健康问题与疾病定量测试法逻辑判别系统对精神分裂症的多轴诊断及其效度

目的探讨健康问题与疾病定量测试法逻辑判别系统(RTHD-LVS)对偏执型和未定型精神分裂症的多轴诊断及其效度。方法运用RTHD对临床符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第三版(CCMD-3)诊断为精神分裂症偏执型和未定型的患者106例进行半定式评估,然后运用RTHD-LVS科研版和临床版对这些病例进行再诊断。以临床诊断作为金标准,比较两种版本诊断与临床诊断的符合率及两种版本诊断的一致性。结果①轴l诊断:RTHD-LVS科研版轴l诊断与临床诊断符合者99例(93.4%),RTHD-LVS临床版轴l诊断与临床诊断符合者100例(94.3%)。RTHD-LVS两种版本对于偏执型和未定型精神分裂症的诊断一致性均较好(Kappa值分别为0.83和0.92)。②其他轴:本组患者中内向人格特征突出73例(68.8%)。病前1年内有肯定的精神刺激作为诱因者20例(18.9%)。最重社会功能损害稍差或更差者106例(100.0%),目前功能稍差或更差者81例(76.4%)。目前评为无效或恶化者40例(37.7%)。结论RTHD-LVS对精神分裂症患者作了全面的定性与定量评估,结果表明两种版本轴1精神障碍的诊断对精神分裂症诊断效度高,且两种版本之间的一致性好。     

酒精所致精神障碍80例七轴诊断分析

目的：了解精神障碍诊断量表七轴诊断系统的使用。方法：对应用ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ诊断标准的８０例酒精所致精神障碍患者以七轴诊断进行分析。结果：七轴诊断系统使轴１主要与次要精神障碍的诊断按急需原则与就重原则等级排列一目了然；也明确了轴２人格特征、人格障碍或人格改变，轴３躯体障碍的诊断；评估了轴４生物心理社会因素的刺激（主要为酒精滥用或乱用）强度及种类；轴５社会功能在疾病最重时损害及目前水平及病前２年的最佳水平，轴６现状总评对病情作出总体评估；同时在轴７说明了精神障碍与其它相关问题间的关系。结论：七轴诊断系统适用于酒精所致精神障碍的诊断。     

围绝经期女性抑郁障碍及相关因素研究

目的 探讨围绝经期女性抑郁障碍现状及相关因素.方法 使用抑郁自评量表(SDs)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、WHO生活质量测定简表(WHO-QOL-BREF)对320例40～59岁围绝经期女性进行测试.同时以30～39岁育龄女性和40～59岁非围绝经期女性为对照.结果 23.8%的围绝经期女性有抑郁障碍,抑郁障碍检出率较育龄女性(12.0%)及相同年龄段月经规律的非围绝经期女性(16.2%)高(X2=10.233,P<0.01),并且抑郁症状重(F=16.284,p<0.01).围绝经期女性的睡眠质量、生活质量各领域及健康状况均与其抑郁显著相关(P<0.01).结论 围绝经期女性较普通中年女性抑郁障碍的检出率高,抑郁症状重.睡眠质量、生活质量及健康状况是围绝经期女性抑郁障碍的主要影响因素.     

健康问题与疾病定量测试法逻辑判别系统对精神分裂症的再诊断

目的探讨健康问题与疾病定量测试法逻辑判别系统（RTHD-LVS）对偏执型和未定型精神分裂症的再诊断及其效度。方法对临床符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第三版（CCMD-3）诊断为精神分裂症偏执型和未定型的患者106例运用RTHD进行半定式评估,然后将数据输入RTHD-LVS数据库,再运用RTHD-LVS科研版和临床版对这些病例进行再诊断。以临床诊断作为金标准,比较两种版本诊断与临床诊断的符合率、两种版本对精神分裂症亚型的诊断与临床诊断的一致性以及两种版本之间诊断的一致性。结果①RTHD-LVS科研版轴1诊断为精神分裂症的患者99例,与临床诊断符合率为94.3%。RTHD-LVS临床版轴1诊断为精神分裂症偏执型和未定型两种亚型的诊断符合率为94.3%。②RTHD-LVS两种版本之间对于精神分裂症偏执型和未定型两种亚型的诊断一致性均较好（Kappa值分别为0.83和0.92）。③两种版本对精神分裂症未定型及偏执型的诊断与临床诊断的一致性较差（Kappa值为0.29-0.61）。结论能够满足于临床需要,可应用于临床。     

