当归补血汤对免疫抑制合并隐孢子虫感染小鼠的治疗作用的研究

目的探讨当归补血汤（Angelicae Sinensis Decoction for Supplementing Blood,ASDSB）对免疫抑制合并隐孢子虫感染的小鼠的治疗作用。方法建立免疫抑制合并隐孢子虫感染模型,随后用ASDSB治疗,并设对照组。每日计数小鼠粪便中卵囊数量,测定外周血T细胞亚群、血清可溶性白细胞介素-2受体（SIL-2R）和肠液分泌型免疫球蛋白A（sIgA）的水平,并进行肠组织病理检测。结果与模型组相比较,大剂量ASDSB组的小鼠粪便卵囊排出数量明显减少（P〈0．01）,肠粘膜损伤较模型组轻,并且可以提高免疫抑制小鼠的CD4^＋T水平,促进肠道粘膜sIgA的产生,降低外周血sIL-2R水平。结论大剂量ASDSB对免疫抑制合并隐孢子虫感染的小鼠的治疗作用是通过提高机体免疫功能发挥的。     

恶性肿瘤患者隐孢子虫感染情况调查

目的调查恶性肿瘤患者的隐孢子虫感染情况及流行特点，为恶性肿瘤患者隐孢子虫感染的防治提供依据。方法采集山东省肿瘤医院108例恶性肿瘤病患者粪便，采用金胺-酚＋改良抗酸染色法检查隐孢子虫卵囊。结果108例肿瘤患者隐孢子虫感染率为66．67％，男性患者与女性患者隐孢子虫感染率分别为69．70％和61．90％，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；化疗、放疗、放疗＋化疗患者隐孢子虫的感染率分别为80．00％、50．00％和69．57％，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；不同类别的肿瘤患者隐孢子虫感染率分别是：呼吸系统为52．38％、消化系统为77．14％、乳腺为62．50％、其他（包括脑瘤、肾上腺瘤、甲状腺瘤等）为86．67％，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论恶性肿瘤患者易发生隐孢子虫感染，可能与其机体的免疫功能下降有关。     

安徽省学生隐孢子虫感染特征的研究

目的 调查安徽省学生隐孢子虫感染情况、流行特点及主要临床表现，为在学生中防治隐孢子虫病的感染提供依据。方法采集安徽省各地市不同教育层次学生粪便标本共4048份，采用金胺-酚染色法和改良抗酸染色法检查隐孢子虫卵囊。结果隐孢子虫感染率为1．33％（54／4048）。幼儿、小学生、中学生和大学生隐孢子虫的感染率分别为3．15％（28／889）、0．82％（9／1098）、0．82％（9／1092）和0．83％（8／969），幼儿与其他学生相比均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。男生与女生隐孢子虫的感染率分别为1．49％（28／1880）和1．20％（26／2168），差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。城、乡学生隐孢子虫检出率分别为0．75％（13／1740）和1．78％（41／2308），差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。隐孢子虫感染以亚临床感染为主，主要临床表现为间断性轻度腹痛、轻度腹泻、稀便。结论安徽省学生隐孢子虫感染以幼儿多见，农村较城市多见；隐孢子虫病缺乏特异的临床表现，亚临床感染是其主要表现形式，易误诊和漏诊。     

不同免疫状态小鼠感染隐孢子虫的阈剂量研究

目的求出健康小鼠和免疫抑制小鼠感染隐孢子虫的ID5（5%感染剂量）,为原虫卫生标准的制定提供参考依据。方法以地塞米松为免疫抑制剂,建立免疫抑制小鼠模型,感染不同剂量的隐孢子虫卵囊,粪检法观察感染率,对感染剂量和感染率作线性回归分析,计算相应的ID5,并与非免疫抑制组比较。结果免疫抑制组的胸腺指数、脾脏指数、血清IgG、IgM含量与相应的非免疫抑制组比较差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;免疫抑制组小鼠感染隐孢子虫的ID5为4个卵囊,非免疫抑制小鼠的ID5为12个卵囊。结论免疫抑制小鼠对隐孢子虫的易感性增加,制定卫生标准需要对此情况加以考虑。     

