注射用氨磷汀安全性研究

目的研究注射用氨磷汀的安全性,为临床应用提供依据。方法进行豚鼠全身主动过敏试验(ASA),首先隔日每只豚鼠每次腹腔注射供试品,共3次,再于首次注射后第14日和第21日由耳缘静脉注射供试品,观察动物过敏反应;进行大鼠被动皮肤过敏试验(PCA),大鼠皮内注射抗体血清,静脉注射伊文思蓝,观察蓝色反应斑;进行体外溶血试验,观察供试品在3h内有无溶血和凝聚现象;进行血管刺激试验,家兔连续5 d耳缘静脉注射供试品,观察其对注射局部血管的刺激。结果注射用氨磷汀豚鼠全身主动过敏性试验及大鼠被动皮肤过敏性试验均未见过敏反应;体外溶血试验在3 h内未见溶血和凝聚现象;血管刺激性试验病理组织学检查未见血管刺激性反应。结论注射用氨磷汀安全、可靠。     

丁酸氯倍他松乳膏的家兔皮肤刺激性和豚鼠皮肤过敏性研究

目的:研究国产仿制药丁酸氯倍他松乳膏的皮肤刺激性和过敏性,并与市售品(原研药品)进行对比。方法:采用家兔进行皮肤刺激性实验,将24只家兔随机分为供试品完整皮肤组、供试品破损皮肤组、市售品完整皮肤组和市售品破损皮肤组,每组6只。在家兔背部左侧完整或破损皮肤给予0.5 m L供试品或市售品,右侧给予等量的赋形剂,每天给药2次,连续7 d。观察药物对家兔皮肤的刺激性,对皮肤红斑和水肿进行评分,并在末次给药结束后72 h及停药7 d后取给药部位皮肤进行组织病理学检查。采用豚鼠进行皮肤过敏性实验(Buehler实验),将60只豚鼠随机分为供试品组(20只)、市售品组(20只)、阳性对照组(10只)和赋形剂对照组(10只)。分别于第0、7、14天对豚鼠左侧肋腹部皮肤给予相应受试物(0.2 mL/只)进行致敏,第28天在右侧肋腹部给予相应受试物(0.2 m L/只)进行激发。激发后24、48 h观察豚鼠皮肤红斑、水肿等过敏反应症状并进行评分,同时计算过敏反应发生率。结果:在家兔皮肤刺激性实验中,供试品和市售品对家兔完整皮肤均未引起红斑和水肿等刺激性症状,皮肤刺激评分为0,皮肤刺激强度为无刺激性;供试品和市售品均引起个别家兔破损皮肤出现短暂性轻微的红斑,皮肤刺激评分为0～0.33分,皮肤刺激强度为无刺激性;各组之间无统计学差异;病理检查均未见组织病理学改变。在豚鼠皮肤过敏性实验中,供试品和市售品激发给药后豚鼠皮肤未见红斑和水肿等过敏反应,评分均为0,过敏反应发生率为0;与赋形剂对照组比较,供试品组和市售品组的评分和过敏反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论:在家兔皮肤刺激性实验和豚鼠皮肤过敏性实验中,丁酸氯倍他松乳膏仿制药与原研药评价结果一致,对家兔皮肤无刺激性,对豚鼠皮肤无过敏性。     

注射用帕瑞昔布钠特殊安全性评价

目的 评价注射用帕瑞昔布钠的安全性。方法 全身主动过敏实验：豚鼠隔日ip注射用帕瑞昔布钠（供试品,20 mg/mL）、原研对照、生理盐水或人血清白蛋白3次,于末次致敏后第14、21天进行激发,观察激发后30 min内动物反应;被动皮肤过敏实验：在豚鼠背部分别sc不同稀释度的抗体血清0.1 mL进行被动致敏,24 h后iv激发,30 min后处死,测量皮肤内层的蓝斑大小;家兔血管刺激性实验：连续耳iv供试品5 d后,于给药结束及恢复期取双耳进行HE染色,观察其对注射部位血管的刺激性;体外溶血实验观察供试品3 h内有无溶血现象。结果 20 mg/mL注射用帕瑞昔布钠无豚鼠全身过敏现象及被动皮肤过敏反应,未见血管刺激性;未见溶血现象发生。结论 20 mg/mL注射用帕瑞昔布钠无明显过敏反应、刺激性、溶血现象,是安全的。     

