2100例椎管内阻滞分娩镇痛临床分析

目的:对2100例分娩镇痛临床资料进行回顾和分析,探讨椎管内阻滞分娩镇痛的临床应用价值。方法:596例硬膜外阻滞分娩镇痛,1540例腰—硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛。观察孕妇无创血压、心率、呼吸、脉搏血氧饱和度、宫腔压力、胎儿心率、视觉模拟评分(VAS)、改良Bromage评分、产程时间、出血量、新生儿评分、分娩方式、不良反应等。结果:腰—硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛组潜伏期缩短;0.125%布比卡因+2μg/ml芬太尼硬膜外阻滞分娩镇痛组缩宫素使用率和剖宫产率比较高;蛛网膜下腔注射5μg～6μg,硬膜外维持用0.143%甲磺酸罗哌卡因+0.3μg/ml舒芬太尼的腰—硬联合阻滞分娩镇痛组皮肤瘙痒率比较高。结论:椎管内阻滞分娩镇痛镇痛效果满意,不良反应少,对产妇和新生儿无不良影响。     

腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉及硬膜外自控分娩镇痛始于产程潜伏期与活跃期的比较

目的 比较腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉及硬膜外自控分娩镇痛始于产程潜伏期与活跃期的临床效果、对母婴应激反应的影响和脐带血中的罗哌卡因浓度. 方法 将80例于2009年1月至6月在首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院产科分娩且自愿接受分娩镇痛的足月、单胎、头位初产妇,随机分为潜伏期组和活跃期组(各40例),分别于潜伏期(宫口扩张0.5～2.5 cm)和活跃期(宫口扩张≥3.0 cm)于蛛网膜下腔给予罗哌卡因2 mg+芬太尼10 μg,随后采用0.1 ％ 罗哌卡因+芬太尼2 μg/ml硬膜外患者自控镇痛模式开始分娩镇痛,记录视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score,VAS)的镇痛评分、下肢肌力、产程时间、分娩方式、药物用量及产妇满意度,检测镇痛前、娩出胎儿即刻产妇静脉血和胎儿娩出后脐带血皮质醇浓度(放射免疫法)及脐带血罗哌卡因浓度(高效液相色谱法).以同期相同条件不接受分娩镇痛的40例产妇为对照组,采用x2或t检验和方差分析进行统计学比较.结果 (1)镇痛后5 min始至宫口开全过程中,潜伏期组和活跃期组VAS评分仅在宫口7.0～8.0cm及宫口开全时低于对照组[宫口7.0～8.0 cm:(2.9±1.4)分、(2.6±1.5)分与(9.2±0.7)分,F=201.50,P＜0.01;宫口开全:(4.7±2.2)分、(3.6±2.0)分与(9.1±0.7)分,F=62.07,P＜0.01].(2)胎儿娩出即刻母体血皮质醇浓度较镇痛前增高,但潜伏期组和活跃期组均比对照组增高幅度小[(761±125)μg/L、(731±184) μg/L与(902±172) μg/L,t=-3.491和-3.483,P均＜0.01],而潜伏期与活跃组2组间差异无统计学意义;3组间脐带血皮质醇浓度差异无统计学意义[(168±46) μg/L、(159±49) μg/L与(170±86) μg/L,F=0.23.P＞0.05].(3)胎儿娩出即刻潜伏期组和活跃期组脐带血罗哌卡因浓度分别为(0.21±0.10) mg/L和(0.20±0.03) mg/L(t=0.557,P＞0.05).(4)第一产程、第二产程时间,催产素使用率,新生儿体重,新生儿1 min、5 min Apgar评分3组间差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).与对照组相比,潜伏期组和活跃期组自然分娩率较高(75.0％、85.0％与52.5％,P＜0.05)、剖宫产率较低(20.0％、15.0％与45.0％,P＜0.05),潜伏期组镇痛时间长于活跃期组[(215±143) min与(118±50) min,t=3.722,P＜0.01],芬太尼用量大[(28±11) μg与(17±6)μg,t=5.084,P＜0.01]. 结论 腰麻-硬膜外联合分娩镇痛能降低剖宫产率和母体应激反应,且不延长产程,不降低胎儿的应激水平;始于潜伏期并不明显增加脐带血药物浓度.     

