慢性胃炎伴良性结节状改变与幽门螺杆菌及淋巴滤泡的关系

目的研究慢性胃炎伴良性结节状改变与幽门螺杆菌（Hp）及胃黏膜淋巴滤泡的关系。方法从2004年7月1日-2005年6月30日行内镜检查患者中，筛选出胃窦黏膜有良性结节样改变者为研究对象，在患者胃窦黏膜处喷洒靛胭脂作色素内镜观察，确定有结节状形态改变，并在有明显结节处取活检组织3块，其中1块立刻作Hp快速试验，判定有无Hp感染；另外2块送病理检查，观察胃黏膜淋巴滤泡形成和淋巴细胞浸润情况，并采用亚甲蓝-硼酸染色法进一步明确诊断Hp感染情况。结果将胃黏膜良性结节状改变的慢性胃炎患者分为三组：结节性胃炎组、萎缩性胃炎组和疣状胃炎组，患者平均年龄分别为（31．OO±11．62）岁、（58．61±12．14）岁和（51．29±12．99）岁，其中结节性胃炎组患者发病年龄最小（P〈0．01）；Hp感染率分别为92．86％、82．56％和69．89％，其中结节性胃炎组的感染率明显高于其他两组（P〈0．01）；有淋巴组织增生所见依次为94．90％、27．9％、18．28％，其中结节性胃炎患者淋巴组织增生明显高于其他胃炎患者（P〈0．01）。伴有结节样改变的萎缩性胃炎患者中萎缩和肠化生百分率分别为100％和59．3％，远高于疣状胃炎组的7．53％、8．60％和结节状胃炎组的4．03％、0．00％。结论在三种常见的胃黏膜良性结节状改变的胃炎中，结节性胃炎与Hp感染及胃黏膜淋巴滤泡形成之间存在密切相关性。可以把Hp感染及淋巴组织滤泡形成和淋巴细胞浸润作为诊断结节性胃炎的病理诊断依据。     

老年人胃黏膜肠上皮化生与幽门螺杆菌感染相关性分析

目的 了解老年慢性胃炎患者肠上皮化生与幽门螺杆菌感染之间的相关关系.方法 2008年1月至2009年12月在本院接受胃镜检查的60岁及以上的慢性胃炎患者499例,根据病理结果分为肠化生组186例和非肠化生组313例,分别观察每组胃黏膜的幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染、中性粒细胞浸润、腺体萎缩、淋巴滤泡等病理表现.结果 肠化生组...     

幽门螺杆菌与小儿结节性胃炎的关系分析

目的 探讨小儿结节性胃炎的临床特点及与幽门螺杆菌(Hp)的关系,以提高对它的认识.方法 分析我院诊断的小儿结节性胃炎患者内镜、病理表现,以及Hp感染情况和根除治疗的效果.结果 28例结节性胃炎患者中,内镜下表现以胃窦部为主,可扩展至胃体部,为色泽均匀的结节样或颗粒样改变.Hp感染率96.42%,病理检查显示胃黏膜多呈中～重度炎症改变,淋巴滤泡发生率67.86%.明显高于非结节性胃炎.经给予质子泵抑制剂为基础的三联疗法根除治疗后,随着Hp的根除,临床症状消失,胃镜下结节状表现消失,病理炎症程度减轻,淋巴滤泡也随之消失.结论 小儿结节性胃炎为Hp感染的一种特殊征象,是慢性胃炎的一种特殊内镜下表现,是Hp感染的内镜指标,提示对小儿结节性胃炎应考虑Hp根除治疗.     

幽门螺杆菌感染与胃粘膜淋巴组织增生

应用６种方法检测２５６例胃粘膜活检标本的幽门螺杆菌（Ｈｐ），总检出率为７０．７０％，其顺序为活动性胃炎＞非活动性胃炎＞正常胃粘膜，慢性萎缩性胃炎＞浅表－萎缩性胃炎＞慢性浅表性胃炎＞正常胃粘膜。胃粘膜淋巴滤泡检出率为４３．３６％，其顺序与Ｈｐ检出率相同。有淋巴滤泡形成者Ｈｐ检出率显著高于无淋巴滤泡形成者（８１．４８％比６５．４９％，Ｐ＜０．００１）；淋巴滤泡形成与腺上皮萎缩和肠上皮化生关系密切。结果提示，Ｈｐ感染诱导的胃粘膜淋巴组织增生及其伴随的免疫反应可能是Ｈｐ相关性胃炎出现胃粘膜腺体萎缩的主要机制。     