基因重组鲎试剂检测促肝细胞生长素注射液中细菌内毒素含量适用性研究

目的 探讨基因重组鲎试剂用于测定促肝细胞生长素注射液中细菌内毒素含量的适用性。方法 分别使用基因重组鲎试剂和天然美洲鲎试剂建立细菌内毒素标准曲线，采用供试品干扰试验测定供试品溶液中外加内毒素的回收比，采用动态显色法测定供试品中细菌内毒素含量，并比较2种鲎试剂检测结果的差异。结果 2种鲎试剂细菌内毒素浓度在0.008～5 EU/mL范围内与反应时间线性关系较好（|r|≥0.998）。供试品在稀释2倍或20倍时对反应无干扰，细菌内毒素回收比均在50%～200%之间，26批供试品的细菌内毒素含量均小于限值（37.5 EU/mL）。2种鲎试剂细菌内毒素含量检测结果无显著差异（P> 0.05）。结论 该研究中建立了该制剂细胞内毒素的定量检测方法，准确性和灵敏度好，可用于该产品生产、流通环节细菌内毒素的质量控制。     

口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗中庆大霉素残留量检测方法的验证

目的  验证口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（人二倍体细胞）中庆大霉素残留量的检测方法。方法  应用庆大霉素ELISA试剂盒建立庆大霉素残留量的检测方法。对该方法标准曲线的线性、线性范围内的准确度、精密度、专属性、耐用性、检测限及定量限进行验证。结果  验证的标准曲线线性良好,相关系数>0.98。该法检测高、中、低浓度的庆大霉素标准品的回收率为92.7%～123.6%;检测同一批次的供试品的相对标准偏差为8%;不同试验人员检测同一批次供试品和不同批次试剂盒检测同一批次供试品,相对标准偏差均<15%;庆大霉素加样回收率为95.9%～121.3%;该法在（37±1） ℃温度范围内耐用性良好;该法测定庆大霉素的检测限为0.040 ng/ml,定量限为0.135 ng/ml。结论  用于检测口服脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（人二倍体细胞）中庆大霉素残留量的方法是有效的。     

胎盘血浆代用品的制备及其临床应用的初步报告

目前我国内各省市医院的输血,多采用正常健康之成人血液作为输血来源。但现在由于血源供应困难,已不能满足临床实际之需要。因此寻找血液代用品,就成为我们血库输血工作者的重要任务。我们在学习了苏联先进输血经验的基础上,研究出利用胎盘制用血浆代用品获得成功。经多次动物试验及临床实际输用,获得了良好的效果。利用胎盘制备血液代用品,不仅解决了一部份血源的供应问题,同时因胎盘为医院中废物之利用。用它来制备血浆代用品,大大的降低了输血成本,减轻了病人的经济负担,增加了国家的收入。此外胎盘乃为人体之同种蛋白,其抗原性和人体血清蛋白抗原性相同。因此用它制备血液代用品,和利用牛、羊、猪血     

羟乙基淀粉40氯化钠注射液中细菌内毒素的检查方法

目的：建立羟乙基淀粉40氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素的检查方法。方法：按《中国药典》2015年版四部通则1143细菌内毒素检查法及相关规定,对3批供试品分别用凝胶限度试验和动态浊度法进行干扰试验和细菌内毒素检查。结果：3批供试品的内毒素结果都符合规定。结论：羟乙基淀粉40氯化钠注射液可适用细菌内毒素检查法控制质量,其细菌内毒素限值确定为0.50 EU·mL-1。     

不同品种滴眼液细菌内毒素检查方法建立与风险分析

目的 研究建立各品种滴眼液中内毒素定量检测方法,监测内毒素污染,发现风险品种。方法 收集17家企业生产的26个滴眼液品种,采用中国药典2020年版细菌内毒素检查光度法(动态浊度法)对供试品细菌内毒素含量进行定量检测。滴眼剂pH一般为6.0~8.0,符合细菌内毒素检查供试液pH要求标准,不干扰凝胶反应,无需调节可直接取供试品用BET水稀释。试验时一般选择1︰2稀释倍数进行检测,若存在干扰,则选择供试品从原液2倍比稀释,参照中国药典2020年版四部通则1143进行试验,找到供试品最小不干扰稀释倍数,并在此或更大稀释倍数下对其余批次供试品进行细菌内毒素检查。结果 建立了26种滴眼剂动态浊度法细菌内毒素检测方法,根据临床用途和USP对眼用制剂的内毒素限值规定为依据筛选出2个风险品种;发现2个品种细菌内毒素含量存在不同厂家间的显著差异。结论 对于风险品种和同品种不同厂家产品细菌内毒素含量存在显著差异时,应对该品种或生产厂家予以关注。     