罗比卡因和布比卡因用于自控硬膜外分娩镇痛的临床效果对比研究

目的 :比较罗比卡因和布比卡因联合芬太尼用于自控硬膜外分娩镇痛 (PCEA)的效果及运动神经阻滞情况。方法 :将 6 0例健康、单胎、足月的初产妇随机分为两组 ,接受 0 .1%罗比卡因加 1μg/ml芬太尼 (RF组 )或 0 .0 75 %布比卡因加 1μg/ml芬太尼 (BF组 )自控硬膜外分娩镇痛。两组进行视觉模拟镇痛评分 (VAS)和下肢运动神经阻滞评分(MBS)。记录两组产程时间、分娩方式、阴道流血量及新生儿Apgar评分。结果 :两组产妇均有较可靠的镇痛效果 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;RF组可下床活动者为 96 .6 7% ,而BF组为 33.33% ,两组差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;两组产程时间和分娩方式差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;两组新生儿Apgar评分差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :低浓度罗比卡因或布比卡因联合小剂量芬太尼用于PCEA均可产生可靠的镇痛效果。产程中罗比卡因极少引起运动阻滞 ,产妇有下床活动能力 ,其效果优于布比卡因     

罗哌卡因芬太尼蛛网膜下腔-硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉用于分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的：研究分娩镇痛的效果及对产程、母婴的影响。方法：采用罗哌卡因、芬太尼蛛网膜下腔－硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉对90例产妇行分娩镇痛，作为观察组；对未使用分娩镇痛药物进入产程的92例产妇作为对照组，比较两组的产程时间、分娩方式、产后出血、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息情况。结果：两组第二产程时间比较有显著性差异，总产程时间比较无显著性差异。两组分娩方式、产后出血、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息发生率比较，无显著性差异。结论：罗哌卡因、芬太尼蛛网膜下腔－硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉用于分娩镇痛，效果可靠，对母婴无良影响，但有第二产程延长趋势。     

全产程多模式分娩镇痛对母婴安全的影响

目的：探讨全产程多模式分娩镇痛对母婴安全的影响。方法：足月、单胎、头位初产妇300例,年龄23～36岁,身高155～172 cm,体质量61～95 kg,孕38～41周,采用随机数字表法将其分为3组：活跃期硬膜外阻滞镇痛组（A组,n=100）、全产程硬膜外阻滞镇痛组（B组,n=100）和经皮神经电刺激（TENS）联合硬膜外阻滞全产程镇痛组（C组,n=100）。记录各组产妇不同时点视觉模拟评分（VAS）、产程时间、产后出血量、催产素使用率及新生儿Apgar评分、脐动脉血血气分析结果;并于临产后（T0）、宫口开全时（T1）取静脉血测β-内啡肽（β-EP）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、肾上腺素（E）和血糖浓度。结果：B、C 2组产妇潜伏期（宫口≤3 cm）各时点VAS评分低于A组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。A、C 2组产妇第一产程时间和催产素使用率均低于B组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。3组新生儿Apgar评分和脐动脉血血气结果比较,差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。与T0时比较,3组产妇T1时血β-EP、NE、E和血糖浓度均升高,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。C组产妇T1时β-EP浓度较A、B 2组升高,B、C 2组 NE、E和血糖浓度较A组降低,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。结论：全产程多模式分娩镇痛在保证产妇镇痛效果的基础上,降低了催产素使用率且不影响产程及围生儿结局,对母婴安全起到保护作用。     

