人白细胞介素-21 cDNA克隆及其在大肠杆菌系统的表达

目的：克隆人细胞因子IL-2l全长cDNA及其在大肠杆菌中表达，并进一步检测其表达产物的功能。方法：抽取外周血，分离淋巴细胞；抗CD3抗体刺激后，提取总RNA，通过RT-PCR获得两个部分重叠的IL-21 cDNA片段(分别为5′端242bp，3′端425bp)，重组PCR扩增出IL-21全长cDNA：DNA测序正确后，将成熟IL-21 cDNA的编码框序列构建到原核表达载体pET28a( )中。卡那霉素平板筛选及PCR鉴定，挑出阳性克隆进行扩增、转化大肠杆菌进行IPTG诱导表达：SDS—PAGE、Western blotting鉴定，亲和层析分离纯化得到M，为18600的带有组氨酸标签重组人IL-21融合蛋白。透析法重折叠复性，MTT法测定其对T细胞增殖活性。结果：成功获得人IL-21全长cDNA，并以包涵体形式表达于大肠杆菌中。重折叠后的rhIL-21融合蛋白具有与抗CD3抗体共刺激T细胞增殖作用。结论：获得具有生物学活性的rhIL-21细胞因子，为进一步研究其功能奠定基础。     

人工分子伴侣辅助鸡白细胞介素18重组蛋白的复性

目的:研究表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和β-环糊精(β-CD)组成的人工分子伴侣系统辅助鸡IL-18重组蛋白的复性,以提高鸡IL-18重组蛋白复性率,获得更多具有良好活性的蛋白.方法:将重组原核表达质粒pGEX-mChIL-18转化宿主细胞大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),并用IPTG于37℃诱导培养获得表达.表达产物主要以包涵体的形式存在.包涵体经超声波破碎、洗涤后以6 mol/L的盐酸胍溶解,使蛋白彻底变性,然后利用人工分子伴侣系统辅助蛋白复性.复性产物经透析纯化后,利用淋巴细胞增殖试验来检测其活性.结果:经SDS-PAGE分析表明,表达产物是与ChIL-18重组蛋白相符的Mr约44000的蛋白条带.利用人工分子伴侣系统辅助复性,鸡IL-18重组蛋白获得了42.54%复性率.鸡淋巴细胞增殖试验表明,表达产物对鸡淋巴细胞具有明显诱导增殖作用.结论:人工分子伴侣系统能够较好地辅助鸡IL-18重组蛋白复性,获得较高的复性率.其产物具有良好的生物学活性,为下一步鸡IL-18重组蛋白的应用研究奠定了试验基础.     

重组人IL-18在大肠杆菌中的表达及其抗肿瘤作用

目的：获取rhIL-18原核表达产物并研究其活性。方法：用本室构建的含基因重组表达载体PBV220-IL-18的大肠杆菌DHSot，经42℃热诱导表达和包涵体提取纯化后获取rhIL-18蛋白；采用ELISA试剂盒检测rhIL-18刺激PBMC分泌IFN-γ的活性及MTT法检测其对NK细胞杀伤K562细胞自然杀伤活性；同时用荷瘤小鼠模型检测其体内抗瘤功能。结果：诱导含重组表达载体PBV220-IL-18的大肠杆菌D145ct后，蛋白电泳显示出一条相对分子量（Mτ）为18000的蛋白条带；10μg rhIL-18蛋白体外刺激PBMC后，其分泌IFN-γ的能力与对照组相比提高了8倍，细胞毒性提高3倍；同时rhIL-18蛋白能明显抑制肿瘤生长和延长荷瘤鼠生存期。结论：获得了有免疫调节功能和抗肿瘤活性的rhIL-18蛋白。为今后IL-18重组产物的研制和开展肿瘤的生物治疗提供了实验依据。     

重组人白细胞介素18的纯化及其生物学活性研究

目的：纯化rhIL-18并对其生物学功能进行初步研究。方法：采用优化的包涵体提取技术和Sephacryl S-200分子筛层析纯化rhIL-18,利用MTT染色法研究rhIL-18对NK细胞促杀伤作用和对外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）的促增殖作用,采用半定量RT－PCR方法研究rhIL-18诱导IFN－γ基因的表达情况。结果：得到纯度达96％的纯品rhIL-18,复性的rhIL-8可以明显地促进PBMC增殖,增强NK细胞细胞毒活性。结论：得到纯度较高、具有较好生物学功能的rhIL-18,可用于进一步的研究。     

DEAE—Sepharose阴离子交换柱一步纯化重组人IL—6

目的为了制备高纯度、高活性的重组人白细胞介素-6.方法化学诱导重组表达载体pT7.7hIL-6进行蛋白表达,菌体经超声破碎分离包涵体,并对包涵体进行洗涤、变性和复性处理,用DEAE-SepharoseCL-6B弱阴离子交换柱一步纯化复性的重组人IL-6.采用3H-TdR法测定rhIL-6的活性.结果表达产物经纯化后纯度达95%,比活性为3.0×108U/mg.结论本实验设计的纯化工艺简便易行,所得产品纯度高、产率高.     

