肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病临床病理学观察

目的 探讨肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病（pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis，PLAM）的临床病理及影像学特点，提高对该病的认识。方法 对7例PLAM患者的临床特点、肺功能改变、影像学及病理学检查进行回顾性分析，并采用免疫组化方法检测podoplanin、α—SMA、HMB-45、ER、PR、PCNA的表达状况。其中1例患者死后行尸体解剖，对其全身各脏器进行病理组织切片观察。结果 PLAM几乎均发生于育龄期妇女，主要临床症状为进行性呼吸困难、反复气胸及乳糜胸。肺部高分辨率CT（HRCT）显示典型的弥漫性薄壁囊状阴影。病理检查显示未成熟平滑肌细胞在细支气管壁、肺泡壁、淋巴管壁和血管壁周围增生，形成结节状。1例尸解病例除肺部病变外，PLAM病变尚累及肾脏、淋巴结、肠道、胆囊、子宫及软组织等部位，病变的发生与血管及淋巴管密切相关。免疫组化染色显示7例增生PLAM细胞内α-SMA、HMB-45及podoplanin均呈强阳性表达，4例ER及PR均阳性，2例仅ER阳性，1例ER及PR均阴性。结论 PLAM常累及全身多个系统，但肺是主要累及的器官。目前研究推测其为良性转移性疾病，尚无有效治疗方法。育龄期妇女如出现进行性呼吸困难、气胸、乳糜胸及HRCT表现为弥漫小囊状改变时，应考虑到PLAM可能，确诊需行肺活检病理学检查。     

肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病临床病理学特征

目的探讨肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(pulmonarylymphangioleiomyomatosis,PLAM)临床和病理特征。方法对3例PLAM患者的临床资料、HE及免疫组化染色结果进行分析,并结合文献进行复习。结果PLAM是一种持续发展的弥漫性肺疾病。只发生在女性,特别是绝经前妇女。临床表现为反复发作的自发性气胸、活动后呼吸困难、咯血和乳糜胸等。高分辨率CT(HRCT)可见两肺弥漫性分布的薄壁小囊状改变。组织学特点为肺淋巴管、小气道、小血管的管壁及其周围的平滑肌细胞弥漫性异常增生。免疫组化结果显示3例均表达HMB-45、SMA、actin、MMP-2、desmin,2例表达PR、ER。经随访,有2例死亡。结论育龄期妇女发生渐进性呼吸困难,并反复出现气胸,胸部HRCT示两肺弥漫性分布薄壁囊状改变,临床上应考虑到PLAM的可能,最好能行肺组织活检明确诊断。PLAM在影像学与病理组织学上有特征性表现,免疫组化HMB-45阳性具特异性,预后较差。     

肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病临床病理特征观察及文献复习

目的探讨肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病(pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis，PLAM)组织学、免疫组化及预后特点。方法对2例PLAM经支气管肺活检组织，进行组织学观察及免疫组化检测，并复习文献进行研究。结果2例PLAM均为育龄期女性。本病具有一定的形态学和免疫组化特征，肺淋巴管、血管和小气道周围异常平滑肌细胞弥漫性增生，分两种类型：囊肿为主型和平滑肌为主型。2例组织形态学相似，异常平滑肌细胞呈梭形，多边形及上皮样，核大，不规则多形性，可见核仁和核内包涵体，未见核分裂象。免疫组化梭形、多边形及上皮样细胞表达HMB45、SMA、actin和ER、PR阳性。结论PLAM是罕见的肺慢性进行性恶化的肿瘤性疾病。PLAM病理组织学评分(LAM histologic score．LHS)是评价PLAM预后的指标。依据临床和组织学特点，结合免疫组化染色可以作出明确诊断。     