全产程多模式分娩镇痛对母婴安全的影响

目的:探讨全产程多模式分娩镇痛对母婴安全的影响。方法:足月、单胎、头位初产妇300例,年龄23～36岁,身高155～172 cm,体质量61～95 kg,孕38～41周,采用随机数字表法将其分为3组:活跃期硬膜外阻滞镇痛组(A组,n=100)、全产程硬膜外阻滞镇痛组(B组,n=100)和经皮神经电刺激(TENS)联合硬膜外阻滞全产程镇痛组(C组,n=100)。记录各组产妇不同时点视觉模拟评分(VAS)、产程时间、产后出血量、催产素使用率及新生儿Apgar评分、脐动脉血血气分析结果;并于临产后(T_0)、宫口开全时(T_1)取静脉血测β-内啡肽(β-EP)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)和血糖浓度。结果:B、C 2组产妇潜伏期(宫口≤3 cm)各时点VAS评分低于A组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。A、C 2组产妇第一产程时间和催产素使用率均低于B组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。3组新生儿Apgar评分和脐动脉血血气结果比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。与T_0时比较,3组产妇T_1时血β-EP、NE、E和血糖浓度均升高,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。C组产妇T1时β-EP浓度较A、B 2组升高,B、C 2组NE、E和血糖浓度较A组降低,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:全产程多模式分娩镇痛在保证产妇镇痛效果的基础上,降低了催产素使用率且不影响产程及围生儿结局,对母婴安全起到保护作用。     

双管硬膜外阻滞在产妇分娩镇痛中的有效性及其对分娩结局的影响

目的 探讨双管硬膜外阻滞在产妇全产程分娩镇痛中的有效性及其对分娩结局的影响.方法 选择青岛市市立医院产科2006年8月至2008年12月单胎足月初产妇206例,孕周在37～42周,年龄25～35岁.采用前瞻性的研究方法,对206例产妇按随机双盲法分为双管阻滞组(103例)及单管阻滞组(103例).双管阻滞组产妇分别给予镇痛混合液(0.1%盐酸罗哌卡因+0.5 mg/L舒芬太尼)4～6 ml作为初始量,上管45 min后接硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)泵,下管每次给药4～6 ml.单管阻滞组产妇给予镇痛混合液10～15 ml作为初始量,给初始量45 min后接PCEA泵.两组产妇均在给予初始量30 min后根据宫缩情况静脉滴入缩宫素.观察指标:(1)对产妇进行疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分;(2)采用改良的Bromage评分评价产奸运动阻滞情况;(3)镇痛混合液总量、缩宫素使用率、总产程时间、第二产程时间;(4)新生儿出生体质量、新生儿Apgar 1及5分钟评分;(5)分娩方式;(6)出现规律宫缩、宫口扩张至4 cm、宫口扩张至10 cm、胎儿娩出时血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ、皮质醇水平;(7)观察产妇麻醉相关并发症的发生情况.结果 (1)双管阻滞组新生儿出生体质量、新生儿1及5分钟Apgar评分分别为(3456±468)g、(9.8±0.6)及(9.9±0.7)分,单管阻滞组产妇分别为(3399±569)g、(9.8±0.5)及(9.9±0.7)分,两组分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组产妇Bromage评分均为0分,无运动阻滞情况发生.(2)双管阻滞组产妇镇痛混合液总量、缩宫素应用率、总产程时间及第二产程时间分别为(57±9)ml、59.2%(61/103)、(532±140)min、(46±31)min;单管阻滞组分别为(58±11)ml、81.6%(84/103)、(608±150)min、(60±34)min;双管阻滞组产妇镇痛混合液总量与单管阻滞组比较,差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05),双管阻滞组产妇缩宫素应用率明显低于单管阻滞组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),且总产程时间、第二产程时间也明显少于单管阻滞组(P＜0.05).(3)双管阻滞组产妇在给予初始量后30 min及第一产程活跃期的VAS评分分别为(1.2±1.1)及(1.1±1.1)分,单管阻滞组产妇分别为(1.2±1.1)及(1.2±1.0)分,两组分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);双管阻滞组产妇第二产程时VAS评分为(1.2±1.1)分,单管阻滞组产妇为(4.5±2.2)分,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(4)双管阻滞组产妇剖宫产率(7.8%,8/103)明显低于单管阻滞组(17.5%,18/103),而器械助产率及会阴侧切率也低于单管阻滞组,两组分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在剖宫产指征方面,两组产妇胎儿窘迫及羊水Ⅱ～Ⅲ度污染发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);双管阻滞组产妇胎位不正及第二产程阻滞发生率明显低于单管阻滞组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(5)双管阻滞组产妇在胎儿娩出时血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ及皮质醇水平分别为(86±25)ng/L及(278±53)nmoL/L,单管阻滞组分别为(100±20)ng/L及(311±53)nmol/L,两组分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组产妇在宫缩规律、宫口扩张至4 cm及宫口扩张至10 cm时的血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ、皮质醇水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(6)两组产妇均未发生严重麻醉相关并发症,两组产妇均未发生较为严重的腰痛,基本上是穿刺所引起的穿针点痛,双管阻滞组30例(29.1%,30/103),单管阻滞组32例(31.1%,32/103),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 双管硬膜外阻滞用于产妇全产程分娩镇痛有良好镇痛效果,对分娩结局无不良影响.     

