基于SKIN概念框架无创正压通气患者鼻面部压疮预防的循证实践

目的探讨基于SKIN概念框架实施循证护理对无创正压通气患者鼻面部压疮预防的效果。方法以SKIN概念框架为基础,按照JBI循证模式对无创正压通气患者鼻面部压疮进行循证护理,通过提出问题、证据检索、证据质量评价、证据综合的步骤,制定无创正压通气鼻面部压疮压疮预防流程及优化无创呼吸机操作流程标准。结果干预1年后无创正压通气患者鼻面部压疮发生率由17.95%下降至3.92%。结论以SKIN概念框架指导循证护理实践,可有效提高护理人员无创正压通气压疮预防技能,降低患者鼻面部压疮发生率。     

泡沫敷料预防高危风险患者压疮的Meta分析

目的评价使用泡沫敷料联合常规护理预防高危风险患者压疮的有效性。方法检索国内外数据库建库至2013年12月关于泡沫敷料用于预防高危风险患者压疮的随机对照试验(RCT)和类实验研究,文献的筛选与资料提取均由2名评价员独立进行,分歧通过协商或第三方解决。纳入文献的质量依据Jadad量表评价,提取资料用Revman5.0软件进行数据处理和分析。结果共纳入7篇文献,1 611例患者。所纳入研究的偏倚风险较低。Meta分析结果显示:对于存在压疮高危风险患者预防性使用泡沫敷料联合常规护理能有效降低压疮发生率(RR=0.22,95%CI=0.10~0.49,P0.05),但研究间存在一定程度的异质性,可能与预防部位、研究人群、泡沫敷料的来源不同有关。结论预防性使用泡沫敷料联合常规护理能更有效减少高危风险患者压疮的发生,但是由于纳入7篇研究存在一定程度的异质性,泡沫敷料的有效性、具体的使用方法和经济效益还需大样本多中心的RCT研究进一步验证。     

软聚硅酮泡沫敷料治疗压疮疗效的系统评价

目的系统评价软聚硅酮泡沫敷料治疗压疮的效果。方法计算机检索Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews、JBI Data-base of Systematic Reviews、MEDLINE、EMBASE、CBM中截至2012年12月关于软聚硅酮泡沫敷料治疗压疮的随机对照试验,同时筛检纳入文献的参考文献。由2名研究者对文献质量进行严格评价和资料提取,对符合质量标准的RCT进行Meta分析。结果共纳入13个RCT。9个RCT研究显示软聚硅酮泡沫敷料疗效优于传统治疗方法。3个RCT研究显示,软聚硅酮泡沫敷料较传统治疗能有效缩短治愈时间。2个RCT研究显示软聚硅酮泡沫敷料较传统治疗能有效减少换药次数。10个研究显示软聚硅酮泡沫敷料较传统治疗能有效提高压疮治愈率。结论在对压疮的治疗选择上,使用软聚硅酮泡沫敷料是积极而安全的措施。     

无创正压通气致鼻面部压疮相关因素分析

目的探讨无创正压通气患者鼻面部发生压疮的危险因素,为预防鼻面部压疮提供参考。方法收集重症医学科153例无创正压通气患者的病历资料,总结鼻面部压疮发生情况并找出相关的危险因素。结果无创正压通气患者鼻面部压疮发生率为25.49%;发热、PCO2≥50mmHg、带机时间是发生鼻面部压疮的危险因素(均P0.01)。结论需对发热、PCO2升高、长时间使用无创呼吸机患者鼻面部皮肤加强观察,尽早发现皮肤异常,采取积极保护措施,降低鼻面部压疮的发生。     