人格障碍66例长期随访分析

目的：通过实证病例讨论人格障碍的诊断，治疗以及预后等问题。方法：对66例人格障碍患者作2-16年前瞻性随访调查分析。使用DSM-IV中亲情功能总评（GARF）及社会和职业功能总评（SOFAS）评价病例的社会功能状态水平。结果：纵向资料分析及功能水平综合评价提高了人格障碍的诊断可靠性，医患治疗联盟保障了患者的疗效。结论：应注重筛选人格障碍病例。努力构筑有效及持久的医患治疗联盟。     

抑郁障碍患者主观与客观认知功能的差异性研究

背景 抑郁障碍患者的主观认知功能与客观认知功能存在差异。目前,关于主客观认知功能差异影响因素的研究有限。目的 探索抑郁障碍患者主观和客观认知功能的差异及其影响因素,为进一步理解抑郁障碍患者认知功能受损情况提供参考。方法 纳入2022年1月13日—2023年12月11日在成都市第四人民医院门诊就诊或住院治疗的、符合《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第5版）》（DSM-5）抑郁障碍诊断标准的77例患者为研究对象。采用蒙哥马利-艾森贝格抑郁量表（MADRS）评定患者抑郁症状严重程度,采用抑郁感知缺陷问卷（PDQ-D）和中国简版神经认知成套测验（C-BCT）分别评定患者的主观认知功能和客观认知功能,采用席汉残疾量表（SDS）评定患者的社会功能,以临床总体印象量表-疾病严重程度量表（CGI-SI）评定患者病情严重程度。采用Pearson相关分析考查年龄、受教育年限、MADRS总评分、SDS总评分、CGI-SI评分与主客观认知功能及其差异的相关性。采用多元线性回归探索主客观认知功能差异的影响因素。结果 是否用药的抑郁障碍患者PDQ-D总评分和主客观认知功能差异（D值）比较差异均有统计学意义（t=-4.2...     

ICD-11与DSM-5关于睡眠-觉醒障碍诊断标准的异同

本文目的是对《精神障碍诊断与统计手册（第5版）》（DSM-5）和《国际疾病分类（第11版）》（ICD-11）中睡眠-觉醒障碍诊断标准的异同进行比较。睡眠-觉醒障碍的核心特征是患者对睡眠的质量、持续时间和昼夜节律不满意，导致日间痛苦和社会功能受损。本文对两套诊断系统中的诊断要点进行总结和比较，以提高精神心理工作者对相应内容的理解。     

艾司西酞普兰和帕罗西汀改善首发抑郁障碍患者认知功能及其与甲状腺激素水平的关系

背景 抑郁障碍患者认知功能受损发生率较高,其受损原因及机制值得重点关注。抑郁障碍患者通常存在甲状腺激素水平改变,抑郁障碍患者认知功能改变是否与甲状腺激素有关,有待进一步研究。目的 探讨首发抑郁障碍患者在接受艾司西酞普兰和帕罗西汀治疗后认知功能的改善情况,并分析其与甲状腺激素水平的相关性,从而寻找抑郁障碍患者认知功能改变的潜在生物标志物。方法 选取2021年3月-2022年3月于山东省精神卫生中心住院治疗的、符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）抑郁障碍诊断标准的120例患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为两组,各60例,分别接受为期6周的艾司西酞普兰（起始剂量为5 mg/d）和帕罗西汀（起始剂量为20 mg/d）治疗。在治疗前及治疗6周后,分别检测患者的血清促甲状腺激素（TSH）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）和游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）水平。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版（HAMD-17）和蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）分别评定患者治疗前后抑郁程度和认知功能水平。采用Pearson或Spearman相关分析考查两组治疗前后MoCA评分差值与治疗后甲状腺激素水平的相关性。结果 治...     

