预防肝切除术后腹腔感染的探讨研究

目的 探讨肝切除术后腹腔感染发生的因素及其预防。方法 前瞻性观察不同量肝切除术后，膈下引流液细菌培养结果及与腹腔感染发生的关系，并采取围手术期干预措施。结果 肝切除≤2个肝段时，腹腔引流液细菌阳性率为5．5％，腹腔感染发生率为2．7％．肝切除≥3个肝段时，腹腔细菌阳性率为31．8％，腹腔感染发生率为13．6％。结论 肝切除≥3个肝段时腹腔感染发生率较高。部分肝切除术后膈下存在着准感染状态，采用膈下并置双管引流、持续点滴冲洗、细菌培养等围手术期措施有助于减少腹腔感染的发生。     

肝切除术后膈下感染的预防

报告１９８４年８月至１９９４年８月十年间行肝切除１０５例，其中６例发生隔下感染，２例死于感染后的肝功衰竭，９例发生膈下积液。发现右半肝切除和右三叶切除、手术中大量失血以及手术后再出血需做剖腹探查止血者易发生膈下感染；手术中有效止血，减少失血量，处理肝残面时尽量避免残端组织的失活，以及有效的膈下引流，均可减少膈下感染的发生；对膈下引流液常规进行细菌培养，以便选择有效抗菌素，也是避免膈下感染的有效措施。     

区域性肝血流阻断在肝切除术中的应用

目的：总结区域性肝血流阻断行盱切除的经验。方法：回顾分析46例区域性肝血流阻断行肝切除的临床疗效。左半肝切除6例,左肝外侧叶切除17例,右半肝切除4例,右肝多肝段联合切除6例,肝段或不规则肝段切除13例。区域性肝血流阻断的方式包括导尿管束扎法18例,肠钳夹压法22例,经肝后隧道绕肝带束扎提拉法6例。结果：本组病例无死亡。术中输血3例,平均出血量210mL;术后并发膈下感染1例,胆瘘2例．胸腔积液2例,切口感染3例。结论：区域性肝血流阻断下进行肝切除是一种简便、安全且有效的方法,能有效控制术中肝脏出血,减轻术后肝功能损害。     

肝切除治疗肝胆管结石482例报告

报告我科１９７５年～１９９４年９月１０００例肝胆管结石手术病例中采用肝叶、段切除４８２例的治疗经验与体会。该４８２例中６３％曾经历过１～５次手术，其中２１．６％为不同类型的胆肠吻合。肝切除术式；左外叶切除３２１例（６６．６％）；左半肝切除８０，例（１６．６％）；右半肝切除１９例（３．９％），左前或右后叶切除３９例（８．１％）；肝方叶切除作为附加手术２０例（４．１％）。手术并发症４９例（１０．２％），包括胆瘘、断面及膈下感染，胆道出血等。死亡９例（１．９％），４１０例（８５．１％）病例获平均１３．５年随访，优良率８８％。作者基于病因学及病理基础讨论了治疗要点，强调：①必须根据临床病理类型及病因学决定术式；②肝叶、段切除是治疗原则中的核心。     

肝切除治疗肝胆管结石482例报告

报告我科1975年-1994年9月1000例肝胆管结石手术病例中采用肝叶、段切除482例的治疗经验与体会。该482例中63％曾经历过1～5次手术，其中21．6％为不同类型的胆肠吻合。肝切除术式：左外叶切除321例(66．6%)；左半肝切除80例(16．6％)；右半肝切除19例(3．9％)，左前或右后叶切除39例(8．1％)；肝方叶切除作为附加手术20例(4．1%)。手术并发症49例(10．2％)．包括胆瘘、断面及膈下感染，胆道出血等。死亡9例(1．9%)，410例(85．1%)病例获平均13．5年随访，优良率88％。作者基于病因学及病理基础讨论了治疗要点，强调：①必须根据临床病理类型及病因学决定术式；②肝叶、段切除是治疗原则中的核心。     

第Ⅷ肝段巨大型海绵状血管瘤的手术方法（附4例报告）

第Ⅷ肝段巨大型海绵状血管瘤不必常规进行全肝血流阻断法切除，下腔静脉可预置阻断带，但膈下肝上下腔静脉分离有时较困难，致预置阻断带不成功．本组4例手术顺利完成的关键就在于在常温下间歇阻断第一肝门入肝血流的同时，用剥离法将肿瘤剥除．此种手术方法与行第Ⅶ肝段切除术相比，既简便又安全，值得推广。     