淋巴管肌瘤病10例临床病理分析

目的探讨淋巴管肌瘤病(lymphangiomyomatosis,LAM)临床、病理特征。方法收集10例LAM临床资料进行分析,复习HE切片,采用免疫组化EnVision法检测α-SMA、HMB-45、D2-40、PR、ER,并进行文献复习。结果女性9例,年龄17～53岁,平均39岁,男性1例,年龄19岁,6例影像考虑为肺LAM,胸部CT平扫+高分辨显示:双侧肺野内可见弥漫型分布大小不一小囊样透过度增高影,9例有乳糜胸水或腹水。1例纵隔肿物,4例腹膜后肿物,上腹部CT平扫+增强+三维重建显示:腹膜后可见多个囊状低密度影。4例左锁骨上淋巴结肿大,1例肠系膜淋巴结肿大,1例腹主动脉旁淋巴结肿大,1例腹股沟淋巴结肿大。病理学检查显示淋巴管周围不同成熟度平滑肌细胞和上皮样细胞增生。免疫组织化学显示10例LAM增生的细胞均表达α-SMA和D2-40,其中8例HMB-45阳性,5例PR阳性,3例ER阳性。结论组织学形态结合临床、影像及免疫组化染色(D2-40、HMB-45、SMA)可确定LAM的诊断。     

肺淋巴管肌瘤病的临床病理分析

目的 探讨肺淋巴管肌瘤病（pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis,PLAM)的发病特点、临床病理特征及预后.方法 对7例PLAM进行临床资料分析、组织形态观察及免疫组化研究,并复习相关文献.结果 7例均为女性,临床表现为进行性呼吸困难、自发性气胸,X线及CT示双肺弥漫性、多发性小囊肿,镜下见异常平滑肌样细胞围绕支气管、血管和淋巴管分布,并向周围延伸;HMB-45、SMA、ER和PR可均阳性.结论 PLAM是一种罕见的肺疾病,以平滑肌细胞样的异常增生及浸润为特点,根据临床和组织形态特点,结合免疫表型可确诊,HMB-45对该病具有诊断意义.     

子宫内膜间质肉瘤与转移复发瘤的形态特点

目的探讨子宫内膜间质肉瘤(ESS)和转移复发瘤组织形态与免疫组织化学染色特点,及其肿瘤分化特点和鉴别诊断。方法观察15例子宫原发ESS及4例转移复发瘤的组织形态,并用免疫组织化学EnVisonTM二步法检测CD10、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)、AE1/3及α-抑制素的表达,以10例富于细胞平滑肌瘤作对照。结果15例患者发病年龄22～75岁(平均45岁)。组织学分型:7例经典型,3例平滑肌分化型,2例纤维黏液型,3例分化差型,细胞异型明显。4例复发转移瘤中3例组织形态与原发瘤不同。免疫组织化学染色阳性结果:在14例ESS及4例复发转移瘤中CD1015/18、SMA5/18、ER7/18、PR10/18;AE1/3和α-抑制素仅在腺样分化区阳性。平滑肌瘤对照组CD10为1/10、SMA为10/10,表达差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ESS多向分化的特点使其呈现多样的组织形态,且转移复发瘤形态可与原发瘤不同。CD10与SMA联合应用有助于ESS的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

淋巴结血管平滑肌瘤性错构瘤10例临床病理分析

目的探讨淋巴结血管平滑肌瘤性错构瘤的组织学及免疫组化特征。方法对10例淋巴结血管平滑肌瘤性错构瘤进行组织病理学及免疫组化观察,并结合文献进行讨论。结果光镜下见淋巴结部分结构保存,部分间质胶原化,内见厚壁血管及小血管增生,外周为不规则增生的平滑肌束,层次多少不等,平滑肌细胞分化良好,未见核分裂象和坏死。免疫表型显示平滑肌细胞SMA、desmin阳性,HMB45、ER、PR均阴性。结论淋巴结血管平滑肌瘤性错构瘤较为罕见,临床主要表现为腹股沟淋巴结肿大,依据组织病理学及免疫组化染色可作出明确诊断。     