兰州市慢性病患者隐孢子虫和溶组织阿米巴感染流行病学调查结果分析

目的了解兰州市慢性病（主要为高血压、糖尿病和恶性肿瘤）人群隐孢子虫和溶组织阿米巴的感染状况。方法在兰州市收集高血压、糖尿病、恶性肿瘤及非慢性病患者等的粪便,分别采用改良抗酸染色法和碘染色法,检测粪便中的隐孢子虫卵囊和溶组织阿米巴包囊。结果在600例粪便中,隐孢子虫和溶组织阿米巴感染率分别为4．17％和4．50％,感染率差异无统计学意义（χ2=0．080,P〉0．05）;男性感染率分别为4．67％和4．33％,女性感染率分别为3．67％和3．oO％;〈10岁者隐孢子虫和溶组织阿米巴的感染率最高,分别为6．00％和7．00％;糖尿病和恶性肿瘤组隐孢子虫的感染率分别为7．00％和10．。0％,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=4．178,7．639;P〈0．05）;糖尿病和恶性肿瘤组溶组织内阿米巴的感染率分别为9．00％和8．33％,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=6．866,4．108;P〈0．05）。结论兰州市隐孢子虫和溶组织阿米巴儿童和慢性病患者人群感染率较高,可能与该人群健康状况、免疫力和卫生习惯等密切相关。     

当归补血汤预防免疫抑制小鼠隐孢子虫感染及其作用机制的研究

目的探讨当归补血汤预防免疫抑制小鼠隐孢子虫感染的作用及机制。方法将48只BALB/c小鼠随机均分为4组,分别为正常对照组、免疫抑制组、大剂量预防组和小剂量预防组（8只/组）。除正常对照组外,其余3组每鼠每天灌胃醋酸地塞米松0.27mg/kg,连续8d,诱导小鼠免疫抑制。大剂量预防组灌胃当归补血汤2g/kg,小剂量预防组每鼠灌胃当归补血汤1g/kg,连续8d。第9天除正常对照组外,各组均灌胃感染1×10^6个隐孢子虫卵囊。然后每天检查粪便,计数卵囊。于感染后第11天,眼球取血,流式细胞仪检测外周血T细胞亚群变化,ELISA检测血清sIL-2R水平;同时剖杀小鼠取十二指肠和空肠,ELISA检测肠液中sIgA水平,并观察十二指肠组织病理改变。结果与免疫抑制组相比,大剂量预防组小鼠卵囊排出数（35.0±4.21）明显减少（P〈0.01）,肠黏膜损伤明显减轻并出现再生修复的现象,CD4＋T细胞数（47.483±4.082）及CD4＋/CD8＋比值（2.271±0.378）均增高（P〈0.01）,肠液中sIgA含量[（320.19±1.94）ng/ml]明显升高（P〈0.01）,外周血sIL-2R水平[（321.34±6.66）ng/ml]降低（P〈0.01）。小剂量预防组各项指标与免疫抑制组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论大剂量当归补血汤对免疫抑制小鼠的隐孢子虫感染有明显的预防作用,可提高机体免疫功能。     

隐孢子虫动物模型的建立

本文通过饮水给予免疫抑制药和用人源隐孢子虫卵囊感染ＮＩＨ小鼠，建立了隐孢子虫感染小鼠模型。实验结果显示：免疫功能抑制组比正常组易感，两者感染度有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。通过动物实验进一步证明免疫功能正常宿主感染隐孢子虫为自限性感染，免疫功能低下或缺陷者感染隐孢子虫可引起严重腹泻甚至死亡。     

慢支咳喘灵对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨慢支咳喘灵对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法 制备免疫低下功能模型小鼠，给予慢支咳喘灵，14天后进行免疫功能的测定。结果 中、高剂量的慢支咳喘灵应用后均可使免疫功能低下小鼠的体重、胸腺和脾脏重量显著增加（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），但小剂量组作用不甚明显。与模型组比较，慢支咳喘灵中、高剂量具有显著促进吞噬作用（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；高剂量时的吞噬作用和正常对照组差异无显著性（P〉0．05），但小剂量组作用不甚明显；高、中、低3个剂量组的慢支咳喘灵对小鼠迟发型变态反应均有显著的抑制作用（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），可显著提高血清溶血素水平（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 慢支咳喘灵可提高机体的免疫功能。     