肝切除治疗肝胆管结石

自1975～1994.9月，在1000例肝胆管结石手术病例中采用肝叶、段切除482例，现总结其治疗经验与体会。63％病人经受过1～5次手术，其中21.8％为不同类型的胆肠吻合。本组肝切除术式：左外叶66.6％，左半肝16.6％，右半肝3.9％，右前或右后叶8.7％，肝方叶切除作为附加手术占4．1％。手术并发症10．2％，包括胆瘘、断面及膈下感染、胆道出血等。死亡9例(1．9％)。85％病例获平均0.5年随访，优良率88％。基于病因学及病理基础讨论了治疗要点。指出：①必须根据临床病理类型及病因学决定术式；②肝叶、段切除是治疗原则中的核心。     

规则性肝段切除结合胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石

目的 研究规则性肝段切除结合胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石的优越性及有效性。方法 根据289例患者肝内胆管结石的分布情况(左外叶138例．左肝叶96例,右前叶6例,右后叶12例,右肝叶25例。双侧肝叶12例;合并有显著肝段或肝叶萎缩98例,肝脓肿8例,胆瘘3例,胆管癌5例)行肝段或联合肝段切除。其中S2～S3切除181例,S2～4切除56例．S6～S7切除18例,S5～8切除12例,双侧肝叶切除12例。附加术式包括经肝门部胆管切开取石186例,经肝实质胆管切开取石8例,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合196例(10例输出空肠拌皮下埋植)。术中胆道镜经胆总管途径186例,肝断面胆管途径103例,术后胆道镜经T管途径186例,皮下输出空肠袢途径10例。结果 随访10个月至10年,89．5％(259／289)症状消失,7．9％(23／289)偶有轻度胆管炎发作,2．6％(7／289)仍反复发作严重胆道感染。术后并发症有胆漏8例(2．8％)．膈下感染12例(4．2％)．腹腔脓肿1例(0．35％)．3例(1．03％)术后死于肝衰竭。结论 规则性肝段切除术结合胆道镜技术是治疗肝内胆管结石的最有效手段。     

右肝各肝段胆管的显露和切开

为适应右肝内各段胆管的显露，切开和肝段切除手术的需要．作者研究了30个人肝标本的肝内各叶、段胆管、血管的解剖关系。选择肝脏膈面切开肝实质进路，比较容易显露右肝各段胆管的汇合部，便于进行右肝内胆管的切开．肝段切除等肝内手术。用于临床手术治疗右肝内胆管多发结石并多处狭窄的患者10例，取得成功，效果满意。     

肝胆管结石行肝段联合切除中的手术策略

目的:评价多肝段联合切除治疗复杂肝胆管结石的效果。方法:回顾性分析93例肝胆管结石患者行多肝段联合切除术的临床资料。术式包括行右半肝切除5例,右后叶切除7例,右后叶切除加肝左外叶切除2例,肝Ⅷ段加尾状叶切除1例,肝Ⅷ段加左外叶切除3例,肝Ⅶ,Ⅷ段次全切除加左外叶切除术2例,右前叶切除5例,肝Ⅳ,Ⅴ段切除2例,肝Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅷ段次全切除5例,左半肝切除19例,左半肝加尾状叶切除4例,肝Ⅳ段切除6例,左外叶切除32例。附加手术包括胆肠吻合术22例;所有患者行胆囊切除,胆道镜检查和/或取石,术后胆总管T管引流。结果:全组无手术死亡病例。发生并发症17例(18.2%),其中胆瘘2例(2.2%),膈下感染1例(1.1%),切口感染6例(6.4%),肺部感染3例(3.2%),胸腔积液6例(6.4%),应激性溃疡2例(2.2%),均经治疗痊愈出院。术后发现残石9例,经胆道镜取净结石5例。全组随访89例(95.7%)。3例合并胆管癌的患者死于胆管癌复发,3例胆管结石复发。结论:以多肝段联合切除为主的手术方式是治疗肝胆管结石的有效手段。     

Delayed diagnosis, due to the associated radiological abnormalities, of spontaneous intracranial hypotension caused by cerebrospinal fluid leakage at C1-2

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an uncommon clinical entity that is often diagnosed after a delay, or it is misdiagnosed due to the variety of clinical presentations and the associated radiological findings. We present here a case of SIH associated with chronic subdural haematoma (SDH) and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Following the diagnosis of the SIH, the patient underwent injection of an epidural blood patch for the SIH and burr hole trephination was done for treating the chronic subdural haematoma.     

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: dilemmas in diagnosis

Intracranial hypotension is not an uncommon diagnosis after lumbar puncture or neurosurgery. However, spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a poorly understood entity that can present with a wide variety of symptoms/signs ranging from headache to coma. SIH may result from an occult spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Alternatively, because a CSF leak is not always found, some posit that SIH is caused by venous hypotension that results in increased CSF absorption. The true incidence of SIH is unknown and the diagnosis is frequently missed given the wide range of presenting symptoms and imaging findings that are mistaken for other diagnoses (ie, subdural hematomas, Chiari malformation). Here, based on a comprehensive literature review, we describe the epidemiology, presentation, diagnostic workup and treatment of SIH.     