上海某妇科门诊围绝经期及绝经后期妇女抑郁症状检出率及相关因素

背景围绝经期的激素水平变化常常与躯体症状和心理症状相关,因而这一阶段的妇女发生抑郁症状的风险高。但是生物—心理—社会因素在绝经期抑郁症状发生中的复杂的相互作用尚未完全清楚。目的评估围绝经期和绝经后期妇女抑郁症状的发生比例,以及抑郁症状的危险因素。方法随机选取在上海某妇幼保健院就诊的 45 ～55 岁的围绝经期及绝经后期妇女 287 例。所有对象完成 3 个问卷： 一般社会人口学资料问卷、Beck 抑郁量表（Beck＇s Depression Inventory,BDI） 以及 Kupperman 绝经指数量表（Kupperman Menopausal Index,KMI） .结果根据 KMI 的结果,最常见的绝经症状为潮热出汗（84.0%） 、肌肉骨关节痛（83.3%） 、疲乏无力（81.5%） 以及心悸（74.9%） 。以 BDI 总分 5 分为界限,104 例（36.2%,95% CI = 30.6% ～ 41.8%） 入组的妇女存在抑郁症状（即 BDI≥5） .与非抑郁组相比,抑郁组中哺乳史的比例低,绝经期相关症状家族史的比例高,未婚、离异或丧偶的婚姻状况较多,平均居住面积小。排除 KMI 中与抑郁症状相关的 4 项条目后,抑郁症状组 KMI 剩余 7 项的调整后总分高于非抑郁症状组[分别为 14.7（6.5） 分,11.6（5.5） 分,t =4.11,P 〈0.001]。多因素 logistic 回归分析结果显示存在绝经期相关症状家族史（OR =2.43,95%CI =1.15 ～5.12） 、调整后的 KMI 总分高（2.79,1.49 ～5.26） 、未哺乳（2.64,1.47 ～4.75） 、非在婚（3.72,1.23 ～11.21） 是临床抑郁症状的独立相关因素。结论在专科医院妇科门诊的围绝经期及绝经后期妇女的抑郁症状检出率较高,上述妇女在该时期发生抑郁症状的独立危险因素如下： 绝经期相关症状家族史、绝经期症状严重、从未哺乳以及非在婚。     

社区神经症的临床特征与亚型分类探讨

目的为进一步修订我国精神病诊断分类标准提供基础资料.方法使用<精神状况评定和分类>中有关神经症条目内容54项,社会功能评定量表(SDSS)等评定量表符合CCMD-2-R及ICD-10诊断的365例神经症患者,对其临床特征分类诊断和社会功能进行比较分析.结果①95%左右的患者以神经症性症状群为主,焦虑性神经症、抑郁性神经症、躯体化障碍、神经衰弱为最多见类型,有32.26%的抑郁性神经症婚姻状况不良.②症状严重度以抑郁性神经症和癔症排前2位,神经衰弱最后,社会功能受累也有类似趋势.结论建议再修订CCMD时,注意以下两点①保留神经衰弱及躯体化障碍分类诊断;②在亚型的等级梯度上抑郁性神经症放在癔症之前.     

Menopause-related quality of life in chronically mentally ill women

OBJECTIVE: Menopause is an important life event that has not yet been well characterized among women with severe mental illness. Our goal was to evaluate menopause-related quality of life among severely mentally ill women. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional assessment of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, ages 45-55, diagnosed with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or major depression, who were receiving inpatient or outpatient psychiatric care. Women were compared regarding menopausal symptoms and quality of life using the Menopause Specific Quality of Life Scale (MENQOL). RESULTS: Women with severe mental illnesses who were peri- and post-menopausal experienced considerable vasomotor, physical, sexual, and psychosocial symptoms related to menopause. On seven of 29 MENQOL items, women with major depression reported problems significantly more often than women with other serious mental illnesses. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study indicates that psychiatrists and other physicians should consider the frequency and overlap of menopausal and psychiatric symptoms among women with serious mental illness in this age group.     

Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression

CONTEXT: Whether depressed mood reported in the transition to menopause by women with no history of depression is associated with menopausal status and changes in reproductive hormones is controversial and lacks scientific information. OBJECTIVES: To identify new onset of depressive symptoms and diagnosed depressive disorders in the menopausal transition and to determine the associations of menopausal status, reproductive hormones, and other risk factors with these cases. DESIGN: A within-woman, longitudinal (8-year) study to identify risk factors of depressed mood. SETTING: A subset of a randomly identified, population-based cohort. PARTICIPANTS: Premenopausal women with no history of depression at cohort enrollment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression scale (CES-D) was used to assess depressive symptoms, and the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) was used to identify clinical diagnoses of depressive disorders. RESULTS: High CES-D scores (> or=16) were more than 4 times more likely to occur during a woman's menopausal transition compared with when she was premenopausal (odds ratio, 4.29; 95% confidence interval, 2.39-7.72; P<.001). Within-woman change in menopausal status, increased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and increased variability of estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone around the woman's own mean levels were each significantly associated with high CES-D scores after adjusting for smoking, body mass index, premenstrual syndrome, hot flashes, poor sleep, health status, employment, and marital status. A diagnosis of depressive disorder was 2(1/2) times more likely to occur in the menopausal transition compared with when the woman was premenopausal (odds ratio, 2.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-5.02; P=.01); the hormone measures were also significantly associated with this outcome. CONCLUSION: Transition to menopause and its changing hormonal milieu are strongly associated with new onset of depressed mood among women with no history of depression.     

Association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism with reduced hippocampal volumes in major depression

CONTEXT: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulates hippocampal plasticity, which is believed to be altered in patients with major depression. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on hippocampal and amygdala volumes in patients with major depression and in healthy control subjects. DESIGN: Cross-sectional comparison between patients and controls. SETTING: Inpatients with major depression from the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and healthy controls from the community were recruited. PARTICIPANTS: The study population of 120 subjects included 60 patients with major depression and 60 healthy controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Using a combined strategy, hippocampal and amygdala volumes were estimated on high-resolution magnetic resonance images, and genotyping was performed for the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. RESULTS: Patients had significantly smaller hippocampal volumes compared with controls (P = .02). Significantly smaller hippocampal volumes were observed for patients and for controls carrying the Met-BDNF allele compared with subjects homozygous for the Val-BDNF allele (P = .006). With respect to amygdala volumes, no significant differences between patients and controls and no significant main effects for the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These genotype-related alterations suggest that Met-BDNF allele carriers might be at risk to develop smaller hippocampal volumes and may be susceptible to major depression. This study supports findings from animal studies that the hippocampus is involved in brain development and plasticity.     

Depression in premenopausal women: gonadal hormones and serotonergic system assessed by D-fenfluramine challenge test

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to compare the activity of gonadal hormones and serotonergic system in premenopausal women with or without depression in relation to clinical and hormonal indices of menopause. METHODS: The sample included 60 women with single or recurrent major depressive episode with disease onset after 38 year of age (mean age 43 years) and 30 healthy control women (mean age 41 years). Psychometric assessment was done by means of 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The presence of menopausal symptoms was assessed by Kupperman Menopause Index (KMI). Activity of gonadal axis was measured by estimating estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. For the assessment of central serotonergic activity, the D-fenfluramine test was used. RESULTS: Depressed women had higher intensity of menopausal symptoms, significantly lower concentration of estradiol, and higher of FSH than control women. Severity of depression correlated with both the intensity of menopausal symptoms and the concentration of FSH. Baseline levels of prolactin were not different in both groups. Following D-fenfluramine administration, there was a significant increase in prolactin concentration in healthy women and a transient decrease in depressed ones. Baseline cortisol level was significantly higher in depressed women and correlated with the severity of depression. D-Fenfluramine challenge caused a significant increase of cortisol secretion in healthy women and a significant decrease in depressed ones. A relationship was observed between baseline estradiol, FSH, and cortisol level and the magnitude of prolactin and cortisol response to D-fenfluramine. CONCLUSIONS: In premenopausal women, a high degree of interconnections was demonstrated between symptoms of depression and symptoms of menopause on both clinical and hormonal level. The results confirm the association between depressive and menopausal symptoms as well as an involvement of gonadal hormones, cortisol, and serotonin deficiency in this process.     