肺淋巴管瘤病11例临床病理分析

目的探讨肺内淋巴管瘤病的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对11例肺内淋巴管瘤病的临床病理资料、HE染色和免疫表型进行分析,并复习相关文献。结果11例患者中男性5例,女性6例,年龄41~79岁,平均58.6岁,中位年龄59岁。病变均发生于外周肺并与胸膜相关,表现为胸膜下结节,肿瘤直径0.7~4.2 cm,平均1.4 cm。镜下见肿瘤细胞呈迷路样、吻合状,衬覆扁平内皮细胞的淋巴管裂隙自胸膜向肺实质内蔓延、侵袭,呈多灶性生长,肿瘤大小超过影像学所见;裂隙周围间隔内散在或多或少的发育不完全的管壁平滑肌束、胶原及淋巴细胞;同时可见细支气管肺泡增生、微结节性平滑肌增生、肉芽肿及神经内分泌细胞增生等继发病变;增生肺泡腔内常见含铁血黄素巨噬细胞。免疫表型:淋巴管内皮D2-40及CD31均阳性,TTF-1阴性;平滑肌desmin阳性,HMB-45及Melan-A均阴性。结论肺内淋巴管瘤病是以淋巴管增生弥漫浸润肺实质为特征的少见病变,需与淋巴管肌瘤病、肺水肿及相关继发病变鉴别;以外周肺结节为表现的局限性淋巴管瘤病手术治疗效果较好。     

肾混合性上皮间质肿瘤和成人囊性肾瘤的临床病理学观察

目的 探讨肾混合性上皮间质肿瘤(MEST)和成人囊性肾瘤的临床病理学特点、免疫表型和鉴别诊断.方法 通过HE和免疫组织化学染色(EnVision法)分析5例MEST和4例囊性肾瘤,并复习有关文献.结果 5例MEST均为女性,中位年龄45岁;囊性肾瘤中男性3例,女性1例,中位年龄41岁;临床表现为腰痛或血尿.大体观察:MEST界清无包膜,切面未见明显出血坏死,其中3例旱实性,1例呈囊实性,另1例呈多囊性其间为厚的纤维分隔;囊性肾瘤有包膜,切面呈多囊性,囊壁薄,无实区和坏死厌.镜下观察:MEST由不等量增生、囊性扩张的腺上皮与不同排列方式的梭形间质细胞混合组成,两种细胞成分无明显异形,2例局部衬覆子宫内膜样或输卵管样上皮;囊性肾瘤为多房囊腔组织,囊壁薄,内衬单层上皮.免疫表型:9例上皮细胞CKpan、上皮细胞膜抗原(EMA)均呈阳性表达;MEST间质梭形细胞波形蛋白(5/5)、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA,3/5)、结蛋白(4/5)、CD10(5/5)、ER(4/5)和PR(4/5)呈阳性表达,HMB45、CD34、CD117和S-100蛋白呈阴性;囊性肾瘤间质成分波形蛋白(4/4)、SMA(4/4)、结蛋白(1/4)阳性,ER(3/4)和PR(1/4)少量细胞阳性,CDIO、HMB45、CD34、CDll7和S-100蛋白呈阴性.结论 (1)MEST和囊性肾瘤均是少见的肾脏肿瘤,大多为良性.(2)MEST间叶细胞呈不同程度的平滑肌或肌纤维母细胞分化;2例有MaUerian管上皮分化特征.(3)MEST和成人囊性肾瘤在形态学和免疫表型上有很多相似性,可能为位于同一肿瘤谱系两端的肿瘤.     

子宫奇异型平滑肌瘤的临床病理分析

目的探讨子宫奇异型平滑肌瘤组织形态、免疫组织化学及生物学行为特征.方法对25例子宫奇异型平滑肌瘤进行瘤体大体及镜下观察;20例行平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)免疫组织化学SP和ABC法染色,20例子宫富于细胞性平滑肌瘤作为对照组;并行临床资料分析及跟踪随访.结果临床主要表现为阴道不规则出血、腹痛和盆腔包块,1例合并大量腹水,2例合并妊娠,无应用孕酮类药物者.镜下部分或全部胞核奇异,双核或多核易见,核内多见1至数个较大红染包涵体样物(直径7～26 μm),核分裂象0～2/10高倍视野(HPF).20例奇异型平滑肌瘤做 SMA染色,全部奇异瘤细胞胞质呈肌源性表达,与对照组相同;PCNA染色,观察组15例(75.0%)呈弱阳性,与对照组相比,差异有显著意义(P=0.027);在观察组中18例(90.0%)ER呈阴性表达,表现有ER丢失现象,对照组则全部阳性,两组相比差异有极显著性意义,P＜0.005;PR两组均呈阳性;同时发现大部分核内包涵体样物呈肌源性表达,即SMA阳性.长期随访无复发.结论子宫奇异型平滑肌瘤虽形态奇异,但属良性肿瘤.本组形态学变化与外源性孕酮药物无关,与妊娠关系应予以关注.免疫组织化学表达有一定特征,应与平滑肌肉瘤及恶性潜能待定平滑肌瘤进行鉴别.     