人TRAIL分子胞外区的纯化及活性检测

目的：利用大肠杆菌表达hTRAIL41-281蛋白，并纯化复性成生物活性形式。方法：以IPTG诱导表达，使用Ni-NTA层析柱分离纯化蛋白，透析法复性，SDS-PAGE和Western blot法进行鉴定，DNA断裂实验检测hTRAIL41-281蛋白的凋亡诱导活性。结果：表达的蛋白以包涵体的形式存在，纯化后得到分子量为30.5kD、纯度在90％以上的蛋白，Western blot证实为hTRARIL41-281分子。经复性，DNA断裂实验检测出该蛋白有较好的诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡活性。结论：成功地利用大肠杆菌表达、Ni—NTA层析柱分离纯化、透析法复性hTRAIL41-281蛋白，并证实其具有诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的生物学活性。     

IFN-γ对体外培养系统中IL-18诱导的肿瘤特异性CTL杀伤效应的影响

目的应用rhIL-18在体外培养系统(Coculture system in vitro,CCs)中诱导肿瘤特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte,CTL),探讨IFN-γ在rhIL-18诱导的肿瘤特异性CTL产生过程及杀伤效应中的作用.方法采用Stem SepTM免疫磁性细胞分离法分离人外周血NK细胞、T细胞及DCs细胞,流式细胞仪分析细胞表型,125Ⅰ-UdR标记的细胞毒实验检测杀伤活性,ELISA方法检测IFN-γ蛋白产生量,RT-PCR检测IFN-γ mRNA表达含量.结果在肿瘤抗原存在的条件下,IL-18在CCs中能够诱导并促进CTL介导的肿瘤特异性杀伤效应;IL-18能够在肿瘤抗原刺激的CCs中诱导IFN-γ mRNA的表达及IFN-γ蛋白的产生,并与IL-18的含量呈剂量依赖关系,在rhIL-18含量为100 ng时,培养上清中IFN-γ为4 410±210 pg/ml.但加入抗IFN-γ抗体对rhIL-18诱导的肿瘤特异性CTL产生过程无明显影响,不能抑制IL-18诱导的这种肿瘤特异性CTL的杀伤效应.结论IL-18能够在肿瘤抗原刺激的CCs中有效地诱导CTL介导的肿瘤特异性杀伤效应,并诱导IFN-γ的产生,但其诱导肿瘤特异性CTL的产生过程及杀伤效应与IFN-γ无关.     

重组人白细胞介素7蛋白的表达、复性和纯化

目的表达、复性和纯化重组人白细胞介素7(recombinant human interleukin-7,rhIL-7)蛋白,为其功能研究打下基础。方法在已经对IL-7基因TA克隆的基础上进行亚克隆,插入pET-21b载体中,构建rhIL-7的原核表达载体,阳性克隆经测序成功后转化入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,优化rhIL-7蛋白表达条件,并对表达的蛋白进行复性及纯化,利用免疫印迹鉴定重组蛋白。结果表达的蛋白与预期相对分子质量17 400相符,经优化后确定蛋白表达条件为:诱导温度为37℃、IPTG诱导浓度为1.0 mmol/L、诱导时间为2 h,且rhIL-7的复性效率较好(约50%),纯化后蛋白纯度高达95%以上,并经Western blot证实表达的蛋白为rhIL-7。结论成功获得高纯度的rhIL-7复性蛋白。     

人IL-24基因的克隆、 表达、 纯化及体外诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的研究

目的:克隆人白细胞介素-24(IL-24)基因,在大肠杆菌中融合表达,纯化复性,研究此融合蛋白的抗肿瘤活性。方法:分离人外周血单个核细胞,ConA刺激培养,提取细胞总RNA,RT-PCR技术克隆人IL-24基因。将IL-24插入到pET32a( )中,构建重组表达载体IL-24/pET32a,IPTG诱导在E.coli表达。Edman法N端测序,将鉴定正确的蛋白亲合层析纯化。MTT比色法体外分析杀伤肿瘤细胞的活性。结果:获得人IL-24基因,序列分析与GenBank公布一致。表达载体用双酶切和PCR鉴定正确。重组工程菌经IPTG诱导后表达相对分子质量(Mr)约为35000的融合蛋白。N端测序正确,鉴定该蛋白以包涵体形式表达。包涵体经洗涤、溶解后,亲合纯化得到纯度大于95%的融合蛋白。复性后表达产物能显著诱导MCF-7乳腺癌细胞凋亡(P<0.05)。结论:IL-24融合蛋白在原核细胞中高效表达,并获得高纯度、在体外明显诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡的重组蛋白,为后续的研究提供实验基础。     

重组人白细胞介素21的制备及免疫学活性分析

目的:纯化制备rhlL-21,并分析其免疫学活性.方法:在含重组质粒pGEX4T-2/IL-21的大肠杆菌DH5a中,经IPTG诱导表达出GST-融合蛋白,蛋白经过一系列的纯化,SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定蛋白纯度.用MTT法研究rhIL-21对T细胞增殖、NK细胞杀伤活性的影响.结果:表达出了可溶性融合蛋白,纯化后的rhIL-21纯度达95%.rhIL-21能促进T细胞增殖,能增强NK细胞杀伤活性.结论:成功制备了rhIL-21,其在体外具有一定的免疫学活性,为其大量制备和体内的生物学活性研究奠定了基础.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.