复方吲满氨酯注射液无菌检查方法学研究

目的:建立复方吲满氨酯注射液无菌检查方法.方法:根据2010年版<中国药典>无菌检查法验证实验的有关要求,采用薄膜过滤法.将15瓶供试品,全部溶解于约500mL0.9%无菌氯化钠注射液中,供试品按薄膜过滤法,用3只滤筒过滤,每膜用100 mL 0.1%蛋白胨水溶液冲洗.阳性对照菌为金黄色葡萄球菌.结果:供试品组、阴性对...     

硫酸链霉素中焦亚硫酸钠残留量测定方法研究

目的建立一种硫酸链霉素中焦亚硫酸钠残留量的测定方法。方法在酸性条件下，碘与供试品中的还原性物质反应，剩余的碘用硫代硫酸钠滴定，计算焦亚硫酸钠的含量。结果测定10批，焦亚硫酸钠含量均在0．3％以下。结论此方法适用于硫酸链霉素中焦亚硫酸钠残留量测定。     

Studies on the antigenicity of MY-5116

Antigenicity of MY-5116 was studied in the experimental animals and the following results were obtained. MY-5116 was shown to be non-immunogenic in rabbits, guinea pigs and mice when given alone as immunogen. Protein conjugate of MY-5116 induced antibody of hapten specific antibody when using guinea pigs and mice as immunizing species. However, MY-5116 was shown to be not capable of reaction with anti MY-5116-OVA antibodies. Guinea pigs had no skin contact sensitivity against MY-5116 examined by means of maximization test. In conclusion, MY-5116 lacks immunogenicity and eliciting antigenicity in this experimental conditions and this suggests that drug allergic response would either not occur or be minimal, if any, when MY-5116 is administered clinically.     

硫普罗宁注射液安全性试验

目的评价硫普罗宁注射液的安全性。方法对硫普罗宁注射液进行血管刺激性、溶血性、过敏性试验。结果硫普罗宁注射液对家兔耳缘静脉无明显刺激作用,对家兔红细胞无明显体外溶血及致凝集作用,对豚鼠无致过敏作用。结论硫普罗宁注射液用于注射是安全的。     

几种因素在L-天冬酰胺酶化学修饰中对酶活力及抗原性的影响

为了寻求在较好地保持酶活力的同时解除L-天冬酰胺酶抗原性的方法,采用不同分子量的乙酸酐、右旋糖酐和单甲氧基聚乙二醇,作为修饰剂和不同的修饰方法对该酶进行了化学修饰。结果表明在保持酶活性和降低抗原性方面,大分子修饰剂右旋糖酐、单甲氧基聚乙二醇优于小分子乙酸酐,底物保护修饰优于直接修饰;活化PEG,优于活化PEG₁。在底物保护下的PEG,修饰酶其抗原性完全解除的同时,酶活力保持在30%以上。     

Antibodies against polyethylene glycol in healthy subjects and in patients treated with PEG-conjugated agents

In contrast to the accepted general assumption that polyethylene glycol (PEG) is non-immunogenic and non-antigenic, animal studies clearly showed that uricase, ovalbumin and some other PEGylated agents can elicit antibody formation against PEG (anti-PEG). In humans, anti-PEG may limit therapeutic efficacy and/or reduce tolerance of PEG-asparaginase (PEG-ASNase) in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and of pegloticase in patients with chronic gout, but did not impair hyposensitization of allergic patients with mPEG-modified ragweed extract or honeybee venom or the response to PEG-IFN in patients with hepatitis C. Of major importance is the recent finding of a 22 – 25% occurrence of anti-PEG in healthy blood donors, compared with a very low 0.2% occurrence two decades earlier. This increase may be due to an improvement of the limit of detection of antibodies during the years and to greater exposure to PEG and PEG-containing compounds in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and processed food products. These results raise obvious concerns regarding the efficacy of PEG-conjugated drugs for a subset of patients. To address these concerns, the immunogenicity and antigenicity of approved PEGylated compounds should be carefully examined in humans. With all these data in hand, patients should be pre-screened and monitored for anti-PEG prior to and throughout a course of treatment with a PEGylated compound. Finally, protein conjugates with the poorly immunogenic hydroxy-PEG sequence or other hydrophilic polymers are in early phases of development and may represent an alternative to immunogenic PEGylated proteins.     

