高速逆流色谱法分离木香中的木香烃内酯和去氢木香内酯

目的 应用高速逆流色谱法分离制备木香中的木香烃内酯和去氢木香内酯.方法 应用正己烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(2:0.5:2:1)为两相溶剂系统,卡机转速为850 r·min-1,流速为2.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为254 nm.结果 从100 mg木香粗提物中分离得到34.6 mg木香烃内酯、44.3 mg去氧木香内酯,所得产物经HPLC检测纯度均大于98%.结论 所用方法分离制备木香烃内酯和去氢木香内酯具有简便、快速的优点.     

橘红珠质量标准的研究

目的 建立橘红珠的质量标准。方法 采用聚酰胺薄膜层析法鉴别橘红珠中的柚皮苷、野漆树苷；采用硅胶G薄层层析法鉴别其中的橙皮内酯水合物、异橙皮内酯；采用高效液相色谱法测定其中的柚皮苷含量。结果 橘红珠中柚皮苷的含量7．62％～20．03％。结论 本研究为橘红珠质量标准的制定提供了科学依据。     

采用高速逆流色谱法快速制备枳壳中高纯度柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的研究

目的 建立一种从枳壳中快速分离制备高纯度柚皮苷和新橙皮苷的方法.方法 以高速逆流色谱（High-speed counter-current chromatography,HSCCC）对枳壳大孔吸附树脂纯化物进行分离纯化,以乙酸乙酯∶正丁醇∶水（2：1：3）为两相溶剂系统,上相为固定相,下相为流动相,流速2.0ml/min,主机转速800r/min,检测波长280 nm.结果 按此分离条件经一步洗脱从500 mg枳壳粗提物中得到210 mg和122 mg纯度高于99%的柚皮苷和新橙皮苷.结论 该法操作简便、产品纯度高、适合于大规模制备.     

分离青葙子中皂苷的一种新方法

目的:采用连接有蒸发光散射检测器的高速逆流色谱仪制备和分离青葙子中的2个皂苷青葙苷C(celosin C)和青葙苷D(celosin D)。方法:参考溶剂选择软件选择两相溶剂,并对从半制备型高速逆流色谱仪(HSCCC)收集到的组分进行HPLC-ELSD分析,确定其纯度。结果:两相溶剂以正丁醇-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(3.5∶3.5∶0.6∶10)+0.5%冰醋酸的分离效果最佳。青葙总皂苷经过一步分离纯化,得到celosin C和celosin D,二者纯度分别为99.4%和98.9%。结论:本文首次报道应用HSCCC法纯化青葙子中的皂苷类化合物,该实验也证实了HSCCC结合ELSD可以用于分离没有紫外吸收的天然化合物。     

高速逆流色谱法结合高效液相色谱法制备紫锥菊根中烷基酰胺类化合物

目的建立紫锥菊中多种烷基酰胺类化合物高效稳定的制备分离方法。方法以正己烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(2∶5∶5∶3)为溶剂体系,利用高速逆流色谱对紫锥菊根石油醚萃取物进行纯化,再经制备液相分离获得各单体化合物,根据MS、1H NMR、13C NMR波谱信息确定化学结构。结果获得纯度分别为94.43%,96.80%,98.89%,98.22%,96.42%,98.70%,93.28%和95.30%的8个烷基酰胺类化合物。结论高速逆流色谱和制备液相色谱联用技术可高效制备分离紫锥菊中多种烷基酰胺类化合物,为紫锥菊的药理研究及质量控制奠定基础。     

高速逆流色谱分离酸枣仁中黄酮类化合物

目的:利用高速逆流色谱法对酸枣仁黄酮类成分进行分离研究。方法:以乙酸乙酯-正丁醇-水(3∶2∶5)为溶剂系统,流动相的流速为1.0 mL.min-1,主机转速为1500 r.min-1,检测波长360 nm,对酸枣仁中黄酮类化合物进行分离;利用HPLC法测定化合物的纯度;利用ESI-MS及参照文献确定了化合物的结构。结果:首次从酸枣仁粗提物中分离得到:酸枣仁黄酮碳苷、6-芥子酰酸枣仁黄酮碳苷及6-阿魏酰酸枣仁黄酮碳苷,应用HPLC检测,纯度均在90%以上。结论:利用高速逆流色谱法分离酸枣仁中黄酮类化合物,快速,简单,重复性好,分离样品纯度高。     

高速逆流色谱分离纯化紫苏叶中迷迭香酸

目的:建立高速逆流色谱分离纯化紫苏叶中迷迭香酸的方法。方法:采用高速逆流色谱分离纯化紫苏叶乙酸乙酯萃取部分中迷迭香酸,以石油醚-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-0.5%醋酸水溶液(2∶5∶2∶5)为溶剂体系,上相为固定相,下相为流动相,流速2.0 mL.min-1,主机转速800 r.min-1,温度25℃。结果:每0.20 g紫苏叶乙酸乙酯萃取物经1次纯化,纯度为98.6%的迷迭香酸的得率约13%。结论:高速逆流色谱可高效分离纯化紫苏叶中的迷迭香酸。     

