小儿金宁口服液的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立小儿金宁口服液的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱,为小儿金宁口服液的质量控制提供依据。方法:色谱柱为HederaTMODS-2C1(8250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.4%磷酸(梯度洗脱),检测波长为300nm,柱温为30℃。不同批次样品之间的相似度根据《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2004A版)计算。结果:建立了小儿金宁口服液HPLC对照指纹图谱,以隐绿原酸峰为参照峰,标示了17个共有峰,10批被测样品的色谱指纹图谱的整体相似度在0.972以上。结论:本方法精密度高、重复性好,可为小儿金宁口服液的质量评价提供依据。     

鼻宁喷雾剂的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立鼻宁喷雾剂的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱。方法:采用HPLC法。色谱柱为Neptune C_(18),流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为326 nm,柱温为25℃,进样量为10μL。以芦丁为参照,测定20批样品的HPLC图谱,采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2012版)进行共有峰指认和相似度评价。结果:20批鼻宁喷雾剂的HPLC图谱有40个共有峰,相似度均>0.9。经验证,20批样品HPLC图谱与对照指纹图谱具有较好的一致性。结论:该研究所建指纹图谱可为鼻宁喷雾剂的鉴别和质量评价提供参考。     

熟三七饮片的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立熟三七饮片的HPLC指纹图谱,为其鉴别及质量控制提供依据。方法:采用HPLC方法,XAqua C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μ)色谱柱,流动相:乙腈-水(梯度洗脱),流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长203 nm,柱温25℃。采用"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统"软件对图谱进行处理。结果:建立了熟三七饮片的指纹图谱,确定了16个共有峰,各熟三七样品指纹图谱与对照指纹图谱相似度均在0.9以上。结论:该方法具有重复性好、特征性强、方法简便等特点,可用于熟三七饮片的品质评价。     

清痹颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立清痹颗粒的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱。方法:采用HPLC法。色谱柱为Diamonsil C_(18),流动相为甲醇-0.3%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为260 nm,柱温为25℃,进样量为10μL。以黄芩苷为参照,测定10批样品的HPLC图谱,采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2.0版)进行共有峰指认和相似度评价。结果:10批清痹颗粒的HPLC图谱有29个共有峰,相似度均>0.90。经验证,10批样品HPLC图谱与对照指纹图谱具有较好的一致性。结论:该研究所建指纹图谱可为清痹颗粒的鉴别和质量评价提供参考。     

芪箭颗粒中皂苷类成分与莫诺苷的指纹图谱研究

目的建立芪箭颗粒指纹图谱,为完善其质量控制提供参考。方法采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse Plus C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长203 nm,柱温25℃,进样量10μL。以人参皂苷Rg1为参照,测定10批样品的HPLC图谱,采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2012版)进行相似度评价,确定共有峰。结果 10批芪箭颗粒HPLC指纹图谱有16个共有峰,相似度均> 0.94。结论所建立的芪箭颗粒指纹图谱特征性强,可以作为其质量控制的手段之一。     

乙肝益气解郁颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立乙肝益气解郁颗粒的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Diamonsil C18,流动相为水-乙腈(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为230 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。以芍药苷为参照,测定10批样品的HPLC图谱,采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2004 A版)进行相似度评价,确定共有峰。结果:10批样品的HPLC图谱有34个共有峰,相似度均大于0.98;经验证,10批样品HPLC图谱与对照指纹图谱具有较好的一致性。结论:该研究所建指纹图谱可为乙肝益气解郁颗粒的真伪鉴别和质量评价提供参考。     

蒙药山川柳的HPLC指纹图谱建立、相似度评价和聚类分析

目的:建立蒙药山川柳的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱,并进行相似度评价和聚类分析。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Agilent ODS C_(18),流速为1.0 m L/min,流动相为甲醇-水(梯度洗脱),检测波长为335 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。以槲皮素峰为参照,生成10批药材样品的HPLC指纹图谱;采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2004 A版)进行相似度评价,确定共有峰;采用SPSS 17.0软件对10批药材样品进行聚类分析。结果:10批药材样品的HPLC指纹图谱有13个共有峰,相似度大于0.95,并指认了槲皮素和山柰酚这2个共有峰。聚类分析结果显示,10批药材样品可聚为两类,S8聚为一类,其余批次聚为一类。结论:所建HPLC指纹图谱、相似度评价和聚类分析结果可为山川柳药材的质量控制提供依据。     

重庆秀山地区灰毡毛忍冬的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立重庆秀山地区灰毡毛忍冬药材的指纹图谱。方法:采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法。色谱柱为Phenomenex Synergi Hydro-RP 80A C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,4μm),流动相为乙腈-0.5%磷酸水溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1 ml/min,柱温为35℃,检测波长为327 nm。采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》(2004A版)对样品进行相似度评价。结果:来自重庆秀山地区28个不同产地的灰毡毛忍冬药材的HPLC指纹图谱相似度较高(均大于0.96)、分离度较好,共标定出8个共有指纹峰,符合中药色谱指纹图谱研究的技术要求。结论:该方法准确、可靠,可为灰毡毛忍冬药材的质量控制提供科学依据。     

苦参生物碱类成分的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立苦参生物碱类成分的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱。方法:色谱柱为Kromasil NH2(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-乙醇(8∶1,V/V)-3%磷酸水溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1 ml/min,检测波长为220 nm;采用《中药色谱指纹图谱评价系统》(2004A版)对3批样品进行相似度评价。结果:建立的HPLC指纹图谱中,苦参生物碱类成分各峰分离度较好,一共确定了17个共有峰,并对其中5个峰进行了定位指认;3批样品的相似度均>0.9。结论:该方法可得到精密度、重复性、稳定性较好的苦参生物碱类成分的HPLC指纹图谱,为苦参提取物的质量控制提供另一种检测方法。     

续断的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立续断的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱,并对不同产地续断的指纹特征进行比较,为其质量评价提供新的方法。方法:采用HPLC法测定了19批不同产地的续断样品,色谱柱为Ultimate XB-C1(8250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05%磷酸水(梯度洗脱),柱温为25℃,流速为1mL·min-1,检测波长为212nm。并对不同产地样品的相似度进行了比较。结果:利用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A版)》建立了续断药材的指纹图谱共有模式,标出了21个特征峰。除了10号样品,其他18批样品的相似度均较高。结论:本方法具有较好的重复性、精密度、稳定性,可为续断的质量控制提供科学依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.