大学生自我概念与防御方式的相关研究

目的：探讨大学生自我慨念与防御方式之间的关系。方法：采用“田纳西自我概念量表”及“防御方式问卷”，对390名大学生的自我概念和防御方式进行了测量。结果：①大学生自我概念性别差异非常显著（P〈0.01）．城乡差异显著（P〈0．05）；②大学生防御方式的性别差异显著（P〈0.05），而城乡差异均不显著（P〉0．05）；③大学生的自我概念与防御方式有显著相关。结论：自我概念是影响大学生防御方式的重要因素。     

大学生一般自我效能感与防御方式的相关研究

目的 探讨大学生一般自我效能感与防御方式之间的关系。方法 采用“一般自我效能感量表”及“防御方式问卷”，对390名大学生的一般自我效能感和防御方式进行了测量。结果 大学生一般自我效能感性别差异非常显著（P〈0．01），而城乡差异不显著（P〉0．05）；大学生防御方式的性别差异显著（P〈0．05），而城乡差异不显著（P〉0．05）；大学生的一般自我效能感与防御方式有显著相关。结论 一般自我效能感是影响大学生防御方式的重要因素。     

大学生一般自我效能感、防御方式及其关系研究

目的探讨大学生一般自我效能感与防御方式之间的关系。方法采用“一般自卷”，对390名大学生的一般自我效能感和防御方式进行了测量。结果①大学生一般自我效能感性别差异非常显著（P〈0.01），而城乡差异不显著（P〉0.05）；②大学生防御方式的性别差异显著（P〈0．05），而城乡差异不显著（P〉0．05）；③大学生的一般自我效能感与防御方式有显著相关。结论一般自我效能感是影响大学生防御方式的重要因素。     

农村大学生自我接纳与主观幸福感关系研究

目的探讨农村大学生自我接纳与主观幸福感关系。方法采用自我接纳问卷（SAQ）和Campbell幸福感指数量表对320名农村大学生进行团体施测。结果①农村大学生在自我接纳上存在显著性别差异（t=2．378，P〈0．05），其总体情感指数存在文理科差异（t=2．092，P〈0．05）。②农村大学生的自我接纳总分与主观幸福感具有明显正相关（r=0．478，P〈0．01）。自我接纳的2个维度一自我接纳与自我评价与主观幸福感也呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。③自我接纳、自我评价对主观幸福感的回归方程显著（F=46．799；P〈0．001），可以解释主观幸福感23．4％的变异。结论农村大学生的自我接纳、自我评价对其主观幸福感有一定的预测作用。     

生活事件社会支持对大学生主观幸福感的影响研究

本研究探讨生活事件、社会支持对大学生主观幸福感的影响。采用整体随机取样法，用《社会支持量表》《正负生活事件量表》《主观幸福感量表》对270名在校大学生进行调查分析。结果显示：①不同性别、城乡、是否独生子女大学生主观幸福感得分差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；②自我意识、学校学习、人际交往、恋爱、工作与社会适应、休闲活动、幸福感总分分别与正性事件总分呈正相关（P〈0．01）；工作与社会适应和经济或身体变坏呈正相关（P〈0．05）；家庭环境与正性事件总分呈正相关（P〈0．05）；幸福感总分与负性事件总分呈负相关（P〈0．05）；③自我意识、学校学习、人际交往、家庭环境、幸福感总分均与家庭内支持、家庭外支持、社会领悟支持总分呈正相关（P〈0．01）；恋爱与家庭外支持呈正相关（P〈0．05）；工作与社会适应和家庭内支持、领悟社会支持总分呈正相关（P〈0．05）；休闲活动与家庭内支持呈正相关（P〈0．05），与家庭外支持、社会领悟支持总分呈正相关（P〈0．01）；④家庭外支持、正性事件总分、独生子女3个因子对大学生主观幸福感有预测作用，其联合解释值为37．3％。本研究表明，可以从刺激增加正性生活事件的发生和提供更多的家庭外支持两个方面对大学生的主观幸福感进行积极干预。     

