RP-HPLC法测定钻山风糖浆中瓜馥木碱甲的含量

目的:采用反相高效液相色谱法测定钻山风糖浆中瓜馥木碱甲的含量。方法:使用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-三乙胺醋酸溶液(取三乙胺8 mL,冰醋酸30 mL,加水稀释至1000 mL)(14∶86),流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长300 nm。结果:瓜馥木碱甲的进样量在0.048～1.19μg范围内,与峰面积呈良好线性关系;瓜馥木碱甲的平均回收率(n=6)为99.8%,RSD为1.7%。结论:本法简便、准确,重复性好,可为钻山风糖浆的质量控制提供实验依据。     

瓜馥木己素的化学结构研究

从广西瓜馥木茎皮的乙醇提取物中分到６个黄酮类成分，其中瓜馥木己素为新的双氢查耳酮，经各种波谱解析及Ｘ－晶体衍射分析，其结构鉴定为３，６－二羟基－２，４，５－三甲氧基双氢查耳酮。     

瓜馥木属植物化学成分研究概况

对瓜馥木属植物黄酮和生物碱等化学成分及其提取,分离和生物活性的研究进行了综述。     

HPLC测定不同产地蔓性千斤拔中染料木苷和染料木素的含量

目的建立HPLC同时测定蔓性千斤拔中染料木苷和染料木素含量的方法,并比较不同产地蔓性千斤拔药材中2种成分的含量。方法 SinoChrom ODS-BP色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.2%甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,流速1 mL.min 1,柱温30℃,检测波长261 nm。结果染料木苷在4.8~28.8μg.mL 1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均加样回收率(n=6)为99.9%,RSD为1.78%,染料木素在1.6~9.6μg.mL 1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均加样回收率(n=6)为98.0%,RSD为1.17%;8个不同产地蔓性千斤拔中染料木苷和染料木素的含量分别为0.321~0.574 mg.g 1和0.179~0.263mg.g 1。结论本方法测定蔓性千斤拔中染料木苷和染料木素的含量,快捷简便,精密可靠,重现性、稳定性良好;8个不同产地药材中以产自广西阳朔的蔓性千斤拔药材中2种成分含量总和最高。     

ELSD-HPLC测定馥感啉口服液中贝母素甲的含量

目的采用ELSD-HPLC法测定馥感啉口服液中贝母素甲的含量。方法采用C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以乙腈-水-二乙胺(70∶30∶0.3)为流动相,蒸发光散射检测器检测。结果浙贝母素甲在0.522～5.220μg范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率为101.8%,RSD为3.9%。结论该方法简便、灵敏、准确、重复性好,可作为控制馥感啉口服液质量的一种方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定抗风湿液中染料木苷、染料木素、去氢二异丁香酚、五味子甲素的含量

目的采用多波长HPLC梯度洗脱法建立同时测定抗风湿液中染料木苷、染料木素、去氢二异丁香酚和五味子甲素含量的方法。方法采用C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流速:1.0 mL·min-1;流动相A为乙腈,流动相B为0.5%醋酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长:染料木苷和染料木素为263 nm,去氢二异丁香酚为274 nm,五味子甲素为250 nm;柱温为35℃。结果染料木苷、染料木素、去氢二异丁香酚和五味子甲素质量浓度分别在9.65¹93.00μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9)、7.25193.00μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9)、7.25¹45.00μg·mL-1(r=0.999 7)、5.90145.00μg·mL-1(r=0.999 7)、5.90¹18.00μg·mL-1(r=0.999 2)、5.30118.00μg·mL-1(r=0.999 2)、5.30¹06.00μg·mL-1(r=0.999 6)时与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系;染料木苷、染料木素、去氢二异丁香酚和五味子甲素的平均加样回收率分别为98.8%、99.1%、96.9%、98.1%,RSD分别为1.0%、1.3%、1.3%、1.5%(n=6)。结论该方法是一种快速、灵敏、准确的分析方法,可作为抗风湿液的含量控制方法。     