结节性胃炎27例临床分析

结节性胃炎是由幽门螺杆菌（H．pylori）感染引起的一种特殊类型的胃炎，胃镜下表现为以胃窦部为主，可扩展至体部的色泽均匀的结节状或颗粒状改变，也有人形象地称之为鸡皮样胃炎，在内镜下常被忽视或误诊为慢性萎缩性胃炎。现将我院近2年来确诊的结节性胃炎病例27例总结报告如下。     

胃镜病理肠上皮化生的意义研究

在我国,胃癌患者的病死例数占所有因癌症病死例数的约1／4,胃癌年患病率和病死率均是世界平均水平的2倍以上。慢性非特异性胃炎是发生胃癌的危险因素,其病因主要是各种理化因素对胃黏膜造成的损伤,以及幽门螺杆菌（Hp）感染。长期慢性炎症可导致胃黏膜腺体萎缩,因此慢性胃炎分为慢性非萎缩性（浅表性）胃炎和慢性萎缩性胃炎,而萎缩性胃炎又分为胃体型、胃窦型或全胃型。肠上皮化生的出现是萎缩的最可靠证据。本文总结我院胃镜病理检查发现肠化生病例的特点,以期提高慢性胃炎的临床诊断水平,合理指导患者的治疗和随访,同时注意避免过度强调肠化生的危险,造成患者心理负担过重以及不必要的频繁复诊。     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

幽门螺杆菌及胃粘膜肠上皮化生与CD_(44)V_6表达的关系

目的　探讨幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)感染及慢性萎缩性胃窦炎伴肠上皮化生与CD4 4V6表达程度之间的关系。方法　以单克隆抗体及免疫组化技术等方法对Hp阴性单纯慢性胃炎、Hp阴性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生、Hp阳性萎缩性胃窦炎伴肠上皮化生、胃窦腺癌的胃镜下活检组织标本进行测定分析。结果　在Hp阴性单纯性胃炎组粘膜上皮未见CD4 4V6表达 ,Hp阴性萎缩性胃窦炎伴肠上皮化生、Hp阳性萎缩性胃窦炎伴肠上皮化生、胃窦腺癌各组CD4 4V6表达程度依次逐渐升高 ,各组之间比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　CD4 4V6的表达可能是上皮细胞癌前病变出现的早期生物学信号 ,肠上皮化生细胞可能诱导CD4 4V6的表达 ,而Hp感染则有促进这种诱导表达的作用。     

胃黏膜保护剂与慢性胃炎

慢性胃炎是由各种病因引起的胃黏膜慢性炎性反应。根据内镜及病理组织学改变，通常将慢性胃炎分为非萎缩性（浅表性）胃炎及萎缩性胃炎。前者是指胃黏膜层仅有淋巴细胞和浆细胞为主的浸润性改变，而无腺体萎缩；后者指胃黏膜腺体萎缩并常伴化生性改变（肠化或假幽门腺化生）。胃黏膜损伤和修复过程的演变，使慢性胃炎的病理组织变化多端，可表现为炎性反应、萎缩和化生，甚至异型增生。     

慢性胃炎结节状改变与幽门螺杆菌感染的关系研究

目的　探讨慢性胃炎结节状改变与幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)感染的关系。方法　对 2 0 0 1～2 0 0 2年中胃镜检查发现的慢性胃炎结节状改变患者进行Hp检测 ,对Hp阳性患者 ,进行Hp根除治疗 ,随访 6个月 ,观察其胃镜下的改变。结果　 4 939例胃镜检查患者中共发现 1 3例慢性胃炎结节状改变 ,占检查总人数的 0 2 6 %。平均年龄 2 9岁 ,均为女性患者。主要症状均为上腹部疼痛。所有患者均有Hp感染。Hp根除成功后 ,症状和胃镜下结节状表现消失 ,病理证实胃黏膜下淋巴滤泡也随之消失。结论　慢性胃炎结节状改变可作为Hp阳性胃炎的内镜下的表现之一。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.