Adjunctive bright light in non-seasonal major depression: results from clinician-rated depression scales

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of bright light therapy as an adjunct treatment to sertraline in non-seasonal major depression. METHOD: In a randomised double-blind trial, 102 patients were treated for 5 weeks with either white bright light (10 000 lux, 1 h daily) or red dim light (50 lux, 30 min daily). All patients were treated with sertraline in a fixed dose of 50 mg daily. The clinician-rated depression scales used were the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17), Hamilton six-item subscale (HAM-D6), Melancholia Scale (MES) and the seven 'atypical' items from the SIGH-SAD. RESULTS: One-hundred and two patients were included in the study. Analyses showed that the reduction in depression scores in the bright light group was statistically significantly larger than in the dim light group on all scales. The scale most sensitive at endpoint was the HAM-D(6), which includes the core symptoms of depression. CONCLUSION: The study results support the use of bright light as an adjunct treatment to antidepressants in non-seasonal depression.     

Effect of age, gender, menopausal status, and ovarian hormonal level on rTMS in treatment-resistant depression

This study examines how gender and menopausal status contribute to age effect on the antidepressant efficacy of repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS). Thirty-one women (17 premenopausal, 14 postmenopausal), and 16 men with treatment-refractory bipolar/major depression underwent 10 consecutive sessions of rTMS. Mood symptoms and female hormones were measured. ANOVA-R revealed a significant gender (p<0.05) and time effect (p<0.001) on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score. Percentage reduction of the rating correlated negatively with age in women (p<0.001). While no difference in the rTMS response was observed between male and premenopausal female patients (68.8% and 70.6%, respectively), postmenopausal women responded least (0%). We also found that greater improvement of depression score was associated with a higher estradiol/progesterone ratio in premenopausal women (p<0.05), suggesting an important role of female hormones in the therapeutic response. Regression analysis revealed that menopausal status and ovarian steroid levels, but not age, were the main determinants of antidepressant efficacy of rTMS in females. This is the first study to specifically investigate the effect of female hormones on rTMS therapeutic effect. Our data support changes in menopausal status and ovarian steroid levels as effectors of mood and the CNS neural substrate response to rTMS in refractory depression. However, the restricted number of patients and the shorter duration of rTMS treatment and follow-up might influence its generalization. Further study examining the interactions between mood, ovarian hormones, and rTMS treatment is warranted.     

Psychologic distress during the menopausal years in women attending a menopause clinic.

OBJECTIVE: This study measures psychologic distress in women attending a menopause clinic to determine if significant differences exist between peri-menopausal and menopausal women. METHOD: Consecutive women attending a university hospital menopause clinic were administered the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and a study questionnaire to determine menopausal symptoms, menstrual cycle status, and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The BSI results were compared between menopausal and perimenopausal women, and to a normative sample of middle-aged women who were nonpatients. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-nine menopause clinic women completed the questionnaire: 113 perimenopausal and 146 menopausal women. There was significantly greater psychologic distress on the BSI among perimenopausal as compared to menopausal women on the global severity index, and each of the anxiety, hostility, somatization, depression, paranoid, and psychoticism subscales. Perimenopausal women met BSI caseness severity criteria significantly more often than did menopausal women on the global severity index, and on the subscales for depression, anxiety, and psychoticism. On the BSI, menopausal women showed results similar to those of a normative sample of nonpatient middle-aged women. CONCLUSIONS: Perimenopausal women attending menopause clinics have significantly higher levels of psychologic distress meeting case severity criteria on the BSI. Further research is warranted to define the subgroups of perimenopausal women who are at increased risk, in the hopes of developing effective interventions.     

