人工反射弧重建脊髓损伤后弛缓性膀胱排尿功能的临床初步报告

目的 探索建立人工反射弧恢复脊髓圆锥损伤后所致弛缓性膀胱排尿功能的治疗方法。方法 对临床1例圆锥脊髓损伤（SCI）所致弛缓性膀胱的患者行单侧T11与S2／S3神经前根经移植吻合，经一定时间轴突再生后，通过尿流动力学、尿检及排尿情况检测膀胱功能。结果 随访55个月，患者膀胱充盈后可引起自控性排尿，尿流动力学显示排尿完全是由膀胱逼尿肌的收缩引发。结论 建立新的人工反射弧能恢复SCI患者排尿功能，实现自控性排尿。     

Baclofen与异搏停治疗脊髓损伤后痉挛性膀胱的对比研究

目的：观察Ｂａｃｌｏｆｅｎ与异搏停治疗脊髓治疗恶性循环 操作拍痉挛性膀胱的疗 并进行比较分析。方法：将３２例脊髓损伤后痉挛性膀胱患者按随机抽样法分为Ｂａｃｌｆｅｎ组和异搏停组,分别于用药后２、４、８周观察膀胱功能变化,并进行尿流动力学检测。结果：两组患者用药后排尿间隔延长、排尿量增加、尿道压力降低,膀胱贮尿及排尿功能较用药前明显提高,Ｂａｃｌｏｆｅｎ组优于异搏停组,结论：Ｂａｃｌｏｆｅｎ与异搏停治     

脊髓发育不良和隐性骶椎裂患者的尿流动力学改变

本文分析34例有泌尿系统症状的脊髓发育不良和隐性骶椎裂患者尿流动力学表现。结果:根据尿流动力学检查分为反射性和无反射性神经膀胱两大类。临床症状和尿流动力学结果与脊髓损伤的平面无相关性。膀胱颈口开放患者尿道闭合压力显著低于膀胱颈口闭合患者(P<0.01)。膀胱排尿期压力升高与上尿路损害有明显关系,当膀胱排尿期压力超过3.92kPa(40cmH_2O)时就可造成上尿路的损害。     

选择性骶神经根切断治疗脊髓损伤后痉挛性膀胱的实验研究

目的：观察选择性骶神经根切断治疗脊髓损伤痉挛性膀胱的实际疗效,探讨骶神经根高选择性切断的治疗机制及最佳手术方式。方法：雄性家犬１２ 只,制备成脊髓损伤后痉挛性膀胱模型,根据骶神经切断方式分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ４ 组,通过尿流动力学检测及电生理观察,记录并计算骶神经切断前（ 对照组）及术后各组各项功能性指标的变化,并进行比较分析。结果：Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ４ 组术后膀胱容量均明显高于术前对照组,尿道压力均低于术前对照组,其中Ｂ 组的膀胱贮尿功能、排空能力、尿道压力均接近正常,且对犬阴茎勃起功能无明显影响。结论：高选择性骶神经根切断治疗脊髓损伤后痉挛性膀胱有确实明显的疗效,是一种值得研究的新方法。     

口服单剂他达拉非可改善骶上脊髓损伤男性患者的尿流动力学参数

<正>评估骶上脊髓损伤(SCI)男性患者单次口服他达拉非后尿流动力学参数的改变。20例骶上SCI患者单次口服他达拉非20 mg,分别于给药前及给药后1 h进行尿流动力学检测。检测指标包括给药前后的膀胱容积和顺应性、最大膀胱逼尿肌压力及最大膀胱逼尿肌充盈压。患者在口服单剂他达拉非20 mg后,膀胱顺应     

尿流动力学分析在胸腰段脊髓损伤所致神经源性膀胱功能评估中的应用及意义

目的 探讨尿流动力学分析在胸腰段脊髓损伤所致神经源性膀胱功能评估中的应用及意义.方法 选取80例胸腰段脊髓损伤伴排尿障碍患者为研究对象,分析患者膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌反射、逼尿肌外括约肌协调等指标.结果 80例中64例(80％)出现逼尿肌反射亢进,其中伴尿道外括约肌协调22例,失调42例;16例出现逼尿肌无反射(20％),其中伴尿道外括约肌协调4例,失调4例,去神经化8例.80例中16例(20％)表现为膀胱顺应性增加,64例(80％)表现为膀胱顺应性下降.结论 胸腰段脊髓损伤患者大多表现为逼尿肌反射亢进,仍有部分表现为逼尿肌无反射.并根据尿道括约肌功能进一步分为数种亚型.尿动力学检查在胸腰段脊髓损伤中明确了神经源性膀胱的类型,为治疗及预后判断提供价值.     

