建议开展野生药用植物资源可持续发展调查

野生药用植物资源可持续发展调查是药用植物资源动态调查与更新调查,从人类合理开发、利用和保护资源的社会学角度分析就是可持续发展调查;包括野生药用植物资源动态调查、野生药用植物资源监测性调查、预警预报体系建立和执行.阐述了野生药用植物资源可持续发展的3种方法,重点阐述野生药用植物资源动态调查中自然更新调查和人工更新调查方法,对野生药用植物资源监测性调查、预警预报体系建立和执行,提出可行性建议,最后提出野生药用植物资源野外调查技术规程的制订和样例.     

726名住院病人医院感染横断面调查

我院医院感染监测工作 ,一直采用连续发病率调查 ,而横断面调查不同于发病率调查 ,它是利用普查或抽样调查的方法收集特定时间内医院感染状态的病例资料[1 ] 。因此 ,现患率是准确的 ,而且反映了医院感染及其与影响因素的关系。该调查花费时间短 ,节省人力物力。现患率一般高于发生率 ,监测结果可能较连续性调查可靠[2 ] 。1　材料与方法1 .1　调查方法与对象　采用横断面调查方法。按每 40张床位配备 1名调查人员 ,调查人员由医院感染科专职人员和各病区院感小组医师组成。经过三天的统一培训 ,分为 5组 ,每组调查 4～ 5个病区。调查人员对…     

中国与美国食物中毒调查方法比较

目前我国很多食物中毒事故调查工作,均采用描述性流行病学调查方法,不采用或滥用分析流行病学调查方法的情况比较普遍,其调查方法的科学性有待商榷。现将美国食物中毒事故的调查方法与我国     

贵州省布依族遗传病现况抽样调查报告

1994年,我们按照全国统一部署,在贵州省开展了布依族人口健康素质抽样调查,其中遗传病现况调查是该调查的重要内容之一,现报告如下.1 调查内容和方法遗传病现况调查在布依族人口健康素质抽样调查的总样本中进行,包括入户(综合)调查和遗传病线索调查.详见贵州省侗族、布依族人口健康素质抽样调查报告[1].     

贵州省侗族0-14岁儿童残疾状况抽样调查报告

1994年,我们按照全国统一部署,在贵州开展了侗族人口健康素质抽样调查,其中包括0－14岁儿童残疾状况调查。现报告如下。1调查内容与方法0－14岁儿童残疾状况调查在侗族人口健康素质抽样调查的入户（综合）调查中进行;线索调查范围未开展。详见《贵州省侗族、布依族人口健康素质抽样调查报告》[1]。2结果与讨论2．10－14岁儿童各类残疾率及构成比：本次调查总人口20774人,男10889人,女9885人,其中O－14岁儿童6314人,占调查总人口的3O．39％。调查确定残疾儿童135人,其中男sl人,女54人,残疾儿童占调查总人口的6．50‰,占调查儿童…     

医院感染现患率调查报告

20 0 1年 6月 2 8日我院作为卫生部医院感染监控网网上单位参加了全国医院感染现患率调查 ,现将结果报告如下。材料与方法　采用横断面调查方法。按每 5 0张床位配备 1名调查人员 ,由医院感染专职管理人员和各临床科室总住院医师组成。所有调查人员分8组 ,每组调查 3～ 4个病区。调查人员经统一培训后进行调查。对 2 0 0 1年 6月 2 8日的所有住院病人(包括 6月 2 7日的出院病人 ,但不包括 6月 2 8日新入院病人 ) ,采用床旁调查和在架病历调查结合的方法进行调查 ,填写统一的个案调查表。诊断标准及统计方法 :医院感染病例的诊断 ,按《医院感…     

学生兴趣与学生成绩的关系调查研究

俗话说兴趣是最好的老师,在学生教育中,学生的兴趣与学生所取得的成绩是否有一定的关系。目前就我校的《内科护理学》课程做了一个调查研究来探讨学生兴趣与学生成绩之间的关系。1调查内容1.1调查目的:了解学生兴趣与学生的成绩之间的潜在关系,提高教学的目的性及有效性。1.2调查方法:采用不记名的问卷方式调查。1.3调查对象:调查对象是对内科护理学已有一定的认识,同一老师教学的班级,共计6个班(1￣6班),162人。1.4调查内容:采用问卷方式调查,调查的内容是“你对《内科护理学》是否有兴趣?A非常有兴趣,B有兴趣,C不太有兴趣,D没兴趣。以及…     

药物滥用流行病学调查研究进展

本项“药物滥用流行病学调查”研究分为以下三个方面:(1)甘肃、贵州、湖南、辽宁、浙江五省药物滥用流行病学调查。目的是了解甘肃等五省药物滥用流行水平并探索在我国开展社区药物滥用流行病学调查的方法。2004年6月-2005年7月共在甘肃等五省调查了30个区县,34个城镇社区和85个行政/自然村,15-50 a有效调查人口161 888人。(2)药物滥用快速评估调查方法学研究。采用Delph i方法,在禁毒和药物滥用防治专家以及药物滥用人群中进行调查评估。这项工作目前在北京完成了预调查,进一步的调查正在实施之中。(3)阿片依赖复吸的流行病学调查。此研究包括纳曲酮预防复吸的回顾性调查和海洛因成瘾者复吸情况调查两个方面。纳曲酮预防复吸的回顾性调查表明,该药预防复吸效果明确,作为一个复吸预防维持用药,具有在社区、家庭中应用的明显优势。但纳曲酮也有局限性。     

女护士龋病调查

我们对本校毕业的2014名女护士,进行了一次口腔龋病情况调查,现将结果报告如下: 1 调查标准和方法 采用世界卫生组织关于口腔健康调查基本方法,制定了口腔健康调查方案,印制统一调查表格,调查者均为专业技术人员,经过培训,统一标准,统一思想和要求。使用口腔常规检查器械,由三名口腔医师分组进行检查,一名医师复查,校准调查者自身技术误差,低于世界卫生组织规定的口腔调查允许误差范围。 2 调查对象     

山西省某医院医院感染现患率监测分析

本院于2009年7月28日进行了医院感染现患率监测,现将结果报告如下. 1 材料与方法 1.1 人员与分工调查方法和人员配备:本次调查是由医院感染专职人员和各科院内感染质量控制医生作为调查人员,并在调查前集中培训,统一调查.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.