剖宫产术后不同镇痛方式对产妇泌乳的影响

目的观察剖宫产术后不同镇痛方式对产妇的泌乳状况及对血清泌乳素(PRL)的影响。方法孕足月初产妇120例分为四组;A组剖宫产术后采用硬膜外芬太尼、布比卡因自控镇痛(PCEA);B组为剖宫产术后静脉芬太尼自控镇痛(PCA);C组为剖宫产术后未行镇痛;D组为阴道自然分娩。采用放射免疫法测定PRL浓度,VAS估计镇痛效果。结果 24 h后,B组疼痛评分高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。4~48 h不同时间,C组疼痛评分高于D组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。24 h前,C组疼痛评分高于A组、B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A、B、D组产妇产后开始泌乳时间早、母乳量充足时间晚、7 d纯母乳喂养率高与C组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);产后24 h、48 h PRL水平均明显高于产前(P0.01);C组产后24 h、48 h,PRL水平均低于A\B\D组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论剖宫产术后采用芬太尼、布比卡因硬膜外镇痛效果优于静脉镇痛,产后镇痛未见对血PRL水平及泌乳等的影响,疼痛是影响产妇泌乳的因素之一。     

蛛网膜下腔阻滞加硬膜外阻滞与单纯硬膜外阻滞对产程进展影响的分析

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔阻滞(腰麻)加硬膜外阻滞与单纯硬膜外阻滞对产妇产程进展的影响。方法回顾性分析722例阴道分娩健康初产妇的临床资料,根据是否行分娩镇痛及分娩镇痛方法的不同分为3组:(1)腰麻加硬膜外阻滞(联合麻醉组),共259例;(2)单纯硬膜外阻滞(硬膜外组),共215例;(3)未采用任何镇痛方法的对照组,共248例。比较3组产妇产程时间及Friedman产程图进展变化特点。结果(1)第一产程活跃期、第二产程及第三产程时间比较:联合麻醉组分别为(272±127)min、(57±36)min及(9±6)min;硬膜外组分别为(305±133)min、(59±39)min及(8±6)min;对照组分别为(188±110)min、(45±32)min及(9±6)min。联合麻醉组及硬膜外组的第一产程活跃期及第二产程时间均长于对照组(P<0.01);3组间第三产程时间相互比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)产程图特点比较:联合麻醉组及硬膜外组产妇第一产程活跃期宫缩曲线位于产程图Friedman曲线右侧,对照组则位于其左侧;联合麻醉组和硬膜外组产程图宫口曲线较Friedman曲线倾斜角度小,即第一产程活跃期进展缓慢;对照组第一产程活跃期进展较快。联合麻醉组产妇平均每小时宫口开大1.5cm,硬膜外组产妇为1.4cm,对照组产妇为1.8cm。联合麻醉组及硬膜外组产妇平均每小时宫口开大程度较对照组缩小,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论腰麻加硬膜外阻滞联合麻醉及单纯硬膜外阻滞镇痛后,产妇第一产程活跃期进展减慢,总产程时间延长;镇痛后的产程处理不应单纯按照Friedman产程图进行。     