Allelic differences in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism in late-life depression.

OBJECTIVE: The Val66Met polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene is associated with cognitive and neuroimaging changes. The authors examined the relationship between this polymorphism and depression in an elderly sample, hypothesizing that the Met66 allele would be associated with late-life depression. METHODS: A total of 245 elderly depressed white subjects and 94 elderly comparison white subjects completed clinical assessments and provided a blood sample for genotyping. Subjects were dichotomized as either homozygous for the Val66 allele or Met66 allele carriers. Gene frequencies were compared between groups, with separate analyses examining for differences in gene frequencies based on age of depression onset, family history, and depression history. Logistic regression models examined the relationship between genotype and depression after controlling for age, sex, and race. RESULTS: Depressed subjects were more likely to be Met66 allele carriers than were comparison subjects (38.8% versus 24.4%; chi(2) = 6.13, 1 df, p = 0.0133). This relationship remained significant after controlling for covariates (Wald chi(2) = 5.10, 1 df, p = 0.024; odds ratio: 1.92, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-3.38). There were no significant relationships between genotype and age of onset, number of episodes, or family history of depression. CONCLUSION: Met66 allele carriers have almost double the odds of having geriatric depression than do Val66 allele homozygotes. This polymorphism was unrelated to other clinical characteristics of depression in later life.     

Neuropsychological test profiles in schizophrenia and non-psychotic depression

OBJECTIVE: The study examined to what degree schizophrenia is characterized by a neuropsychological (NP) test profile specific in shape and level compared with depression and normal functioning. METHOD: Fifty-three patients with schizophrenia, 45 with non-psychotic depression, and 50 normals were assessed with a comprehensive NP test battery and clinical instruments. NP test scores were factor analyzed into seven composite scores. RESULTS: Schizophrenia patients performed significantly below normals across all seven composite scores, whereas depression patients were impaired in two. Verbal memory was most impaired. Sixty-two percent of schizophrenia patients were moderately or severely impaired, the corresponding figure for depression was 28%. Impairment was moderately associated with IQ level and clinical symptom load in schizophrenia, but not in depression. CONCLUSION: Schizophrenia is characterized by deficits across a wide range of NP functions. Thirty-eight percent of the patients are within normal limits. A mild and limited NP disturbance is apparent in depression.     

PET imaging of serotonin type 2A receptors in late-life neuropsychiatric disorders

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are abnormalities in the in vivo status of the serotonin type 2A (5-HT2A) receptor in late-life depression and Alzheimer's disease, the authors used positron emission tomography (PET) to assess patients with these two conditions and healthy subjects. METHOD: PET was performed by using [18F]altanserin to evaluate 5-HT2A receptor binding in 11 elderly patients with depression (four men, seven women; mean age = 65.0 years, SD = 5.5); nine Alzheimer's disease patients, including three with concurrent depression (two men, seven women; mean age = 69.7 years, SD = 5.0); and 10 age-matched healthy subjects (four men, six women; mean age = 69.8 years, SD = 5.0). Partial-volume correction of regional specific binding estimates was performed by using a method based on magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: No significant abnormalities in [18F]altanserin binding (binding potential) were observed in the patients with late-life depression, and no effect of depression on binding potential was present within the Alzheimer's disease group. However, the patients with Alzheimer's disease had significantly lower binding than the normal subjects in several brain regions, including the anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, and sensorimotor cortex. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the 5-HT2A receptor is differentially affected in late-life depression and Alzheimer's disease, a finding that has implications for the etiological basis of mood and cognitive features of neuropsychiatric disorders of late life.