姜黄素对早期血吸虫病小鼠肝功能的影响

目的动态观察姜黄素（curcumin，CUR）对早期血吸虫病小鼠肝功能的保护作用。方法将64只小鼠随机分为4组，每组16只，分别为健康对照组、感染对照组、溶剂组和CUR组。除健康对照组外各组小鼠经腹部皮肤感染日本血吸虫尾蚴约25条。CUR组感染后即开始给予CUR200mg／kg体重灌胃治疗，2次／d，至第8周末；健康对照组和感染对照组给予同剂量的蒸馏水灌胃，溶剂组给予同剂量的4％羧甲基纤维素钠（sodium carboxymethycellulose，CMC）溶液灌胃。于第6、8周末每组各取8只小鼠，处死，取血清和肝脏，以HE染色观察各组小鼠肝组织病变，通过测定小鼠血清以及肝匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-px）、丙二醛（MDA）水平的变化，观察CUR对血吸虫病小鼠治疗的效果。结果感染血吸虫后，CUR组与感染对照组比较小鼠肝组织损伤程度明显减轻，第6周末血清SOD含量显著升高（P〈0．01），GSH-px含量无显著变化（P〉0．05），MDA含量显著降低（P〈0．05），肝匀浆SOD、GSH-px含量显著升高（P〈0．05），MDA含量显著降低（P〈0．05）；第8周末小鼠血清和肝匀浆SOD、GSH—px水平均显著升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），MDA水平均显著降低（P〈0．05）。CUR组第8周末小鼠血清和肝匀浆SOD、GSH-px及MDA含量与第6周末相比差异无统计学意义。结论姜黄素有减轻血吸虫病急性期肝损伤的作用。     

芦丁对衰老小鼠大脑皮质和海马NOS活性的影响

目的 探讨芦丁（Rutin）的抗衰老作用及其可能机制。方法 选用健康的昆明小鼠60只，随机分为对照组、衰老组、阳性对照组、低剂量芦丁组和高剂量芦丁组。除对照组外，其他组小鼠通过注射D-半乳糖制成亚急性衰老模型。选用阳性对照药物和两种剂量（20mg／kg。40mg／kg）芦丁对亚急性衰老模型小鼠治疗6W。通过Y迷宫行为测试，光镜NADPH-d组织化学法观察实验小鼠的学习行为变化及大脑皮质和海马结构NOS神经元的形态和数目。结果 衰老组小鼠Y迷宫学习次数明显多于其他组（P〈0．05），高剂量芦丁组小鼠Y迷宫学习次数明显少于阳性对照组（P〈0．05）；两种剂量芦丁组皮质和海马结构NOS神经元数目较衰老组均增多（P〈0．05），高剂量芦丁组海马CA1区和齿状回的NOS神经元数目较阳性对照组显著增多（P〈0．05）。结论 芦丁对衰老小鼠皮质和海马结构NOS活性有保护作用。     

Long-standing symptomatic cryptosporidiosis in a normal man: clinical response to spiramycin

A healthy immunocompetent 26-year-old man developed prolonged symptomatic cryptosporidiosis. He only achieved clinical improvement after treatment with spiramycin. Other family members suffered from chronic undiagnosed diarrhea, and resolution occurred only after a trial of spiramycin. Thus, Cryptosporidium had provoked a prolonged symptomatic infection in a normal host; spiramycin therapy was required for parasite eradication and clinical cure, and a therapeutic trial with spiramycin was beneficial for family members with chronic undiagnosed diarrhea. Many infections with Cryptosporidium have serious morbidity, and thus, spiramycin may be more generally indicated in the treatment of this infection.     

Human intestinal and biliary cryptosporidiosis

Cryptospridiumporvum(C.porvum)isacoccidianparasiteofthephylutriApicomplexathatinfectsthegastrointestinal,biliaryandrespirat0ryepitheliumofhumansandanimals[1j.Earlyreportsdescribedadiseaseinhumanscharacterizedbyprotracted,waterydiarrheaoccurringinimmunosuppressedpatients,manywithacquiredinununodeficiencysyndrome(AlDS).Recentepidemiologicstudiesindicatethatcryptosporidiosismayals0presentasanacute,self-limiteddiarrhealdiseaseinimmunoc0mpetentindividualsandmayaccountf0rl%-10%ofdiarrhealdisease.o…     

Alcohol and Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Suppression of Resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum Infection during Modulation of Cytokine Production

The effects of inoculation of LP-BM5 murine leukemia retrovirus and chronic ethanol (5% v/v) ingestion on immunomodulation and Cryptosporidium parvum infection in C57BL/6 female mice were evaluated. The intestinal mucosae of retrovirally immunosuppressed animals were heavily colonized by Cryptosporidium parasites, and oocysts shedding in the feces persisted throughout the duration of the study. Mortality was exacerbated by murine retrovirus infection alone and exacerbated with concomitant chronic alcohol feeding (42.8 and 69.4%). Chronic ethanol ingestion decreased production of interferon-γ and soluble interleukin-2 receptor released in supernatants of splenocytes when stimulated with concanavalin A, compared with the control group. Decreased production of interferon-γ and interleukin-2 receptor was further exacerbated due to retrovirus infection. Tumor necrosis factor production by splenocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, however, was significantly increased because of retrovirus infection. LP-BM5 retrovirus infection alone as well as with concomitant ethanol feeding altered cytokine production, which might have led to immunodeficiency. These changes may help explain the enhanced persistence of Cryptosporidiosis.     