肥胖患者围手术期通气策略Meta分析

目的 系统评价围手术期不同通气策略对肥胖患者通气和肺功能的影响,选择最佳通气策略. 方法 网上检索EBSCO、PubMed、Spring、Ovid、Wiley、中国知网、维普网、万方数据等数据库,选择全身麻醉诱导期和拔管后的给氧模式以及术中不同潮气量对肥胖患者通气和肺功能影响的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT),应用RevMan 5.3软件对纳入文献进行Meta分析. 结果 共纳入24篇RCT,946例患者.①麻醉诱导期头高位吸氧较平卧位吸氧无通气安全时限更长(P＜0.001),而自主呼吸时加用持续正压通气(continues positive airway pressure,CPAP)PaO2水平更高(P=0.005),转为机械通气后间歇正压通气(intermittent positive pressure ventilation,IPPV)+呼气末正压通气(positive end expiratory pressure,PEEP)较单用IPPV无通气安全时限更长(P＜0.001),PaO2更高(P＜0.001).②术中大潮气量比小潮气量通气联合PEEP获得更高的氧合指数(oxygenation index,OI)(P=0.02),但同时大潮气量通气可引起更高的气道压(P＜0.001).③拔管后采用无创正压通气(non-invasive positive pressure ventilation,NIPPV)较鼻导管吸氧PaO2更高(P=0.004). 结论 肥胖患者诱导期宜采用头高位CPAP以及IPPV+PEEP通气,术中采用大潮气量+高PEEP,术后拔管后采用NIPPV.     

使用减压床垫患者翻身间隔时间的Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析来探讨使用减压床垫患者有效预防压疮的翻身间隔时间。方法计算机检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、维普、万方、中国知网、CBM等数据库。检索时限从建库至2015年10月15日。由2名评价员按纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献,提取资料并评价文献质量后,采用RevMan5.1软件进行分析。结果最终纳入13篇RCT文献,其中英文文献4篇,中文文献9篇,共3 510例患者纳入研究。Meta分析结果显示,翻身间隔时间2h、3h、4h预防压疮效果比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);4h与6h翻身1次压疮预防效果比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2h与4h翻身1次在预防肺炎效果方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论使用减压床垫患者翻身间隔时间可延长至4h,4h翻身1次不增加压疮和肺炎发生率,可减轻频繁翻身给患者带来的不适,减少护士工作量,节约医疗卫生资源等。     

湿润烧伤膏治疗压疮有效性的系统评价

目的系统评价湿润烧伤膏治疗压疮的有效性。方法计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、维普资讯中文科技期刊数据库(VIP),均从建库检索至2010年5月,并筛选已获文献的参考文献,纳入比较湿润烧伤膏治疗与常规治疗压疮的随机对照试验(RCT)。由2名评价员独立进行质量评价和数据提取,采用RevMan 5.0.2软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入11个RCT,合计703例患者。Meta分析结果显示,相对于常规治疗湿润烧伤膏可显著提高压疮的治愈率(OR=9.06,95%CI为6.21~13.21;P<0.01)和缩短治愈时间(MD=-8.11,95%CI为-12.39~-3.83;P<0.01)。结论现有证据表明湿润烧伤膏治疗压疮有效,但由于纳入研究的方法学质量较低,上述结论在临床使用时应谨慎考虑。     

抗骨质疏松症药物预防绝经后骨质疏松性骨折有效性与安全性的网状Meta分析

目的采用网状Meta分析方法系统评价不同抗骨质疏松症药物预防绝经后骨质疏松性骨折的有效性及安全性。方法计算机检索中、英文数据库,收集相关随机对照试验,检索时限均从建库至2019年3月。文献筛选、评估偏倚风险后,采用R Studio、Stata进行数据分析。结果纳入37个RCT,共计83907例患者,包括16种干预措施。网状Meta分析结果显示:各干预措施对预防椎体骨折的疗效均优于安慰剂,其中阿巴帕肽(OR=0.12,95%CI:0.04～0.35)、特立帕肽(OR=0.24,95%CI:0.16～0.35)、唑来膦酸(OR=0.28,95%CI:0.18～0.43)以及romosozumab(OR=0.30,95%CI:0.19～0.45)的效果最为显著;SUCRA排序结果提示这4种干预措施对于椎体骨折的预防由优到劣依次为:阿巴帕肽特立帕肽唑来膦酸romosozumab。对于非椎体骨折的预防,阿巴帕肽(OR=0.46,95%CI:0.21～0.97)、特立帕肽(OR=0.54,95%CI:0.39～0.75)、romosozumab(OR=0.62,95%CI:0.44～0.90)、利塞膦酸钠(OR=0.70,95%CI:0.50～0.97)的疗效均优于安慰剂; SUCRA排序结果提示对于非椎体骨折的预防由优到劣依次为:阿巴帕肽特立帕肽romosozumab利塞膦酸钠;除rh PTH(1-31)外,各干预措施间不良反应发生率与安慰剂相比差异均无统计学意义,安全性良好。结论阿巴帕肽、特立帕肽、romosozumab和唑来膦酸对预防绝经后妇女骨质疏松性骨折更加有效安全。     