Antibodies against polyethylene glycol in healthy subjects and in patients treated with PEG-conjugated agents

In contrast to the accepted general assumption that polyethylene glycol (PEG) is non-immunogenic and non-antigenic, animal studies clearly showed that uricase, ovalbumin and some other PEGylated agents can elicit antibody formation against PEG (anti-PEG). In humans, anti-PEG may limit therapeutic efficacy and/or reduce tolerance of PEG-asparaginase (PEG-ASNase) in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and of pegloticase in patients with chronic gout, but did not impair hyposensitization of allergic patients with mPEG-modified ragweed extract or honeybee venom or the response to PEG-IFN in patients with hepatitis C. Of major importance is the recent finding of a 22 - 25% occurrence of anti-PEG in healthy blood donors, compared with a very low 0.2% occurrence two decades earlier. This increase may be due to an improvement of the limit of detection of antibodies during the years and to greater exposure to PEG and PEG-containing compounds in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and processed food products. These results raise obvious concerns regarding the efficacy of PEG-conjugated drugs for a subset of patients. To address these concerns, the immunogenicity and antigenicity of approved PEGylated compounds should be carefully examined in humans. With all these data in hand, patients should be pre-screened and monitored for anti-PEG prior to and throughout a course of treatment with a PEGylated compound. Finally, protein conjugates with the poorly immunogenic hydroxy-PEG sequence or other hydrophilic polymers are in early phases of development and may represent an alternative to immunogenic PEGylated proteins.     

Pharmacokinetics of PEG-Hemoglobin SB1, a hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier,after its intravenous administration in beagle dogs

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of PEG-hemoglobin SB1, a modified bovine hemoglobin with polyethylene glycol, after its single and multiple administration in beagle dogs. For this purpose, the analytical method of free hemoglobin in the plasma was developed and validated. Excellent linearity (r2=0.999) was observed in the calibration curve data, with the limit of quantification of 0.005 g/dL. The precision and the deviation of the theoretical values for accuracy were always within +/-15% in both the between- and the within-day results. The method was tested by measuring the plasma concentrations following intravenous administration to beagle dogs and was shown to be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies. In a single dose study, the plasma half-life (t1/2) increased and the total body clearance (CLt) decreased with the dose (i.e., 0.017 to 0.75 gHb/kg as PEG-hemoglobin SB1) in both sexes. The volume of distribution at steady-state (Vd(ss)) showed no difference with the dose. In contrast, the values of t1/2, CLt and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) after the multiple dose were significantly different from those of the single dose administration. The values of t1/2 in the multiple administration were about two times higher than that of the single dose. As a result, t1/2 of hemoglobin after the administration of PEG-hemoglobin SB1 was about 15-30 h, indicating the PEG modification of the hemoglobin lead to a prolongation of plasma concentration of the protein. Therefore, these observations suggested that the PEG modification of hemoglobin is potentially applicable in the hemoglobin-based therapeutics.     

注射用复方甘草酸单铵安全性评价试验

本试验对注射用复方甘草酸单铵进行了过敏性、溶血性和血管刺激性试验。结果表明:注射用复方甘草酸单铵对豚鼠无致敏作用,对家兔红细胞无明显体外溶血及致凝集作用,对家兔血管无明显刺激作用,亦未引起血管周围组织明显病变。     

Evaluation of 6,6'-dithionicotinic acid as alternative chromogen in a modified Ellman method--comparison in various species

For the diagnosis and therapy monitoring of intoxications with organophosphorus compounds, the determination of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in whole blood is crucial. Usually, this testing is done with the colorimetric Ellman test using 412?nm wavelength and 5,5'-dithiobis-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) as chromogen. However, it has been described that the assay sensitivity is impaired by the Soret band of hemoglobin. In order to enable more sensitive determination of AChE activity in human, porcine, rat, and guinea pig whole blood dilutions, we tested the alternative chromogen 6,6'-dithionicotinic acid (DTNA) with an optimal absorption wavelength of 340?nm and compared it with a modified Ellman assay using a wavelength of 436?nm. DTNB resulted in a higher background absorption compared with DTNA in human and porcine blood samples, although the saturation of sulfhydryl groups was delayed with DTNA in all species. A slightly higher whole blood AChE activity was recorded in DTNB samples. In conclusion, the results of the present study with human, porcine, guinea pig, and rat whole blood do not provide evidence that using DTNA for the spectrophotometric determination of AChE activity in whole blood is superior to a modified Ellman assay using DTNB.     