Identifying patients with suspected lung cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of an algorithm

BackgroundLung cancer has one of the lowest survival outcomes of any cancer because more then two-thirds of patients are diagnosed when curative treatment is not possible. The challenge is to help earlier diagnosis of lung cancer and hence improve prognosis.AimTo derive and validate an algorithm incorporating information on symptoms, to estimate the absolute risk of having lung cancerMethodSelected patients were aged 30-84 years and free of lung cancer at baseline and haemoptysis, loss of appetite, orweight loss in previous 12 months. Primary outcome was incident diagnosis of lung cancer recorded in the next 2 years. Risk factors examined were: haemoptysis, appetite loss, weight loss, cough, dyspnoea, tiredness, hoarseness, smoking, body mass index, deprivation score, family history of lung cancer, other cancers, asthma, chronic obstructive airways disease, pneumonia, asbestos exposure, and anaemia. Cox proportional hazards models with age as the underlying time variable were used to develop separate risk equations in males and females. Measures of calibration and discrimination assessed performance in the validation cohort.ResultsThere were 3785 incident cases of lung cancer arising from 4 289 282 person-years in the derivation cohort. Independent predictors were haemoptysis, appetite loss, weight loss, cough, body mass index, deprivation score, smoking status, chronic obstructive airways disease, anaemia, and prior cancer (females only). On validation, the algorithms explained 72% of the variation. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) statistics were 0.92 for both females and males. The D statistic was 3.25 for females and 3.29 for males. The 10% of patients with the highest predicted risks included 77% of all lung cancers diagnosed over the subsequent 2 years.ConclusionThe algorithm has good discrimination and calibration and could potentially be used to identify those at highest risk of lung cancer, to facilitate early referral and investigation.     

Recurrence of lymphangioleiomyomatosis after single lung transplantation: new insights into pathogenesis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease found primarily in white women of childbearing age. The present study describes a case of recurrent LAM after single lung transplantation. Double-staining nonisotopic in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and short tandem repeat loci analysis demonstrated that the recurrent LAM lesions originated from the recipient. The data strongly support that metastatic spread of LAM cells or migration of progenitor cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of LAM.     

Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis

A clinicomorphological analysis of 41 pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (PLAM) cases has been performed. Focal (7 cases) and diffuse (34 cases) forms were identified. Expression of NMB-45, desmin, actin, vimentin prove myogenic nature of the disease and confirm combination of two morphogenesis directions - proliferation of smooth muscle cells at the active phase of the growth and fibrosis at late stages. The presence of estrogen and progesteron receptors in smooth muscle cells shows hormonal dependance of cell proliferation. Thus, LAM is multisystem disease linked with abdominal tumors (angiomyolipomas, angioleiomyomas). Prognosis in the focal form is favourable, that in the diffuse form- unfavourable.     

Cystic fibrohistiocytic tumours presenting in the lung: primary or metastatic disease?

AIMS: Cystic fibrohistiocytic tumour of the lung is a rare proliferative process. Its histogenesis is uncertain, but evidence suggests that some cases represent metastatic disease from apparently indolent skin lesions, namely cellular fibrous histiocytomas. This study presents four cases and reviews the literature concerning this pattern of disease and its aetiology. METHODS AND RESULTS: All patients were male (age range 35-54 years). Two presented with recurrent haemoptysis. Two cases had histories of cutaneous fibrohistiocytic lesions in the chest wall, excised 10 and 23 years prior to presentation with lung disease. Imaging data showed multiple bilateral cystic lung lesions in all four patients with nodular cavitating opacities seen on high-resolution computed tomography scans. Microscopy showed variably dilated thin-walled cystic airspaces lined by cuboidal epithelium and an underlying layer of mildly pleomorphic spindle cells with slightly wavy morphology and storiform architecture, admixed with inflammatory cells. Tumour cells stained for CD68 in three of four cases. All cases were negative for CD34. All patients were alive with disease, although one required pneumonectomy for intractable haemoptysis. CONCLUSION: This study and a review of published cases show that the majority of cystic fibrohistiocytic tumours of the lung probably represent metastases from cellular fibrous histiocytomas. However, rare cases may be either primary in origin or the primary site remains occult; the term cystic fibrohistiocytic tumour remains appropriate for such cases.     