脊髓损伤的尿流动力学检查

尿流动力学(Urodynamic)是近年来逐渐形成并获得迅速发展的泌尿外科检查新技术,现已成为各类排尿障碍患者重要的检查手段,对脊髓损伤患者。更是一项必不可少的检测手段,通过尿流动力学各项检查,可动态地了解下尿路功能,并在此基础上,对诊断和治疗提供更多的客观指标和依据。 尿流动力学是运用流体力学,电生理及神经生理学等学科的原理和方法,研究泌尿系统有关尿液输送,贮存和排出功能的新学科。通过检测膀胱容积压力变化,尿道压力分布测定,肌电图,尿流率等项检查,可较全面完整地反映出下尿路功能动态改变。1膀胱压力容积测定(Cystometry) …     

光感基因调控技术对大鼠骶上脊髓损伤后膀胱尿动力学和肌电图的影响

目的观察光感基因调控技术对大鼠骶上脊髓损伤所致神经源性膀胱功能的影响。方法 50只大鼠经尿流动力学检查无异常后进行随机分组,并采用T10脊髓完全横断建立脊髓损伤动物模型,分为假手术对照组、脊髓损伤无蓝光刺激组和脊髓损伤蓝光刺激组。2周后进行膀胱尿动力学、肌电图测定。结果脊髓损伤蓝光刺激组大鼠膀胱逼尿肌肌条舒缩曲线大部分可见规律性变化,波形均匀一致;同时膀胱最大容量增加,内压降低,顺应性升高;而脊髓损伤无蓝光刺激组无上述变化。结论光感基因可以调节骶上脊髓完全性损伤后膀胱逼尿肌的收缩功能,对神经源性膀胱功能恢复有重要意义。     

不同Hoehn-Yahr分期帕金森病患者尿流动力学的研究

目的 检测十堰地区不同Hoehn-Yahr分期的帕金森病患者尿流动力学的差异.方法 选择十堰市人民医院就诊的45例原发性帕金森病患者,依据Hoehn-Yahr分期标准分组,运用尿动力学测定仪检测比较不同Hoehn-Yahr分期帕金森病患者尿流动力学差异.结果 不同Hoehn-Yahr分期的帕金森病患者尿流动力学指标比较有显著性差异,早期帕金森病患者尿动力学异常主要是逼尿肌不稳定,而晚期患者主要表现为初感膀胱容量、膀胱最大容量的增加、低顺应性膀胱发生率增高,而随着帕金森病疾病的加重,逼尿肌力受损,最大尿流率及最大尿流率时的逼尿肌压力逐渐减小,残余尿明显增加.结论 不同Hoehn-Yahr分级的散发性帕金森病患者,膀胱尿道功能障碍会出现特征性的尿动力学变化,对于泌尿系症状的治疗方案、治疗、预后有一定指导意义.     

建立人工膀胱反射弧治疗脊髓损伤后神经原性膀胱的临床研究

【摘要】目的：观察利用脊髓正常反射通路重建人工膀胱反射弧恢复脊髓损伤后神经原性膀胱功能的临床疗效。方法：对36例完全性脊髓损伤（ASIA分级A级）患者行人工膀胱反射弧重建,其中28例脊髓圆锥上脊髓损伤患者（痉挛性膀胱）,切断并显微吻合单侧S1前根与支配膀胱最强的神经根（一般为S2或S3）前根;8例脊髓圆锥损伤患者（弛缓性膀胱）采用腓肠神经移植并显微吻合T10/T11神经根前根及支配膀胱最强的神经根前根。通过对34例（2例痉挛性膀胱患者死亡）患者术前、术后6、12、18个月随访并行尿流动力学检查（无菌生理盐水灌注速度25ml/s）,评估痉挛性和弛缓性膀胱功能恢复情况。两种不同类型的神经原性膀胱患者均选其具有代表意义的尿流动力学检查指标,整理数据后进行统计学分析。结果：26例痉挛性膀胱患者,最大膀胱测压容积术后3个时间点间比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,但与术前比较均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）;残尿量、膀胱顺应性不同时间点间比较两两均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。8例弛缓性膀胱患者,最大膀胱测压容积术后与术前比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）;残尿量由术前的495.1±56.6ml降至术后18个月时的264.4±30.8ml,且术后不同时间点与术前比较均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;最大逼尿肌压力由术前的6.3±3.9cmH2O升高到术后18个月时的82.9±4.3cmH2O,且术后3个时间点与术前比较差异均有显著性（P＜0.05）。未发现一例通过搔抓下腹部皮肤引起排尿。结论：利用脊髓正常反射通路重建神经原性膀胱人工反射弧改善膀胱功能是可行而有效的方法。     