Immunological properties of BMY-28100 and cefepime

Immunogenicity, eliciting antigenicity and cross-reactivity of new cephem antibiotics, BMY-28100 and cefepime, were studied by means of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), passive hemagglutination (PHA) and active systemic anaphylaxis in guinea pigs, and of PCA in mice and the results were compared with those obtained with reference antibiotics. In addition, the direct Coombs' reaction of the human blood was examined in vitro for the test antibiotics as compared with reference antibiotics. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Immunogenicity Immunogenicity of unconjugated antibiotics was examined using the corresponding conjugates with bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) as eliciting antigen. When used as emulsions with Freund's complete adjuvant, cephalothin (CET) and benzylpenicillin (PCG) produced IgG1 and IgM antibodies in guinea pigs. However, cefepime as well as cephalexin (CEX) did not produce these antibodies, and BMY-28100 showed slightly active sensitization only for anaphylactic shock. In BALB/c and C3H/He mice, BMY-28100 and cefepime failed to produce antibodies under the experimental condition while IgE antibody formation to CET was observed. 2. Eliciting antigenicity Unconjugated CET and PCG provoked anaphylactic signs in guinea pigs sensitized with their conjugates with rabbit serum albumin (RSA). Cefepime, however, provoked no anaphylactic shock and BMY-28100 as well as CEX showed slight signs. In the other systems examined, no reactions were observed when elicited with BMY-28100, cefepime or the reference antibiotics. 3. Immunological cross-reactivity BMY-28100 did not cross-react with the reference antibiotics. While the antiserum to the RSA conjugate of CET provoked weak cross-reaction on PHA with the BGG conjugate of cefepime, the antiserum to the RSA conjugate of cefepime failed to react with the BGG conjugate of CET. Other cross-reactivities of cefepime were not observed against the reference antibiotics. 4. In vitro direct Coombs' reaction BMY-28100 did not induce the Coombs' reaction of the human blood in vitro at the testable concentration of 10 mg/ml. Cefepime or cefazolin (CEZ) caused no reaction even at a high concentration of 80 mg/ml, while CET and PCG caused a positive reaction at 10-40 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml, respectively. As shown above, immunogenicity and eliciting antigenicity of BMY-28100 and cefepime were somewhat weaker than CET and PCG but similar to CEX, and cross-reactivities of the test antibiotics with these reference antibiotics were not observed in general. The ability of BMY-28100 to give a positive reaction in the Coombs' test was weaker than that of CET, and that of cefepime was weaker than CET and PCG and equivalent to CEZ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Pharmacological studies on oxatomide: (6) Effect on the peripheral organs

The effects of oxatomide, an anti-allergic drug, on the cardiovascular, digestive and autonomic nervous systems were investigated, and the following results were obtained: Intravenous administration of oxatomide, at doses of 1 mg/kg or more, lowered arterial blood pressure, decreased heart rate, increased femoral blood flow, and depressed the gastrointestinal and uterine movement in anesthetized dogs, rabbits and rats. In in vitro experiments, oxatomide inhibited spontaneous movements of isolated rabbit ileum, isolated guinea pig atrium and isolated rat uterus at considerably high concentrations of 10(-6)M or more. The antagonistic activity of oxatomide for histamine in isolated guinea pig ileum and trachea was observed at concentrations of 3 X 10(-8)M or more. Oral administration of oxatomide, however, had no significant influence on the cardiovascular, digestive and autonomic nervous systems and urogenital organs, at doses up to 100 mg/kg. The antigenicity of oxatomide was studied with immunological procedures such as active anaphylactic shock, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and passive hemagglutination test in guinea pigs, rats and mice. In these tests, neither anaphylactic shock nor allergic reaction was observed. From these results, it is suggested that oxatomide shows little effect on peripheral organs at a dose which elicits the anti-allergic actions and may have no antigenicity to experimental animals.