the lesion in damaged DNA recognized by ATM remains uncertain, but it is evident that a small number of residual strand breaks remain unrepaired in A-T cells, which may well account for the radiosensitivity. On the other hand, considerable progress has been achieved in delineating the role of ATM in cell cycle checkpoint control. Defects are observed at all cell cycle checkpoints in A-T cells post-irradiation. At the G1/S interface ATM has been shown to play a central role in radiation-induced activation of the tumour suppressor gene product p53. ATM binds to p53 in a complex fashion and activates the molecule in response to breaks in DNA by phosphorylating it at serine 15 close to the N-terminus and by controlling other phosphorylation and dephosphorylation changes on the molecule. This in turn leads to the induction of p21/WAF1 and other p53 effector proteins before inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activity and G1 arrest. Emerging evidence supports a direct role for ATM at other cell cycle checkpoints. Other proteins interacting with ATM include c-Abl a protein tyrosine kinase, beta -adaptin an endosomal protein and p21 a downstream effector of p53. The significance of these interactions is currently being investigated. ATM also plays an important role in the regulation and surveillance of meiotic progression. The localization of ATM to both the nucleus and other subcellular organelles implicates this molecule in a myriad of cellular processes. Conclusion: ATM is involved in DNA damage recognition and cell cycle control in response to ionizing radiation damage. There is evidence that ATM may also have a more general signalling role.     

辐射及细胞因子对p21基因表达的调控作用

p21基因是细胞周期的负向调控因子,在一定的因素诱导下,p21基因可有效地引起细胞周期G₁期和G₂期阻滞,从而在维持基因组稳定性中起重要作用。辐射及TGFβ1、TNFα、PTEN、IGF等因子均可诱导p21基因表达增高,而E1A、c-jun、Tbx2、PLD1和PLD2等因子则抑制p21基因表达。