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: Recurrence after single lung transplantation

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease which afflicts young women of childbearing age. Recently, it has been listed as an indication for lung transplantation. We describe a case of recurrent LAM in a 31-year-old woman occurring in the allograft of a male donor after single lung transplantation. Nonisotopic in situ hybridization shows that the smooth muscle cell proliferation is of donor origin.     

Tissue-specific renin-angiotensin system in pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), a multisystem disease found in middle-aged women, is characterized by cystic lung destruction and abdominal tumors (e.g., angiomyolipomas, lymphangioleimyomas), resulting from proliferation of abnormal-appearing, smooth muscle-like cells (LAM cells). The LAM cells, in combination with other cells, form nodular structures within the lung interstitium and in the walls of the cysts. LAM cells contain mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex TSC1 and/or TSC2 genes, which lead to dysregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin, affecting cell growth and proliferation. Proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and production of angiogenic factors are regulated, in part, by angiotensin II. To determine whether a LAM-specific renin-angiotensin system might play a role in the pathogenesis of LAM, we investigated the expression of genes and gene products of this system in LAM nodules. mRNA for angiotensinogen was present in RNA isolated by laser-captured microdissection from LAM nodules. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme and chymase-producing mast cells were present within the LAM nodules. We detected renin in LAM cells, as determined by the presence of mRNA and immunohistochemistry. Angiotensin II type 1 and type II receptors were identified in LAM cells by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting of microdissected LAM nodules. Angiotensin II is localized in cells containing alpha-smooth muscle actin (LAM cells). A LAM-specific renin-angiotensin system appears to function within the LAM nodule as an autocrine system that could promote LAM cell proliferation and migration, and could represent a pharmacologic target.     

Matrix proteoglycans and remodelling of interstitial lung tissue in lymphangioleiomyomatosis

The interstitial lung disease lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is characterized by diffuse proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which in many patients show TSC2 (tuberin) gene mutations, in addition to thickening of interstitial tissues, loss of alveoli, and the development of cystic spaces. While SMC proliferation is the defining feature of LAM, a significant proportion of LAM lung tissue consists of expanded interstitial connective tissue that is negative for smooth muscle actin and TSC2 mutations. The importance of this actin-negative interstitial tissue to the pathophysiology of LAM is not clear. The present study has determined the contribution of this interstitial tissue to LAM lung volume by morphometric analysis and has examined its cell and matrix proteoglycan composition by immunohistochemistry. Lung tissue from nine LAM patients and four control subjects was examined. LAM lung contained twice as much interstitial tissue as control lung (27% versus 13% of total lung volume), with SMCs accounting for less than 25% of the interstitial volume. Areas of interstitial tissue stained strongly for the matrix proteoglycans versican and biglycan. Decorin was prominent in association with collagen bundles. SMCs did not stain, or stained lightly, for proteoglycans. Versican and biglycan deposits were closely associated with actin-negative interstitial fibroblasts identified by prolyl 4-hydroxylase immuno-staining. Comparatively normal alveolar walls in LAM lung also stained strongly for versican and had a reduced elastin content. Thickened interstitial regions contained significant amounts of elastin (approximately 13% of interstitial volume) but with fibres in disorganized patterns. Elastic fibres were absent from areas that stained strongly for versican and biglycan. These areas also showed weak staining for elastin binding protein (EBP), consistent with proteoglycan-induced shedding of EBP and inhibition of elastic fibre formation. These findings point to a significant contribution from matrix proteoglycans to the expanded and remodelled interstitial lung tissue of LAM patients.