不同通气模式对单肺通气影响的Meta分析

目的 采用Meta分析的方法评价压力控制通气(pressure controlled ventilation,PCV)与容量控制通气(volume controlled ventilation,VCV)对术中单肺通气(one lung ventilation,OLV)患者呼吸力学及循环的影响. 方法 检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆,检索时间从建库至2016年2月.收集术中OLV使用PCV与VCV的临床随机对照试验(randomizedcontrolled trim,RCT).采用Cochrane协作网系统评价法评价纳入文献的质量,采用RevMan 5.0软件对收集的患者资料进行Meta分析评价. 结果 共纳入14项研究,包括964例患者,其中PCV组480例,VCV组484例.与VCV组比较:在开胸前双肺通气时(T1),PCV组气道平均压(mean airway pressure,Pmean)比值比(odds ratio,OR)[0R=-0.22,95％CI(-0.42,-0.01),P＜0.05]较低;OLV时(T2),PCV组气道峰压(peak airway pressure,Ppeak)[加权均数差(weighted mean difference,WMD)=-1.37,95％CI(-1.69,-1.05)]及气道平台压(pause pressure,Plateau)较低[WMD=-0.29,95％CI(-0.51,-0.07)],而PaO2高[WMD=0.52,95％CI(0.08,0.95)];关胸后双肺通气时(T3),PCV组Ppeak较低[WMD=-0.63,95％CI(-1.09,0.17)]. 结论 与VCV比较,OLV期间PCV可提供较低的气道压,可能是一种较好的通气模式.     

ALI/ARDS患者俯卧位与仰卧位通气的Meta分析

目的比较俯卧位通气与仰卧位通气在急性肺损伤或急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)患者中的有效性及安全性。方法计算机检索Pubmed、EMBASE、Cochrane图书馆、CINAHL、CBM、VIP、CNKI和万方数据库,查找所有比较俯卧位通气与仰卧位通气治疗ALI/ARDS患者的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时限均为建库至2015年6月31日。同时手动检索纳入文献的参考文献和灰色文献。由两人独立按照纳入和排除标准进行文献筛选、质量评价、资料提取后,使用RevMan5.0软件进行数据分析。结果共纳入11篇RCT文献,纳入的研究对象共2 268例。Meta分析结果显示,在病死率方面,当俯卧位通气时间大于12h/d时,患者30d病死率较仰卧位通气低(RR=0.70,95%CI 0.58~0.85,P0.01);对于氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)≤100mmHg组和100mmHgPaO2/FiO2≤200mmHg组的患者,使用俯卧位通气的患者病死率低于使用仰卧位通气的患者(RR=0.70,95%CI0.56~0.89,P0.01)、(RR=0.69,95%CI0.50~0.94,P0.05);当呼气末正压通气(PEEP)≥10cmH2O时,俯卧位通气患者的60d病死率较仰卧位通气低(RR=0.81,95%CI0.67~0.97,P0.05),10cmH2OPEEP≤13cmH2O时,俯卧位通气患者90d病死率较仰卧位低(RR=0.57,95%CI0.43~0.74,P0.01);在并发症的发生方面,俯卧位通气患者的压疮新发病率和静脉通路脱出发生率高于仰卧位通气患者(RR=1.26,95%CI1.11~1.42,P0.01),(RR=1.70,95%CI1.01~2.86,P0.05);而其他并发症如心血管意外、气管内插管移位、呼吸机相关性肺炎、静脉通路脱落、气胸发生率无统计学意义。结论俯卧位通气与仰卧位通气相比,可以降低重症患者的病死率,且俯卧位时间越长,生存率越高;但俯卧位通气可能会增加压疮和静脉通路脱出的发生率,临床上应注意预防。     

间歇正压通气和呼气末正压通气对犬眼内压的影响

目的 探讨间歇正压通气(IPPV)和呼气末正压通气(PEEP)对犬眼内压(10P)的影响.方法 实验犬8只,麻醉后分别监测基础条件下和各种机械通气条件下的IOP、CVP、MAP.结果 实施20 ml/kg和30 ml/kg两种不同潮气量的IPPV时IOP差异无统计学意义.实施10、15、20cm H20三种不同压力值的PEEP时IOP均显著升高(P<0.01).结论 IPPV对IOP影响不大,PEEP可使IOP显著升高.     