HPLC法同时测定不同产地蔓性千斤拔中5个异黄酮成分的含量北大核心CSCD

目的:建立同时测定不同产地蔓性千斤拔药材中染料木素-4′,7-二-O-葡萄糖苷、大豆苷元-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、染料木素-6-C-葡萄糖苷、5,4’-二羟基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、染料木苷5个异黄酮类化合物含量的高效液相色谱法。方法:采用Diamonsil C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈(A)-0.2%磷酸水溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^(-1),检测波长258 nm,柱温30℃。结果:染料木素4′,7-二-O-葡萄糖苷、大豆苷元-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、染料木素-6-C-葡萄糖苷、5,4’-二羟基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和染料木苷进样量分别在0.033~0.656μg(r=0.999 7)、0.010~0.204μg(r=0.999 5)、0.034~0.687μg(r=0.999 9)、0.012~0.244μg(r=0.999 7)和0.086~1.725μg(r=0.999 9)范围内与峰面积呈现良好的线性关系;平均回收率(n=6)分别为98.11%、94.27%、93.17%、93.13%和98.97%,RSD分别为1.0%、1.6%、1.4%、1.4%和1.8%。测得染料木素4′,7-二-O-葡萄糖苷、大豆苷元-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、染料木素-6-C-葡萄糖苷、5,4’-二羟基异黄酮-7-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷和染料木苷的样品含量分别为0.112~0.192、0.047~0.072、0.110~0.170、0.074~0.115和0.437~0.703 mg·g^(-1)。结论:经方法学验证,本法可用于蔓性千斤拔药材的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定不同产地五味子中4种木脂素类成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定五味子中4种木脂素类成分的含量,并比较不同产地间的差异。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Hypersil ODS-C_(18),流动相为乙腈-水(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为217 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。结果:五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素、五味子乙素检测进样量线性范围分别为0.375 3~2.251 8μg(r=0.999 6)、0.056 8~0.341 1μg(r=0.999 8)、0.077 4~0.464 4μg(r=0.999 3)、0.310 5~1.863 0μg(r=0.999 8);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%;加样回收率分别为97.94%~100.30%(RSD=0.98%,n=6)、97.59%~99.61%(RSD=0.73%,n=6)、100.86%~103.10%(RSD=0.83%,n=6)、98.39%~101.03%(RSD=1.03%,n=6)。结论:该方法操作简便,精密度、稳定性、重复性良好,可用于五味子中4种木脂素类成分含量的同时测定;不同产地五味子中上述4种木脂素类成分含量具有较大差异。     

藏药悬钩木的质量标准研究

目的:建立藏药悬钩木的质量标准。方法:从性状特征、显微特征、薄层色谱(TLC)等方面对药材进行定性鉴别;测定药材水分、灰分、浸出物的含量。采用高效液相色谱法测定药材中芦丁和金丝桃苷的含量,色谱柱为Diamonsil C_(18),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(18∶82,V/V),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为360 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。结果:药材表面呈灰红色至灰红褐色,有纵向皱沟,外皮易剥离,髓部较大、疏松、呈海绵状。药材粉末呈浅黄色,木纤维成束或单个散在,韧皮纤维较粗。药材样品中金丝桃苷的TLC图斑点清晰,分离度好;水分为6.71%~7.55%,总灰分为1.43%~1.67%,酸不溶性灰分为0.41%~0.48%,水浸出物为17.70%~19.31%,醇浸出物为13.76%~16.99%;金丝桃苷、芦丁检测质量浓度线性范围均为3.13~50μg/mL(r分别为0.9992、0.9995)、定量限分别0.5、1.8μg/mL,检测限分别为0.2、0.9μg/mL,精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2.0%(n=6),加样回收率分别为92.8%~98.8%(RSD=2.25%,n=9)、94.0%~98.6%(RSD=1.71%,n=9)。结论:药材水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分分别不得过10.0%、3.0%、0.6%;水浸出物、醇浸出物、芦丁和金丝桃苷总量分别不得少于15.0%、12.0%、1.0 mg/g。所建标准可用于藏药悬钩木的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定馥感啉口服液中盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的采用反相高效液相色谱法建立馥感啉口服液中盐酸麻黄碱的含量测定方法。方法使用Handbon lichrospher C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以乙腈-0.02 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（含0.2%三乙胺,磷酸调节pH值为2.7,（5∶100）为流动相,流速为1.0 ml.min-1,检测波长为207 nm。结果盐酸麻黄碱在0.067~6.700μg之间线性良好,回归方程为：Y=1930974.37X-37184.21,r=1.00;平均加样回收率为99.06%,RSD为1.67%。结论本方法操作简便、准确,为馥感啉口服液的质量评价提供了依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.