Vesicoureteral reflux in the early stage of spinal cord injury: a retrospective study

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the risk factors of vesicoureteral reflux in the early stage of spinal cord injury. SETTING: Japan. METHODS: Urological evaluation, including cystography and urodynamic study was performed in patients in the early stage of spinal cord injury. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 included 13 patients with vesicoureteral reflux. Group 2 included 97 patients without vesicoureteral reflux. We compared Group 1 and Group 2 regarding bladder deformation, the level of spinal cord injury, bladder behaviour, bladder compliance, high urethral closure pressure and method of urine evacuation. RESULTS: The patients injured between Th10 and L2 showed a significantly higher incidence of vesicoureteral reflux than those injured in other areas (P<0.01). Furthermore, bladder compliance among patients with vesicoureteral reflux tended to be low. Other factors showed no differences between patients with and without vesicoureteral reflux. CONCLUSION: Injuries between Th10 and L2 involve the sympathetic nervous system. Patients with such injuries often exhibited vesicoureteral reflux in the early stage of spinal cord injury.     

Differences in bladder compliance with time and associations of bladder management with compliance in spinal cord injured patients

PURPOSE: Controversy continues on the optimal method of bladder management in spinal cord injured patients. We investigated the effects of bladder management on bladder compliance and changes in compliance with time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts, and video urodynamic and upper tract radiographic studies of 316 patients with spinal cord injury. Patients were categorized according to interval since injury and bladder management method, including clean intermittent catheterization, spontaneous voiding and chronic Foley catheterization. Those with upper tract complications were compared with asymptomatic controls at the bladder compliance threshold values of 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 20.0 cc/cm. water. RESULTS: No significant differences were noted among bladder management method groups for followup, level, completeness or mechanism of injury. A bladder compliance threshold of 12.5 cc/cm. water was selected for the remaining comparisons based on the frequency of complications compared with asymptomatic controls. Patients using intermittent catheterization had a significantly higher incidence of normal compliance than the Foley management group for suprasacral, complete and incomplete injury (p<0.01). Normal bladder compliance was more common in patients with suprasacral than sacral and incomplete than complete spinal cord injury for each bladder management type. Logistic regression analysis of compliance versus bladder management and age of injury (interval since injury) revealed that intermittent catheterization and spontaneous voiding were associated more with normal compliance than Foley catheterization (RR = 9.2, 5.4 and 1.0, respectively). Combined data showed that each successively older age of injury cohort was at 23% greater risk for loss of normal compliance than the preceding cohort. Low compliance was statistically associated with vesicoureteral reflux, radiographic upper tract abnormality, pyelonephritis and upper tract stones (p<0.01, <0.01, 0.04 and <0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Clean intermittent catheterization protects bladder compliance in spinal cord injured patients regardless of the level or completeness of injury and helps to prevent low compliance with time. Also, in the population studied low compliance was associated with upper tract complications. Therefore, clean intermittent catheterization is the superior method for preserving bladder compliance and preventing the upper tract complications associated with low compliance.     

Micturition in thoracic spinal cord injured cats with autografting of the adrenal medulla to the sacral spinal cord.