Beyond spinal headache: prophylaxis and treatment of low-pressure headache syndromes

OBJECTIVE: This Evidence-Based Case Management article evaluates and grades the evidence for two anesthesiology-related interventions: prophylaxis after unintentional meningeal puncture and treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). METHODS: A search was made of relevant English language clinical studies or reports pertinent to the topic of low-pressure headache, but excluding the treatment of meningeal puncture headache. RESULTS: Thirty-seven case reports, case series, and clinical trials were included to develop the best available evidence-based recommendations for the prophylaxis of unintentional meningeal puncture and for the treatment of SIH. CONCLUSION: The highest quality randomized controlled trials suggest that prophylactic epidural blood patch (EBP) does not reduce the incidence of headache after unintentional meningeal puncture. The weight of existing literature supports EBP as an initial treatment of SIH, although its effectiveness does not approach that seen when EBP is used to treat meningeal puncture headache.     

Chronic Subdural Hematoma Associated with Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: Therapeutic Strategies and Outcomes of 55 Cases

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) has increasingly been recognized, and it is well known that SIH is sometimes complicated by chronic subdural hematoma (SDH). In this study, 55 cases of SIH with SDH were retrospectively analyzed, focusing on therapeutic strategies and outcomes. Of 169 SIH cases (75 males, 84 females), 55 (36 males, 19 females) were complicated by SDH. SIH was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, neuroimaging, and/or low cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Presence of orthostatic headache and diffuse meningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging were regarded as the most important criteria. Among 55 SIH with SDH cases, 13 improved with conservative treatment, 25 initially received an epidural blood patch (EBP), and 17 initially underwent irrigation of the hematomas. Of the 25 initially treated with EBP, 7 (28.0%) needed SDH surgery and 18 (72.0%) recovered fully without surgery. Of 17 SDH cases initially treated with surgery, 6 (35.7%) required no EBP therapy and the other 11 (64.3%) needed EBP and/or additional SDH operations. In the latter group, 2 cases had transient severe complications during and after the procedures. One of these 2 cases developed a hoarse voice complication. Despite this single, non-severe complication, all enrolled in this study achieved good outcomes. The present study suggests that patients initially receiving SDH surgery may need additional treatments and may occasionally have complications. If conservative treatment is insufficient, EBP should be performed prior to hematoma irrigation.     

Delayed recurrence of spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome mimicking a Chiari I malformation: Case report with a review of the literature

IntroductionCerebellar tonsils descent seen on brain MRI is, along with other findings, a recognized radiological sign of possible spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). The short-term outcome of SIH is usually favorable with symptoms improvement and reversibility of the low-lying tonsils. Nevertheless, data on the long-term outcome are lacking or inconsistent.Case ReportA 32-year-old woman presented to her general practitioner with a six months history of non-specific headaches. An MRI brain with gadolinium showed a 12mm tonsillar descent with no other remarkable findings. Headaches were initially managed conservatively as migraines. Following the onset of progressive upper back and shoulder pain at rest, nausea, photophobia and fogging in her vision, the patient was referred to our Department with a suspicion of symptomatic Chiari I malformation. After an in-depth anamnesis, it emerged a previous history of SIH, 14 years earlier, successfully treated conservatively in another center. A whole spine MRI confirmed the suspicion of recurrent SIH showing an anterior cervico-thoracic epidural fluid collection. The patient underwent an epidural blood patch with complete resolution of the symptoms and radiological signs.DiscussionTo our knowledge, this case is the first report of delayed recurrence of a SIH successfully treated conservatively over 10 years earlier. The etiopathogenesis and management of this rarity with literature review is discussed.ConclusionAn isolated cerebellar tonsil descent with no other remarkable findings on brain MRI and a previous history of SIH should always alert the clinician of a possible late recurrence of a CSF leak and avoid unnecessary Chiari I malformation surgical procedures.     

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension associated with transdural thoracic osteophyte reversed by primary. dural repair. Case report

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an increasingly recognized syndrome associated with a specific set of clinical and imaging findings; however, determining the site of spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage in these patients is often difficult, and indications for surgical intervention need to be better defined. The authors report on a 55-year-old woman who presented with posture-related headache, disorientation, and memory impairment. Imaging features were consistent with SIH. Computerized tomography myelography demonstrated a large T2-3 anterior transdural osteophyte associated with a CSF fistula. After an unsuccessful trial of conservative therapy, the patient underwent median sternotomy, T2-3 discectomy and removal of osteophyte, which allowed adequate exposure for primary dural repair. Postoperatively, there was immediate and prolonged resolution of all of her symptoms. This case of SIH was caused by transdural penetration by an anterior osteophyte and CSF leakage in the upper thoracic spine, which was treated effectively by anterior exposure and primary dural repair. Aggressive surgical intervention may be required to treat upper thoracic CSF leaks refractory to other measures.     