大孔吸附树脂-高速逆流色谱法分离纯化玄参中哈巴俄苷和斩龙剑苷A

目的 以玄参的干燥根为原料,建立大孔吸附树脂-高速逆流色谱法(HSCCC)分离纯化玄参中哈巴俄苷与斩龙剑苷A的方法。方法 玄参粗提物先经过大孔吸附树脂初步分离,富集目标化合物。然后以正丁醇-乙酸乙酯-水(1∶9∶10)为溶剂体系,上相为固定相,下相为流动相,流速1.5 mL·min^-1,检测波长210 nm,利用制备型HSCCC分离纯化哈巴俄苷和斩龙剑苷A。结果 经过大孔吸附树脂-高速逆流色谱法分离后,一次性得到哈巴俄苷和斩龙剑苷A,经HPLC检测其纯度分别为98.1%和97.2%。经¹H-NMR和¹³C-NMR鉴定结构为哈巴俄苷和斩龙剑苷A。结论 该方法能够简便、高效地制备玄参中的哈巴俄苷和斩龙剑苷A。     

罗布麻叶黄酮类化合物的分离提取及对体外皮质酮损伤的保护作用评价

目的:应用高速逆流色谱分离提取罗布麻叶中的黄酮类化合物,并对所分离的成分进行定性和定量检测及抗抑郁活性评价。方法:以溶剂配比为乙酸乙酯-乙腈-水-醋酸(5∶0.8∶5∶0.02)作为制备型逆流色谱分离的溶剂系统,并利用高效液相色谱对所分离的成分进行定性和定量检测,用pc-12细胞进行抗抑郁活性评价。结果:应用高速逆流色谱技术一次性分离得到4个黄酮类单体化合物,分别为白麻苷、乙酰化金丝桃苷、三叶豆苷和紫云英苷,经高效液相色谱检测其纯度均达到95%,同时得到2个混合物组分,分别为金丝桃苷/异槲皮素组和槲皮素/山柰酚组。罗布麻叶单体黄酮及粗提物均具有抗抑郁活性。结论:应用高速逆流色谱分离单体化合物具有方法简单,方便快捷的特点,所分离的单体化合物抗抑郁活性较强,具备进一步开发的价值,且各单体化合物及组分的抗抑郁活性有一定的规律。     

高速逆流色谱法分离纯化延胡索乙素和原阿片碱

目的确定高速逆流色谱法分离纯化延胡索乙素和原阿片碱的条件。方法采用TBE300A型高速逆流色谱仪,以分配系数和分相时间为依据设计一组溶剂体系,初步确定适宜的溶剂体系;根据高速逆流色谱出峰数目及分离度确定较佳的溶剂体系和工作条件,并测定所收集峰的各组分的纯度。结果石油醚-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(22∶25∶23∶17)为溶剂体系,流速为2.0 mL/min,仪器转速800 r/min,温度25℃,从延胡索总碱中可一步纯化得到原阿片碱和延胡索乙素,得率分别为16.9%和14.7%,纯度分别为99.3%和98.8%。结论该溶剂体系分离结果可靠,可作为延胡索乙素、原阿片碱化学对照品的制备分离方法。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Isolation and characterization of glycosylated and non-glycosylated prolactins from alligator and crocodile

Two molecular forms of prolactin (PRL). glycosylated and non-glycosylated, were isolated from pituitary glands of two reptiles, alligator and crocodile. The reptilian PRLs were extracted under alkaline conditions from the precipitate obtained after pituitaries were first extracted with 0.25 m sucrose, 1 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 6.3. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography on DE-52, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two forms of both alligator and crocodile PRL, designated PRLI and PRLII, with molecular weights of 26000 and 24000 were isolated. Alligator and crocodile PRLI and PRLII were stained specifically in immunoblots with anti-sea turtle PRL and anti-ostrich PRL. Sequence analysis revealed that both forms of alligator and crocodile PRLs consisted of 199 amino acid residues with a glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Ala-Ser) at position 60 in alligator and crocodile PRLs with a molecular weight of 26000 (PRLI). In contrast, Thr was substituted for Asn at position 60 in the PRLs with a molecular weight of 24000 (PRLII). The sequences of alligator PRLs differed from crocodile PRLs only in position 134: Val for alligator PRLs and He for crocodile PRLs. There is a high degree of structural conservation between the reptilian PRLs isolated in this study and avian PRL; each showed 92% sequence identity with chicken PRL and 89% with turkey PRL.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.