PURPOSE: The role of noradrenergic projection from the pontine micturition center to the sacral spinal cord during micturition was examined in thoracic spinal cord injured cats after autografting the adrenal medulla to the sacral spinal cord. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 13 female cats the lower thoracic cord was transected and the right adrenal gland was removed under halothane anesthesia. The resected adrenal medulla was divided into several small pieces, which were subsequently autografted to the sacral spinal cord in 7 cats. Another 6 cats underwent sham operation and served as controls. Continuous cystometry and electromyography of the external urethral sphincter were performed every 2 weeks postoperatively without anesthesia. At week 8 the sacral spinal cord was removed and immunohistochemical testing was done to assess tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. RESULTS: At week 6 the relative mean duration of detrusor-external sphincter coordination plus or minus standard error during bladder contraction was 62.4% +/- 4.9% in adrenal grafted cats, which was significantly (p = 0.0485) longer than in controls (34.2% +/- 12.6%). However, maximum bladder contraction pressure, bladder contraction duration and post-void residual urine volume were not significantly different in the 2 groups. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells were observed in and on the sacral spinal cord in adrenal grafted animals but not in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Autografting the adrenal medulla to the sacral spinal cord prolonged detrusor-external sphincter coordination during bladder contraction in thoracic spinal cord injured cats, although other urodynamic parameters did not change. Therefore, noradrenergic projections to the sacral spinal cord may relax the external urethral sphincter during bladder contraction.     

Bladder neck incompetence in patients with spinal cord injury: significance of sympathetic skin response

PURPOSE: We investigated whether recording the perineal sympathetic skin response, which reflects the sympathetic function of the thoracolumbar spinal cord, represents a reliable and accurate diagnostic tool for assessing bladder neck competence and incompetence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared the sympathetic skin response recorded from the hand, foot and perineal skin with urodynamic findings in 90 patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction, including 66 with spinal cord injury and 24 with cauda equina lesions. RESULTS: Video urodynamics revealed an incompetent bladder neck in 11 of 32 patients (34%) with complete and 7 of 34 (21%) with incomplete spinal cord injury but in only 1 of 24 (4%) with the conus-cauda equina syndrome. This association significantly correlated with the lesion level at T10 to L2 in 12 of 26 cases (46%) as well as with the loss of perineal but preserved hand and foot sympathetic skin response in 13 of 18 (72%). CONCLUSIONS: Recording the perineal sympathetic skin response in addition to that of the hand and foot represents a sensitive diagnostic tool for assessing sympathetic nerve function within the thoracolumbar spinal cord. It is of diagnostic value for evaluating neurogenic bladder neck incompetence in spinal cord injured patients.     

Effect of spinal cord abnormalities on the function of the lower urinary tract in patients with anorectal abnormalities

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effect of spinal cord abnormalities on lower urinary tract function in patients with anorectal abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 30 patients with anorectal anomalies mainly because of fecal or urinary incontinence. All patients underwent spinal magnetic resonance imaging and urodynamic investigation. RESULTS: Major lumbosacral abnormalities were detected in 57% of patients, including 13, 4 and 3 with a tethered cord, syringomyelia and caudal regression, respectively. Significant dysfunction of the lower urinary tract in 57% of the cases involved an overactive detrusor in 11, detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in 4, distended bladder in 4 and lazy bladder in 1. When the spinal cord was normal, 54% of the patients had abnormal urodynamic findings but when the spinal cord was abnormal, 59% had abnormal urodynamics. When the bony spine was normal, 33% of the patients had an abnormal spinal cord but when the bony spine was abnormal, 69% had an abnormal spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with anorectal abnormalities and fecal or urinary incontinence problems often have an abnormal spinal cord and abnormal urodynamic findings. However, the state of the spinal cord is not the only factor explaining lower urinary tract function. Thus, the possibility of lower urinary tract dysfunction should be considered in each patient with anorectal abnormalities. If the patient has symptoms or findings suggesting abnormal lower urinary tract function urodynamic evaluation should be performed.     