蛛网膜下腔-硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉用于分娩镇痛效果观察

目的 探讨两种分娩镇痛方法的效果．方法 采用蛛网膜下腔及硬膜外腔联合给予低质量浓度麻醉药及镇痛药和单纯硬膜外腔阻滞的方法分别对３０例实产妇进行分娩镇痛,比较组的镇痛效果,不良反应及对产程,分娩方式,产后出血量,胎儿及新生儿等的影响,并与５０例正常未干预组产妇比较。结果 联合组效果较好,单纯组镇痛作用欠佳且增加阴道分娩的助产率。     

低浓度罗哌卡因复合小剂量舒芬太尼椎管内分娩镇痛在剖宫产术后再次妊娠阴道分娩中的应用

目的:探讨低浓度罗哌卡因复合小剂量舒芬太尼椎管内分娩镇痛用于剖宫产术后再次妊娠阴道分娩(VBAC)的可行性。方法:回顾分析2012年1月至2013年12月于我院建卡的剖宫产术后再次妊娠要求阴道试产的单胎、足月病例83例,按是否接受椎管内分娩镇痛将研究对象分为镇痛组(37例)和非镇痛组(46例)。比较两组的产程时间、催产素使用情况、分娩方式、产后出血量、新生儿体重及新生儿Apgar评分。结果:两组产妇的年龄、体重指数、孕周比较,差异均无统计学意义。镇痛组的催产素使用率为62.2%,显著高于非镇痛组(21.7%)(P0.01)。镇痛组镇痛后的VAS评分显著低于镇痛前[(9.43±0.50)分vs(3.16±0.69)分,P0.01]。两组的产程时间、产后出血量、新生儿体重、Apgar评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组均无子宫破裂等严重并发症发生。结论:低浓度罗哌卡因复合小剂量舒芬太尼应用于VBAC安全有效,值得推广。     

Combined spinal–epidural analgesia for labor pain: best timing of epidural infusion following spinal dose

Objectives  The combined spinal–epidural analgesia (CSEA) technique for labor pain has attained wide spread popularity in obstetric anesthesia. The onset of analgesia is rapid and reliable, and maternal satisfaction is very high. However, the best timing of an epidural infusion following the spinal dose and its effect on the total local anesthetics consumption has not been well determined. Methods  A total of 144 consenting healthy nulliparous parturients whose labor was induced and who labored under regional analgesia were enrolled in this study. Following induction of the CSEA with intrathecal injection of bupivacaine, 2.5 mg and fentanyl, 25 μg, the patients were randomized into one of four groups to receive a subsequent continuous epidural infusion [E (3), E (30), E (60) and E (90)], depending on the timing of the initiation of epidural infusion of 0.1% ropivacaine, 0.0002% fentanyl and 1:500,000 epinephrine at the rate of 10 ml/h. In study Groups E (3), E (30), E (60) and E (90), epidural infusion was initiated 3, 30, 60 and 90 min, respectively following spinal induction dose. Patients requesting additional labor analgesia were given an epidural bolus (8 ml) of ropivacaine, 0.2%. The number of parturients requesting additional boluses of ropivacaine and the total dose of ropivacaine required for labor analgesia were registered. Results  The numbers of patients who required additional boluses of ropivacaine in Group E (3) and Group E (30) were significantly less than those in Group E (60) and Group E (90). The total dose of ropivacaine required for labor pain in Group E (3) and Group E (30) was insignificantly smaller than the total dose required in Group E (60) and Group E (90). Conclusion  Our results suggest that the best timing of epidural infusion following spinal dose was within 30 min of spinal induction dose. Presented in a part at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) in Las Vegas, NV, USA, October 2004.     