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension secondary to anterior thoracic osteophyte: Resolution after primary dural repair via posterior approach

INTRODUCTIONSpontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an uncommon syndrome widely attributed to CSF hypovolemia, typically secondary to spontaneous CSF leak. Although commonly associated with postural headache and variable neurological symptoms, one of the most severe consequences of SIH is bilateral subdural hematomas with resultant neurological deterioration.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe present the case of a patient diagnosed with SIH secondary to an anteriorly positioned thoracic osteophyte with resultant dural disruption, who after multiple attempts at nonsurgical management developed bilateral subdural hematomas necessitating emergent surgical intervention. The patient underwent a unilateral posterior repair of his osteophyte with successful anterior decompression. At 36 months follow up, the patient reported completely resolved headaches with no focal neurological deficits.DISCUSSIONWe outline our posterior approach to repair of the dural defect and review the management algorithm for the treatment of patients with SIH. We also examine the current hypotheses as to the origin, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome.CONCLUSIONA posterior approach was utilized to repair the dural defect caused by an anterior thoracic osteophyte in a patient with severe SIH complicated by bilateral subdural hematomas. This approach minimizes morbidity compared to an anterior approach and allowed for removal of the osteophyte and repair of the dural defect.     

The timing of intravenous crystalloid administration and incidence of cardiovascular side effects during spinal anesthesia: the results from a randomized controlled trial.

We conducted a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of crystalloids in preventing spinal-induced hypotension (SIH) and cardiovascular side effects (CVSE) in a group of surgical patients. Participants were assigned to receive lactated Ringer's solution at 1-2 mL/min (Placebo group, n = 142); lactated Ringer's at 20 mL/kg starting 20 min before spinal block (n = 130); or lactated Ringer's at 20 mL/kg starting at the time of spinal block (n = 132). SIH was defined as a decrease of > or = 30% in baseline systolic blood pressure, and CVSE as SIH plus nausea, vomiting, or faintness requiring treatment. The incidence of SIH was similar in all treatment groups. Compared to placebo, crystalloid administration at the time of spinal block resulted in a significant reduction in the proportion of patients developing CVSE from 9.9% to 2.3%. The corresponding relative proportion was 0.23 (95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.78; P = 0.019), and one additional case of CVSE was avoided for each 13 patients receiving crystalloids at the time of spinal block instead of placebo. Administration of crystalloids at the time of spinal block seems to be effective because it provides additional intravascular fluids during the period of highest risk of CVSE after spinal anesthesia. IMPLICATIONS: Crystalloids are frequently administered to nonobstetric patients minutes before spinal anesthesia to prevent cardiovascular side effects (CVSE). This randomized controlled trial shows that although crystalloids administered before spinal block result in no clinical benefit, they significantly reduce the risk of CVSE when administered at the time of spinal block.     

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension associated with dural sinus thrombosis

A 32-year-old man presented with a rare case of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) associated with dural sinus thrombosis (DST) manifesting as severe postural headache which was relieved by lying down. Initial cerebrospinal fluid pressure was low. He was treated with hydration and rest under a diagnosis of SIH. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging after 1 month showed signs of both DST and SIH. However, the patient did not demonstrate any of the classical symptoms associated with DST. The patient underwent an epidural blood patch procedure. His headache was relieved and MR imaging showed improvement of both SIH and DST. This case suggests that epidural blood patch may be effective in some cases of SIH associated with DST.     

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: The syndrome and its complications

Opinion statement Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a syndrome that was largely unknown until the advent of MRI. The incidence of SIH is estimated at 5 per 100,000, which is half the incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. The major feature is a postural headache of acute or subacute onset. This headache is absent or minimal when the patient is lying down and rapidly worsens to great intensity when the patient sits or stands. Other features may include nausea, vomiting, vertigo, tinnitus, and marked exacerbation by Valsalva maneuver. SIH is due to a leak of cerebrospinal fluid from a tear in the dural membrane, which occurs most often at the exit zones where the cervical spinal roots leave the subarachnoid space. Other leak sites may be the vestibular system, the cribriform plate, or the pituitary fossa. If the leak continues, the brain loses buoyancy within the cranial space and sags toward the foramen magnum. This, in turn, may produce subdural hygroma or hematoma, brainstem compression, focal cranial nerve palsies, or cerebellar tonsillar herniation. The initial therapy is generally strict bed rest. If this fails, an epidural blood patch is usually successful in sealing the leak and restoring brain buoyancy. A significant minority of patients require a repeat epidural blood patch. If the blood patch fails, a surgical approach may be needed. Repair of the leak and restoration of brain buoyancy will stop the postural headache and, in most cases, will reverse the complications.