补骨脂及双氢青蒿素杀灭隐孢子虫的观察

目的观察补骨脂、双氢青蒿素及二者配伍对隐孢子虫的杀灭效果。方法地塞米松磷酸钠注射液腹股沟皮下注射诱导建立隐孢子虫感染模型,随机分成正常组A、阳性对照组B、补骨脂治疗组C、双氢青蒿素治疗组D以及二者配伍治疗组E,并按治疗1～2w时间分成A1、A2;B1、B2;C1、C2;D1、D2;E1、E2共计10组。观察各组小鼠肠壁黏膜组织病理变化及超微结构改变。结果经过1、2w的治疗,所有药物治疗组小鼠的粪便卵囊量与阳性对照组相比,均明显减少(P<0.05),小肠黏膜组织病理及超微结构显示小肠上皮处于修复中,并且合剂治疗组疗效明显优于单剂治疗组(P<0.05)。结论中药补骨脂和双氢青蒿素对隐孢子虫均有抑杀作用,但以后者杀虫效果明显。二者协同作用,共同参与宿主的免疫调节和炎症修复过程。     

隐孢子虫卵囊攻击免疫抑制小鼠的剂量反应关系研究

目的求出小鼠尤其是免疫抑制小鼠感染隐孢子虫的ID5、ID50、ID95,为水质原虫卫生标准的制定提供依据。方法用地塞米松饮水喂饲小鼠建立免疫抑制模型,并对攻击剂量和感染率做线性回归分析,计算相应的ID5、ID50、ID95。结果免疫抑制组小鼠的胸腺指数、脾脏指数、血清IgG、IgM含量与相应的非免疫抑制组小鼠比较,均具有统计学差异(P<0.05);免疫抑制组小鼠感染隐孢子虫的ID5、ID50、ID95分别是4、44、445个卵囊,而非免疫抑制小鼠分别是12、360、10580个。免疫抑制条件下,小鼠感染隐孢子虫ID5、ID50、ID95的剂量降低。结论地塞米松使小鼠免疫功能受到抑制后,小鼠对隐孢子虫的易感性增加,制定水质原虫卫生标准时对免疫抑制群体应予以高度重视。     

安徽省学生隐孢子虫感染特征的研究

目的调查安徽省学生隐孢子虫感染情况、流行特点及主要临床表现,为在学生中防治隐孢子虫病的感染提供依据. 方法采集安徽省各地市不同教育层次学生粪便标本共4 048份,采用金胺-酚染色法和改良抗酸染色法检查隐孢子虫卵囊. 结果隐孢子虫感染率为1.33%(54/4048).幼儿、小学生、中学生和大学生隐孢子虫的感染率分别为3.15%(28/889)、0.82%(9/1098)、0.82%(9/1092)和0.83%(8/969),幼儿与其他学生相比均有显著性差异 (P<0.01).男生与女生隐孢子虫的感染率分别为1.49%(28/1880)和1.20%(26/2168),差异无显著性(P>0.05).城、乡学生隐孢子虫检出率分别为0.75%(13/1740)和1.78%(41/2308),差异有显著性(P<0.01).隐孢子虫感染以亚临床感染为主,主要临床表现为间断性轻度腹痛、轻度腹泻、稀便. 结论安徽省学生隐孢子虫感染以幼儿多见,农村较城市多见;隐孢子虫病缺乏特异的临床表现,亚临床感染是其主要表现形式,易误诊和漏诊.     

Protective immunity associated with a strong serological response to a Cryptosporidium-specific antigen group, in HIV-infected individuals

This study assessed whether serological responses to Cryptosporidium antigens are associated with a reduced risk of diarrheal illness in cases of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The association between serological responses to the Cryptosporidium 15/17-kDa and 27-kDa antigen groups and reported diarrheal illness was examined by use of data from a previously published study of cases of HIV infection. In immunosuppressed individuals, a strong serological response to the 27-kDa antigen group was associated with a reduced risk of diarrhea without weight loss. This finding suggests that acquired protective immunity to cryptosporidiosis may be important in controlling the burden of cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed individuals.     