可行走式无痛分娩的镇痛效果及其对母儿的影响

目的：分析可行走式无痛分娩的镇痛效果及其对母儿的影响。方法：回顾性分析2012年9月-2013年9月收治的177例孕产妇,按其分娩方式分为无痛分娩组（n=83）和常规分娩组（n=94）,比较2组产妇各产程疼痛评分、产程及新生儿情况。结果：无痛分娩组剖宫产率低于常规分娩组（P＜0.05）;无痛分娩组第一产程较常规分娩组缩短,其第二产程较常规分娩组延长（P＜0.05）,2组产妇第三产程差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;无痛分娩组产妇各产程视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分均低于常规分娩组（P＜0.05）;2组胎儿窘迫发生率及Apgar评分差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;2组产妇产后3 h出血发生率及出血量差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;常规分娩组未见产后不良反应,无痛分娩组4例（5.6%）出现体位性低血压,3例（4.2%）下肢肌力减弱,均经对症治疗后于3 h内缓解。结论：可行走式无痛分娩具有良好的镇痛效果,可显著降低产妇各产程的疼痛感觉,且不会发生严重产后并发症,对胎儿无害,是一种有效、安全的分娩镇痛方式,值得临床推广应用。     

Effects of epidural fentanyl on labor pain during the early period of the first stage of induced labor in nulliparous women.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It is generally accepted that epidural injection with local anesthetics and narcotics administered when the cervix has dilated to a diameter exceeding 4 cm can adequately control labor pain. However, many nulliparous women still suffer from labor pain for a few hours prior to the administration of epidural analgesia. This study examined the effectiveness of relief of labor pain obtained by injection of narcotics epidurally once the labor pain begins and the subject requests analgesia. METHODS: Subjects scheduled for induced labour were divided into three groups: Group A (n = 60) received 5 x 10(-4)% fentanyl (10-20 mL) administered epidurally to relieve early first-stage labor pain. Group B (n = 60) received no analgesic in the early first stage of labor. For groups A and B, when cervical dilatation exceeded 4 cm, 10 to 15 mL of 5 x 10(-2)% bupivacaine and 2 x 10(-4)% fentanyl were injected epidurally and a continuous low dosage was maintained until full dilatation of the cervix resulted. Group C (n = 198) received no analgesic during the entire labor course. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the duration of the early period of the first stage of labor, the duration of the late period of the first stage, the duration of the second stage, the Apgar score, or the arterial blood gas of neonates among the three groups. However, group C had a significantly higher cesarean section rate (28.8%) than group A (16.7%) or group B (15%). Pain scores assessed with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) throughout the entire labor course, were lower in group A than in group B; particularly during the early period of the first stage. The VAS scores in both groups A and B were significantly lower than those in group C during the late period of the first stage of labor. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that once labor pain begins and the subject requests analgesia, epidural injection with fentanyl alone can relieve labor pain during the early period of the first stage. The analgesia does not cause adverse effects to the mothers or neonates. In addition, the labor course and the method of delivery are not affected.     

