家庭室内潮湿暴露与儿童哮喘和过敏性湿疹的关系研究

目的调查不同特征儿童哮喘和过敏性湿疹的流行现状,并探索室内潮湿因素对儿童哮喘和过敏性湿疹的影响,为相关疾病的家庭预防提供理论依据。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法于2015年1月至12月在某市抽取3193名儿童作为研究对象,采用χ2检验和多因素logistic回归分析探讨家庭室内潮湿暴露与儿童哮喘和过敏性湿疹的关系。结果研究共纳入1474名男孩和1665名女孩,哮喘患病率为3.10%,过敏性湿疹患病率为38.52%,多因素logistic回归分析表明发霉的气味会使儿童哮喘患病风险增加1.42倍(OR[95%CI]:2.42 [1.40,5.31]),与儿童过敏性湿疹发生风险有关的因素包括家庭室内窗户水凝结(OR[95%CI]:1.34[1.10,1.64]),发霉气味(OR[95%CI]:3.13[2.10,4.67]),衣物/被褥潮湿(OR[95%CI]:1.49 [1.20,1.85])以及天花板可见湿渍(OR[95%CI]:2.06[1.54,2.76])。结论儿童哮喘和过敏性疾病受多种因素的影响,对家庭环境可控因素进行干预,降低室内潮湿危险因素的暴露,具有重要意义。     

住宅特点与生活方式对8~12岁儿童呼吸系统过敏性疾病的影响研究

目的探讨住宅特点、生活方式与8~12岁儿童呼吸系统过敏性疾病的关系。方法于2012年12月—2013年1月调查北京市朝阳区某小学154名8~12岁儿童的呼吸系统过敏性疾病患病情况、儿童所在家庭住宅特点及生活方式、父母呼吸系统过敏性疾病史等,分析儿童呼吸系统过敏性疾病或症状的影响因素。结果 41.6%的儿童曾有过敏症状,28.6%的儿童曾患过敏性疾病。多因素分析表明,饲养宠物(OR=4.172)、出生时人工喂养(OR=2.744)、窗户密闭性强(OR=2.571)及父母有鼻炎史(OR=6.604)均可能增加儿童患过敏性鼻炎的风险;儿童有过敏症状的危险因素包括住宅内有通风设备(OR=2.992)、出生时人工喂养(OR=1.790)、不常换洗儿童被褥(OR=2.081)和父母有过敏性疾病史(OR=3.109~3.427),均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论住宅靠近交通主干道、面积偏小、窗户密闭性强等住宅特点及饲养宠物、不常换洗被褥、出生时人工喂养等生活方式可能增加儿童呼吸系统过敏性疾病的发生率。     

住宅室内空气品质感知和加湿器使用与儿童过敏性症状及疾病的关系

目的 探讨住宅室内空气品质加湿器使用与儿童过敏性症状和疾病的关系.方法 于2010年12月选取南京市11个主城区的23家幼儿园的4 014名1～8岁儿童以问卷调查方式了解儿童过敏性症状及疾病、近3个月家庭住宅内潮湿表征、室内空气品质感知和加湿器使用情况.采用Logistic回归分析过敏性症状及疾病的影响因素.结果 儿童哮喘发生率为8.7％(347/3 987);出现潮湿表征的家庭对室内空气品质的不良感知百分率高于无潮湿表征的家庭(P＜0.05),使用加湿器的比例高于无潮湿表征的家庭(P＜0.05);有空气干燥感知的家庭使用加湿器的比例高于无干燥感家庭(P＜0.01);有室内空气干燥感的儿童出现哮喘症状(AOR:1.51;95％ CI:1.29～1.76)、患哮喘(AOR:1.49;95％ CI:1.15～1.94)、鼻炎症状(AOR:1.58; 95％ CI:1.37～1.84)的危险较高,室内使用加湿器的儿童患哮喘(AOR:1.39;95％ CI:1.01～1.91)、过敏性鼻炎(AOR:1.67;95％ CI:1.21～2.29)的危险较高.结论 有室内空气干燥感知及使用空气加湿器的家庭的儿童患哮喘等过敏性疾病的危险较高.     