脊髓栓系患者的尿动力学评估和治疗对策

目的　探讨脊髓栓系对膀胱尿道功能的影响。　方法　采用影像尿动力学检查评估36例脊髓栓系患者的膀胱尿道功能 ;以膀胱顺应性和有无膀胱输尿管返流评估膀胱的储尿功能 ;以排尿期逼尿肌压力评估逼尿肌排尿功能 ;结合膀胱尿道透视和尿动力学检查了解有无逼尿肌 外括约肌的协同性 ,并结合压力 流率曲线了解尿道的控尿功能。采用 χ2 检验比较各组参数异常发生的频数。　结果　脊髓栓系后神经源性膀胱的类型主要为逼尿肌反射不能伴低顺应性膀胱 ,占 5 0 % (18/36 ) ;逼尿肌反射亢进占 2 2 % (8/ 36 )。逼尿肌反射不能伴低顺应性膀胱者其肾功能损害的发生率83% (15 / 18) ,明显高于逼尿肌反射亢进者 (38% ,3/ 8,P <0 .0 5 )。膀胱顺应性减低者肾功能异常占81% (17/ 2 1) ,明显高于顺应性正常者 (7% ,1/ 15 ,P <0 .0 1)。顺应性减低者膀胱输尿管返流发生率6 7% (14 / 2 1) ,明显高于顺应性正常者 (7% ,1/ 15 ,P <0 .0 1)。　结论　脊髓栓系所致的神经源性膀胱类型各异 ,治疗方案的制定应以尿动力学结果为依据。顺应性减低可能是造成肾功能损害和膀胱输尿管返流的主要原因 ,泌尿外科治疗目的在于创建一低压、足够容量和控尿的膀胱以保护上尿路功能     

Urological manifestations of chronic schistosomal myeloradiculopathy

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and urodynamic features of patients with chronic voiding dysfunction secondary to schistosomal myeloradiculopathy (SM), as the clinical involvement of the spinal cord is a well recognized complication of Schistosomiasis mansoni infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records and urodynamic studies of 26 consecutive patients (17 males and nine females, aged 8-58 years) with chronic neurological and urinary symptoms secondary to SM. The voiding function history, radiological and urodynamic findings and therapeutic approaches were reviewed. Patients with and without upper urinary tract complications were compared in terms of age, duration of voiding dysfunction and urodynamic pattern. RESULTS: The most common urinary symptoms were difficulty in emptying the bladder (17 patients, 65%), urinary incontinence (14, 54%), and urgency and frequency (13, 50%). Laboratory and radiographic evaluation showed urinary tract infection in eight (30%) patients, bilateral hydronephrosis in five (19%) and bladder calculi in five (19%). Urodynamics showed detrusor overactivity with detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia (DESD) in 14 patients (54%), detrusor arreflexia in six (23%), detrusor overactivity with no dyssynergia in four (15%), and detrusor underactivity in two (8%). Comparing patients with and without upper tract complications showed no differences in age and duration of urinary symptoms, but there was a significant association of detrusor overactivity with DESD and upper urinary tract complications (P = 0.04). Urological management consisted of antibiotics, clean intermittent catheterization, anticholinergic medication and stone removal, as appropriate. Conservative treatment failed in three patients and they required an injection with botulinum-A toxin into the detrusor (two) or ileocystoplasty (one). CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic SM behave clinically like those with other causes of spinal cord disease and neurogenic bladder dysfunction requiring lifelong surveillance. The severity of illness in these patients should re-emphasize the need for early recognition and treatment of this condition, to prevent or reverse the neurological deficits.     

Modulation of insulin-like growth factor-I system of the bladder using a somatostatin analogue in chronic spinalized rats