Effectiveness of pressure support ventilation for mechanical ventilatory support in patients with status asthmaticus

We compared the effects of pressure support ventilation (PSV) with those of assist control ventilation (ACV) on breathing patterns and blood gas exchange in six patients with status asthmaticus. Both PSV and ACV delivered adequate minute ventilation (PSV: 7.5 +/- 1.4 l/min/m2, ACV: 7.3 +/- 1.3 l/min/m2) to correct respiratory acidosis (pH = 7.33 +/- 0.12 during both PSV and ACV) and prevent hypoxia. Peak airway pressure during PSV was significantly lower with the same tidal volume than that during ACV (PSV: 30 +/- 10 cmH2O (2.9 +/- 1.0 kPa), ACV: 50 +/- 13 cmH2O (4.9 +/- 1.3 kPa)). The lower airway pressure during PSV was due to persistent inspiratory muscle activity. The oxygen cost of breathing estimated by oxygen consumption was equivalent in both modes. We conclude that PSV is effective in supplying tidal volumes adequate to improve hypercarbia at markedly lower airway pressures than ACV.     

直接气道压力监测的可行性及有效性

目的 探讨光纤压力传感器(FOPT)行直接气道压力监测的可行性及有效性.方法 30例择期肺部手术患者,麻醉诱导插管后将FOPT插入双腔气管导管的左右腔内,所测压力分别为P_1和P_2,同时记录呼吸机压力表所监测的气道压P_3.比较三种气道压力的变化.结果 P_3在FOPT插入后较插入前略增加;FOPT的不同插入深度所测得的P_1和P_2差异无统计学意义;诱导后患者仰卧位双肺通气所测得P_1、P_2明显低于P_3(P_1约为P_3的60.33%,P_2约为P_3的68.19%)(P<0.05).结论 FOPT直接监测能更准确、及时反映实际的气道压力.     

BiPAP无创通气及其在围术期的应用

双水平气道正压通气被广泛用于治疗各种慢性、急性呼吸衰竭,此文回顾了双水平气道正压通气研究的最新进展,重点介绍围术期应用双水平气道正压通气的现状.     

In what respect does high frequency positive pressure ventilation differ from conventional ventilation?

The original rationale for HFPPV was that under certain conditions adequate alveolar ventilation could be achieved with high ventilatory frequencies and small tidal volumes. It was theorized further that increased ventilatory frequencies and low tidal volumes would decrease the airway pressures, barotrauma, and cardiovascular and other systemic consequences seen with conventional mechanical ventilation. The first clinical applications of HFPPV were in bronchoscopy and laryngoscopy for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes. Apart from these endoscopic applications, volume-controlled HFPPV has been compared with conventional ventilation in upper abdominal surgery and coronary artery bypass grafting. The possible advantages of HFPPV over conventional volume-controlled ventilation in the intensive care setting are still unclear. Provided that the mean lung volumes are similar, oxygenation in acute respiratory failure is similar with both ventilation methods. Although the role of HFPPV in the management of pulmonary diseases still remains to be clarified, it does provide effective ventilation in selected types of patients needing ventilatory support. New modes of pressure-controlled ventilation have not resolved all clinical problems in severe ARDS and/or acute respiratory failure. The search for means of optimal ventilatory support with minimal complications must continue, as conventional ventilation does not always offer the best treatment.     