Low concentration Ropivacaine in labor epidural analgesia. A prospective study on obstetric and neonatal outcome]

BACKGROUND: Epidural analgesia effectively alleviates labor pain. However controversy exists about the effect of epidural analgesia on labor outcome. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of a low concentration local anesthetic (ropivacaine 0.08%) in labor epidural analgesia (LEA) on labor pain relief, on the incidence of cesarean sections and instrumental vaginal deliveries, and on neonatal outcome. METHODS: In the period April 1998 - July 2000, 323 women in active labor with live, singleton and in vertex presentation fetuses at term of gestation were included in this prospective study. Women with pre-gestational and/or obstetric diseases or previous caesarean deliveries were excluded. One-hundred and five patients requiring - by written informed consent - LEA were allocated to receive standardised protocol of a low concentration local anesthetic (ropivacaine 0.08%) coadministered with opioid (sufentanil): ropivacaine group. The remaining 239 parturients who didn't require LEA were included in the control group. RESULTS: The demographic characteristics of the two groups were similar; 12 (10.4%) patients receiving LEA delivered by cesarean section, 17 (14.8%) by vacuum extractor whereas 86 (74.8%) had a spontaneous delivery. The risk of cesarean section (adjusted for age, BMI, parity, neonatal weight and gynecologist) resulted lower, even if not significantly, in the ropivacaine group (OR 0.9; 95% IC: 0.6-1.3), while a significant increased instrumental vaginal delivery rate has been reported, although little numbers reduce statistical significance. Neonatal outcome was unaffected by the use of LEA. CONCLUSIONS: The conclusion is drawn that a lower concentration of ropivacaine (0.08%) in LEA produces good labor pain relief with no detectable adverse effects on mother and neonate, and without significantly increasing cesarean section rate.     

Characteristics of parturients who choose to deliver without analgesia.

The purpose of the study was to characterize parturients who prefer to deliver without the use of analgesia. The study population consisted of 446 consecutive low risk laboring women in early active stage of labor. Data were collected prospectively by an obstetrician, using a structured questionnaire. The degree of pain was assessed by using a visual analog scale (VAS). An obstetrician and a midwife together estimated the degree of pain as was exhibited by the parturients, using the same scale. Univariate analysis found women who undertake labor without analgesia to be significantly older, with higher birth order, of Bedouin ethnicity and to be of lower educational level than those taking analgesics during labor. Women who refused analgesia had experienced and apparently expressed lower degrees of pain (mean VAS score = 7.4 and 6.7, respectively) than those who consented to analgesia (mean VAS score = 8.6 and 8.0, respectively; p < 0.001). A multiple logistic regression model found only the severity of pain (odds ratio (OR) = 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51-0.88; p = 0.004), as well as high maternal age (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.16-2.04; p = 0.038) to be independent factors affecting the decision not to accept analgesia during labor. In conclusion, parturients refusing analgesia were older and had experienced less pain during labor than women using analgesia.     

防哮饮早期干预对哮喘小鼠血清白细胞介素-10水平影响的实验研究

目的观察中药＂防哮饮＂早期干预对哮喘小鼠血清白细胞介素10（IL-10）水平以及支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中嗜酸性粒细胞百分比（EOS%）的影响。方法将60只健康昆明小鼠随机分为6组：正常对照组、哮喘模型组、＂防哮饮＂小剂量组、＂防哮饮＂中剂量组、＂防哮饮＂大剂量组、布地奈德组各10只,用卵蛋白致敏激发造模。中药＂防哮饮＂组从致敏第1天起,将中药＂防哮饮＂按小剂量（含生药0.5 g/mL）、中剂量（含生药1.5 g/mL）、大剂量（含生药2.5 g/mL）灌胃给药,每日1次,每次0.4 mL,共27 d。在最后1次激发后24 h（第28 d）处死小鼠,采用双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附试验检测小鼠血清IL-10的含量,并镜检BALF中EOS%。结果哮喘模型组小鼠BALF中EOS[（2.9±1.4）%]较对照组[（1.3±0.9）%]明显升高（P〈0.01）;血清IL-10的含量[（7.6±3.0）ng/mL]较对照组[（44.9±33.0）ng/mL]降低（P〈0.05）。＂防哮饮＂小、中、大剂量组均能显著提高哮喘小鼠血清IL-10水平,与哮喘模型组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,与布地奈德组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。＂防哮饮＂大、中、小剂量组和布地奈德组均能明显降低BALF中EOS%（P〈0.01）,各组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论中药＂防哮饮＂及布地奈德早期干预治疗均能够明显改善哮喘小鼠病理状态,上调哮喘小鼠血清IL-10表达和降低BALF中EOS%水平可能是其作用机制。     