高师贫困生自我效能感与主观幸福感的特点及关系研究

目的分析高师贫困生自我效能感、主观幸福感的特点及关系，为心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用一般自我效能感量表、生活满意度量表、快乐感量表，对218名贫困生和216名非贫困生进行测查。结果①高师贫困生生活满意度、快乐感显著低于非贫困生（t=4．811，P〈0．001；t=2．504，P〈0．05），自我效能感差异不显著。②高师贫困生自我效能感存在性别差异（t=2．117，P〈0．05），男生的自我效能感显著高于女生；生活满意度年级差异显著（F=3．547，P〈0．05），大一学生的生活满意度显著高于大二和大三学生，大二和大三之间的差异不显著。③高师贫困生自我效能感与生活满意度、快乐感呈显著正相关（r=0．349，P〈0．01；r=0．436，P〈0．01）。自我效能感水平越高，幸福感越强。结论高师贫困生主观幸福感相对较低，自我效能感与主观幸福感显著相关，通过提升自我效能感水平可以增强主观幸福感。     

大学生主观职业障碍与人格特征

目的了解大学生主观职业障碍与人格特征的关系，探索影响大学生主观职业障碍的人格因素。方法采用大学生主观职业障碍职前问卷和大五人格简式量表对北京某大学165名大学生进行测试。结果总体上。男生和女生的主观职业障碍总分不存在显著差异（t=1．26，P〉0．05）；农村学生的主观职业障碍总分显著高于城市学生的主观职业障碍总分（t=3．17，P〈0．01）；大学生主观职业障碍与宜人性（r=0．215，P〈0．01）、神经质（r=0．387，P〈0．01）有非常显著的正相关；神经质变量对主观职业障碍具有显著的正向预测作用（R2=0．15，P〈0．01）。结论主观职业障碍不存在性别差异；农村学生的主观职业障碍显著高于城市学生；人格中的神经质因子对大学生主观职业障碍有正向预测作用，高神经质个体面对求职会感受到更多的障碍和心理压力，体验到更多的消极情绪。     

大学生社会比较与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的考察大学生社会比较与主观幸福感之间的关系。方法采用社会比较倾向量表和总体幸福感量表对404名大学生进行调查。结果①大学生的主观幸福感和社会比较都不存在显著的性别差异;②主观幸福感存在显著的年级差异（F（3,400）=3.901,P〈0.01）;③社会比较类型对主观幸福感的影响不显著;④社会比较倾向和主观幸福感之间存在显著的负相关（r=-0.136,P〈0.01）。结论大学生的社会比较状况对主观幸福感有重要影响。     

小学教师主观幸福感及其影响因素

目的：研究与小学教师主观幸福感相关的因素，寻找提高教师幸福感的有效途径。方法：用总体幸福感量表和压力来源量表对合肥市经济开发区小学139名教师进行测查。结果：小学教师主观幸福感平均分高于理论平均分；男教师主观幸福感显著高于女教师（t＝2．734，P＜0．01），同时在忧郁与愉快心境（t＝2．236，P＜0．05）对情感行为控制（t＝2．613，P＝0．01）上差异显著；未婚教师在紧张因子上得分显著高于已婚教师（t＝2．147，P＜0．05）；收入高的教师主观幸福感显著高于收入低者（F＝2．905，P＜0．05），忧郁愉快心境差异显著（F＝5．660，P＜0．01）；教师年龄与主观幸福感（r＝0．209，P＜0．05）和忧郁与愉快心境（r＝0．234，P＜0．01）低相关；年龄与主观幸福感（r＝0．415，P＝0．014）及忧郁愉快心境（r＝0．108，P＝0．006）显著线性相关。工作量压力与精力大小（r＝－0．225，P＝0．008）、家庭情感压力与紧张松弛（r＝－0．207，P＝0．015）、人际关系压力与情感行为控制（r＝－0．184，P＝0．030）显著负相关。结论：性别，年龄，收入及压力来源对小学教师主观幸福感有显著影响。     

大学生自我概念、人格特质与职业生涯规划的相关性

目的探讨大学生自我概念、人格特质和职业生涯规划的特点及其关系。方法采用田纳西自我概念量表（大学生版）、大五人格问卷和生涯决定量表对237名大学生进行调查。结果男大学生在生涯自我概念、宜人性、尽责性、道德自我、家庭自我和自我概念总分上的得分均显著低于女大学生（t=．2．16,-3．89,-4．60;P〈0．05;t=-4．73,-4．67,-3．69;P〈0．001）;工科大学生的生涯自信心和心理自我得分显著低于文科生和理科生（F=3．29,P〈0．05,F=4．62,P〈0．01）;自我概念、人格特质和职业生涯规划三者存在显著相关关系（P〈0．05）。结论大学生的自我概念和人格特质对生涯规划具有一定的预测作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.