无创正压通气治疗全麻拔管后呼吸衰竭

目的 评价无创正压通气(NIPPV)治疗全身麻醉手术拔管后呼吸衰竭的疗效及影响因素.方法 全麻手术拔管后48 h内发生呼吸衰竭的患者34例,应用BiPAP Vision呼吸机实施无创正压通气治疗,比较治疗后避免再插管(成功组)和需要再插管(失败组)患者的基础状态、通气疗效及临床结果,并分析可能的影响因素.结果 无创正压通气使70.6%的术后呼吸衰竭患者避免插管.与失败组相比,成功组心肺并发症所致呼吸衰竭的比例和需要人工辅助吸痰的比例明显低(P<0.05),麻醉药残留呼吸抑制的比例高(P<0.01).结论 无创正压通气治疗全身麻醉手术后呼吸衰竭能够减少再插管率,但可能不适用于存在心肺并发症和排痰障碍的患者.     

食管引流型喉罩间歇正压通气时头前屈位对气道密封压的影响

Objective To evaluate the influence of head anteflexion on airway sealing pressure during intermittent positive pressure ventilation(IPPV) with ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) with an esophageal vent.Methods Fifty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients (20 males and 30 females), aged 18-51 ye are, weighing 50-70 kg and scheduled for elective plastic surgery under general anesthesia, were enrolled in this study. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 2 μg/kg, propofol 2 μg/kg and vecuromium 0.1 mg/kg. PLMA with an esophageal vent was inserted at 2 min after intravenous vecuronium injection.The airway sealing pressure, the anatomic position of the cuff and the efficacy of positive pressure ventilation were checked in the neutral and anteflexed head positions with the cuff deflated and inflated to an intracuff pressure of 60 cm H2 O, respectively.Results The lungs were better ventilated in the head anteflexion position than in the head neutral position whether the cuff was deflated or inflated. There was no significant difference in the volume of air required to achieve an intracuff pressure of 60 cm H2O between the two head positions ( P＞ 0.05). The airway seating pressure increased from (27 ± 6) cm H2O in the head neutral position to (33 ± 6) cm H2O in the head anteflexion position, with no significant difference between them ( P＞ 0.05). The expired tidal volume and the peak inspiratory pressure during IPPV were (496 ± 81 ) ml and (14.3 ± 1.9) cm H2O respectively in the head neutral position and (496 ± 81 ) ml and ( 14.5 ± 2.1 )cm H2O respectively in the head anteflexion position.Conclusion Head anteflexion can significantly improve airway sealing but does not affect the anatomic position of the cuff.Appropriate head anteflexion is a simple and effective way to improve IPPV when the airway sealing pressure is inadequate in the head neutral position.     

Intracuff pressure during one-lung ventilation in infants and children

ObjectiveWe prospectively evaluated intracuff pressure (IP) during one-lung ventilation (OLV) to characterize potential risk associated with overinflation of the cuff used for OLV.DesignProspective observational study over a 2-year period, in infants and children undergoing thoracic surgery. The IPs of the tracheal and bronchial balloon were measured using a manometer and compared to a previously recommended threshold of 30 cmH2O. Data were compared by the device type used to achieve OLV.SettingFreestanding tertiary-care pediatric hospital.ParticipantsPatients ≤ 18 years of age undergoing thoracic procedures requiring OLV.InterventionsMeasurement of IP.Measurements and main resultsThirty patients were enrolled (age 5 months–18 years) with a median weight of 28 kg. Median tracheal and bronchial IPs were 32 cmH2O (range: 11, 90) and 44 cmH2O (range: 10, 100), respectively. The tracheal and bronchial IPs exceeded 30 cmH2O in 13 of 20 patients (65%) and 21 of 30 patients (70%), respectively.ConclusionsIP was high and in excess of recommended levels in most children undergoing OLV. Continuous monitoring of IP may be indicated during OLV to address the risks involved and ensure the prevention of complications related to high IP.Type of studyProspective comparative study.Level of evidenceLevel II.     

Anaesthesia for awake craniotomy with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation

Airway management during awake craniotomy is a crucial partof the anaesthetic technique, but it remains the subject ofdebate. We report two cases of anaesthesia for awake craniotomyusing non-invasive positive pressure ventilation; biphasic positiveairway pressure or proportional assist ventilation was employed.Both ventilatory techniques provided adequate lung ventilation,smooth transition between anaesthesia and arousal, and patientcomfort. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90: 382–5