阴道分娩97例初产妇产后尿潴留危险因素临床分析

目的：探讨经阴道分娩产后尿潴留（postpartum urinary retention,PUR）的危险因素,为降低PUR发生率、减少产后并发症提供理论依据。方法：选择天津医科大学宝坻临床学院（我院）2016年1-12月经阴道分娩PUR患者97例为观察组[A组,其中分娩镇痛者83例（A1组）,无分娩镇痛者14例（A2组）],随机选择同期经阴道分娩无尿潴留者88例为对照组[B组,其中分娩镇痛者59例（B1组）,无分娩镇痛者29例（B2组）]。记录2组患者一般信息、妊娠期合并症及妊娠期并发症、产时情况、产后出血情况及新生儿体质量,进行回顾性分析。结果：2组产妇妊娠期合并症及并发症、孕次、胎膜早破、枕左前（LOA）胎位、第三产程时间和新生儿体质量比较,差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。孕周、分娩镇痛、产钳助娩、侧切、第一产程时间、第二产程时间和产后出血比较,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。发生PUR的危险因素有孕周增大（OR=1.619,95%CI：1.121～2.339）、产钳助娩（OR=4.981,95%CI：2.184～11.361）、产后出血（OR=3.429,95%CI：1.024～11.488）和侧切（OR=2.419,95%CI：1.058～5.531）。PUR危险因素的ROC曲线分析：年龄最佳临界值为26.50岁,孕周最佳临界值为40.36周,新生儿体质量最佳临界值为3 372.50 g,分娩镇痛第一产程最佳临界值为402.50 min,分娩镇痛第二产程最佳临界值为61.50 min,无分娩镇痛第一产程最佳临界值为230.00 min,无分娩镇痛第二产程最佳临界值为34.50 min。结论：对孕周、分娩镇痛、产钳助娩、侧切、第一产程时间、第二产程时间、产后出血诸因素适当干预,可减少PUR的发生。     

活跃期分娩镇痛对经阴道分娩产妇产后认知功能的影响

目的：分析活跃期分娩镇痛与非分娩镇痛的产妇产后认知功能障碍的发生情况及其影响因素。方法：选择2016年1月—2018年12月南通市通州区二甲人民医院经阴道分娩的产妇217例,按照自愿选择的原则分为分娩镇痛组（82例）和非分娩镇痛组（135例）,比较2组孕妇产程不同时间的疼痛评分以及产后第1天、第42天认知功能障碍的发生率,并分析其影响因素。结果：分娩镇痛组孕妇宫口开6 cm及10 cm时视觉模拟评分（VAS）显著低于非分娩镇痛组（P＜0.001）,2组宫口开3 cm时VAS 评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;分娩镇痛组孕妇产后第1天蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）及符号数字转换测验（SDMT90）得分均高于非分娩镇痛组,认知功能障碍发生率低于非分娩镇痛组（P＜0.05）,2组孕妇产后第42天MoCA、SDMT90得分及认知功能障碍发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;未使用分娩镇痛、宫口开3 cm、6 cm、10 cm时VAS＞5分是产后第1天认知功能障碍的影响因素（P＜0.05）,年龄≥35岁、高中及以下学历与产后第1天认知功能障碍无相关性（P＞0.05）。结论：分娩镇痛可以通过有效地缓解产程中疼痛来降低经阴道分娩产妇产后第1天认知功能障碍的发生风险,非分娩镇痛及产程中疼痛是产后认知功能障碍的独立危险因素。