PURPOSE: We have previously reported the possible role of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) system of mitogens in the development of detrusor smooth muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy after spinal cord injury. We evaluated the in vivo effects of the anti-growth factor somatostatin analogue octreotide on the IGF-I system as well as subsequent changes in bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy and function after spinal cord injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Included in this study were 90 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200 to 250 gm. Of the rats 18 served as sham operated controls, while the remaining 72 underwent were spinal cord transection at the level of the T10 vertebra. The spinalized animals were randomly divided into 4 equal groups of 18, of which 1 group served as paraplegic controls. The other 3 groups received octreotide (60 microgram. daily for 4 weeks) delivered via a subcutaneously implanted osmotic pump immediately, 2 and 4 weeks after spinal cord injury. At the end of the experiment (6 to 8 weeks) each group of animals was subdivided into 2 subgroups of 9. In the first group filling cystometrography was done, while in the second subgroup wet bladder weight was estimated and Northern blot analysis was performed. RESULTS: Mean wet bladder weight plus or minus standard deviation in sham operated and paraplegic controls was 0.11 +/- 0.01 and 0.64 +/- 0.33 gm., respectively (p <0.05). The increase in bladder weight in paraplegic controls was associated with over expression of the IGF-I gene and with marked suppression of IGF binding proteins-3 and 5 compared with sham operated controls. On the other hand, mean wet bladder weight in the animals that received octreotide immediately after spinal cord injury was 0.17 +/- 0.02 gm., which was associated with a dramatic decrease in IGF-I gene expression and increased expression of IGF binding proteins-3 and 5. Mean cystometric bladder capacity in paraplegic controls was 0.48 +/- 0.18 ml. with an associated voiding pressure of 71 +/- 13 cm. water. All paraplegic controls showed detrusor hyperreflexia. In animals that received octreotide immediately after spinal cord injury mean cystometric bladder capacity was 2.49 +/- 1.75 ml. with an associated voiding pressure of 32 +/- 7 cm. water. Detrusor hyperreflexia disappeared in 88.89% of the rats in this group. There were less marked changes in bladder weight (mean 0.24 and 0.29 +/- 0.3 gm.), IGF-I gene expression and its binding proteins and urodynamic parameters when the drug was given 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, after spinal cord injury. CONCLUSIONS: Modulating the IGF-I system of mitogens in detrusor smooth muscle with consequently decreased bladder hypertrophy and improved urodynamic behavior in spinal cord injured animals using somatostatin analogue could be a possible therapeutic modality in patients with spinal cord injury.     

The impact of contemporary bladder management techniques on struvite calculi associated with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence, risk factors and complications of upper tract struvite calculi, often associated with spinal cord injury (SCI), as such patients have a high incidence of urinary infection complicating their neurogenic voiding dysfunction, by reviewing a large population of patients with SCI in whom modern techniques of bladder management were used. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1982 and 1996, 1669 patients with SCI were admitted to our institution; 1359 of these patients sustained their injuries during the study period. During this time, their bladder management was based on urodynamic and imaging criteria, using techniques such as early intermittent catheterization, sphincterotomy and bladder augmentation where possible to create a catheter-free, low-pressure reservoir. All instances of upper tract struvite calculi in this population were documented. Risk factors for stone development, presentation and complications, management and recurrence rates were assessed. RESULTS: Over the 15 years, 58 patients (3.5% of the SCI population) were treated for a total of 144 episodes of struvite calculi. The incidence of stones in those injured since 1982 was 1. 5%; 67% of these patients had complete spinal cord lesions, 54% had lesions of the cervical cord and 53% developed their first stone >10 years after injury. Only 22% presented within 2 years of injury. The group of patients developing stones had a significantly higher incidence of indwelling catheters (49%), bladder stones (52%) and vesico-ureteric reflux (28%) than those who were stone-free. The development of recurrent urinary tract infections was the most common mode of presentation. The stone-free rate after treatment was 87%. Normal renal function was preserved in 72% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: In a large population of patients with SCI managed using contemporary bladder techniques the incidence of upper tract calculi was 3.5%; 30% of these stones were complete or partial staghorns. Those patients with complete cord lesions, permanent indwelling catheters and vesico-ureteric reflux were at the highest risk. Stone clearance was 87% and recurrent stones occurred in 69% of patients. Struvite renal calculi continue to be a significant problem in the spinal cord injury population.     

大鼠骶神经根对膀胱功能选择性支配的实验研究

目的：研究骶神经根对膀胱功能的选择性支配，为临床脊髓损伤(SCI）后的膀胱功能重建及建立实验性人工膀胱动物模型提供依据。方法：对10只SCI的SD大鼠进行硬膜外S1～S4骶神经根电刺激，记录膀胱神经丛动作电位和膀胱平滑肌复合肌肉动作电位变化，同时通过膀胱内插入测压管并经压力换能器记录膀胱内压的变化。结果：SD大鼠的S1～S4骶神经均参与膀胱神经功能支配，其中以S2骶神经最主要，S1、S3骶神经次之，S4骶神经的支配作用最小。结论：不同的骶神经根对膀胱平滑肌的支配效能不同，利用膀胱平滑肌的主要支配神经根进行人工电刺激排尿或通过神经吻合重建人工膀胱反射弧，对提高SCI后的膀胱排尿功能有一定的临床意义。