安徽省局部地区人群隐孢子虫感染情况调查

目的 目的 了解安徽省人群隐孢子虫感染状况, 探讨感染的危险因素, 为隐孢子虫病防治提供科学依据。方法 方法 选 择安徽省潜山县和灵璧县为调查点, 于2014年9月-2015年1月, 采用改良抗酸染色法和酶联免疫吸附试验 （ELISA） 法, 分别检查调查对象粪便中隐孢子虫卵囊和血清中隐孢子虫特异性抗体IgG, 以确定隐孢子虫感染情况; 同时对调查对象 进行问卷调查, 了解隐孢子虫感染的危险因素。结果 结果 共调查668人, 其中病原学检查635人, 阳性15人, 阳性率为 2.36%; 血清学检查642人, 阳性140人, 阳性率为21.81%; 有628人同时进行了病原学和血清学检查, 两种检查方法均为 阳性者12人 （潜山县4人, 灵璧县8人）, 阳性率为1.94%。潜山县与灵璧县人群隐孢子虫感染率分别为1.24% （4/322） 和 2.71% （8/295）, 差异无统计学意义 （P > 0.05）。单因素 χ2 分析发现, 隐孢子虫感染率在儿童及腹泻人群较高; 多因素Lo? gistics回归分析表明, 隐孢子虫感染率在饲养家禽人群及腹泻人群较高。结论 结论 安徽省局部地区人群隐孢子虫血清抗 体阳性率较高, 提示既往感染较为严重。人群隐孢子虫感染率与低龄、 腹泻和家庭饲养家禽有关, 在今后防治工作中值 得关注。     

Cryptosporidiosis and the pathogenesis of AIDS-cholangiopathy

Cryptosporidium, an intracellular parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium and other mucosal surfaces, causes self-limited diarrhea in immunocompetent subjects and potentially life-threatening syndromes in immunocompromised individuals, primarily those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Cryptosporidium is also the single most common identifiable pathogen in the biliary tract in patients with AIDS-cholangiopathy, an important biliary disorder caused by opportunistic infection of the biliary epithelium and resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients. The organism stimulates periductal inflammation in the biliary tree, induces biliary epithelial cell apoptosis, and thus contributes to the pathogenesis of AIDS-cholangiopathy. Currently, there is no fully effective medical therapy for both of the diseases. A better understanding of the parasitology of Cryptosporidium and the pathophysiology of biliary cryptosporidiosis should aid not only our understanding of the pathogenesis of AIDS-cholangiopathy but also the development of effective therapies and control of this ubiquitous, highly infectious threat.     

Intestinal cryptosporidiosis: pathophysiologic alterations and specific cellular and humoral immune responses in rnu/+ and rnu/rnu (athymic) rats

In order to develop an experimental model of symptomatic cryptosporidiosis in an immunosuppressed mammal, we investigated the pathophysiology of infection with Cryptosporidium and the humoral and cellular host responses in rnu/rnu (athymic) rats and their heterozygous (rnu/+) littermates by challenging suckling rats with greater than or equal to 2.5 x 10(6) Cryptosporidium oocytes oro-gastrically. Normal and immunodeficient animals were followed for onset and duration of infection (fecal oocysts), physiologic consequences (diarrhea, impaired weight gain, brush-border enzyme activities), and immunologic response (both B- and T-lymphocyte-mediated). Homozygosity for the rnu gene was associated with protracted cryptosporidial infections; shedding for up to 52 days occurred, and delay in weight gain was noted in rnu/rnu-infected compared with rnu/rnu-uninfected rats (p less than 0.05). In contrast, cryptosporidial challenge of rnu/+ rats resulted in self-resolving infections, occasionally with transient diarrhea lasting four days or less occurring 10-15 days after oro-gastric challenge. The latter animals mounted a cell-mediated immune response to Cryptosporidium: three months after challenge, five of five rnu/+ rats demonstrated positive skin test responses to a subcutaneous 3.5 micrograms dose of cryptosporidial antigen. Further, sera from 6 rnu/+ rats taken two to three months after oro-gastric oocyst challenge exhibited specific anticryptosporidial immunoglobulin binding (A405 = 0.96), compared to that of seven uninfected rnu/+ controls (A405 = 0.09, P less than 0.02). Macromolecules of 150, 105, and 88 kD in the Cryptosporidium antigen preparation were bound by serum immunoglobulin from previously infected, recovered rnu/+ rats. Two brush-border enzymes (lactase and alkaline phosphatase) were markedly reduced in the ileum 8-10 days after oro-gastric challenge in rats with diarrhea and oocyst shedding. We find the rnu/rnu (athymic, nude) rat provides a useful model for study of prolonged cryptosporidial infection with impaired weight loss, brush-border enzyme alteration and intermittent diarrhea. These studies further suggest that a T-lymphocyte population is involved in recovery from Cryptosporidium infection and that this recovery is associated with both cellular and humoral immune responses to specific cryptosporidial antigenic macromolecules. This model should open further avenues for the study of the pathogenesis and protective immunity in cryptosporidial infection.