乌鲁木齐市学龄前儿童过敏性鼻炎患病及相关症状影响因素分析

目的 了解新疆乌鲁木齐市学龄前儿童经医生诊断的过敏性鼻炎患病率及家长报告鼻炎相关症状发生情况，探讨与学龄前儿童过敏性鼻炎及鼻炎相关症状的影响因素，为学龄前儿童过敏性鼻炎及鼻炎相关症状的预防和控制提供理论依据。方法 采用横断面研究方法，于2019年8—12月问卷调查乌鲁木齐市60所幼儿园的8 153名学龄前儿童经医生诊断的过敏性鼻炎患病情况、家长报告的儿童鼻炎相关症状发生情况、遗传、个体及环境因素，分析儿童过敏性鼻炎及鼻炎相关症状的影响因素。结果 调查的8 153名学龄前儿童中，有7.6%的儿童曾经医生明确诊断为过敏性鼻炎，有27.4%的儿童既往曾出现过鼻炎相关症状。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，年龄（5～7岁）（OR=1.36,95%CI=1.04～1.80）、独生子女（OR=1.24,95%CI=1.04～1.48）、出生方式（OR=1.21,95%CI=1.02～1.44）、父亲患鼻炎（OR=2.50,95%CI=2.10～2.98）、母亲患鼻炎（OR=3.29,95%CI=2.76～3.91）、父亲患哮喘（OR=1.95,95%CI=1.02～3.74）、住所的居住面积...     

高校宿舍潮湿和主观感知气味与大学生过敏性疾病及症状的关系研究

目的分析高校宿舍潮湿和主观感知气味与大学生过敏性疾病及症状的关系。方法于2015年10—11月选取北京某高校890间宿舍1 727名17～28岁大学生,以问卷方式调查大学生过敏性疾病及症状、宿舍内潮湿表征和主观感知气味情况,并进行多因素回归分析。结果在所调查的大学生中,过敏性疾病及症状的自我报告率为2.0%～41.4%,潮湿表征的发生率为10.1%～77.6%,主观感知气味的发生率为27.6%～62.0%。在出现潮湿表征的宿舍中,不良感知气味发生率均高于无潮湿表征的宿舍,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);感觉空气干燥的发生率高于无潮湿表征的宿舍,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。宿舍潮湿表征与多种疾病症状相关,窗户凝水与近12个月患鼻炎的OR值最低,为1.30(95%CI:1.03～1.65);主观感知气味与多种疾病症状相关,烟草味与近12个月患鼻炎的OR值最低,为1.28(95%CI:1.03～1.59)。结论高校宿舍潮湿表征和主观感知气味是大学生过敏性疾病及症状的潜在危险因素,应加强大学生健康教育,并采取措施改善大学生宿舍环境。     

武汉市4～14岁儿童过敏性鼻炎的危险因素分析

目的 回顾性分析武汉地区4～14岁儿童过敏性鼻炎的相关因素,以期为儿童过敏性鼻炎的防治提供指导。方法 选取2016年1月-2017年12月间因过敏性鼻炎症状在湖北大学医院和解放军武汉总医院门诊或住院治疗并采用敏筛过敏原体外半定量免疫试验检测方法而确诊的236名儿童纳入病例组进行回顾性分析,选择同期门诊体检健康的儿童60例为对照组;采用单因素分析及Logistic回归分析明确儿童过敏性鼻炎的危险因素。结果 2016年来院就诊儿童过敏性鼻炎排名前五位的过敏原依次为:粉尘螨135例(57.2%)、屋尘螨92例(38.9%)、霉菌混合65例(27.5%)、狗猫毛皮屑59例(25%)、牛奶45例(19%)。多因素Logistic分析结果显示,家族史(OR=2.87, 95%CI: 1.47～3.02)、过敏史(OR=2.67, 95%CI:1.72～8.37 )、剖宫产(OR=3.51, 95%CI:1.39～6.7 )、合并哮喘(OR=2.93, 95%CI:1.52～4.08 )、饲养宠物(OR=1.67, 95%CI:1.39～4.70 )、病程≥24个月(OR=1.09, 95%CI: 1.03～1.15)、食用海鲜(OR=1.78, 95%CI:1.06～4.81 )、处于吸烟环境(OR=2.23,95%CI:1.64～3.03 )等可能会增加儿童过敏性鼻炎的发病风险,而母乳喂养史为过敏性鼻炎的保护因素(OR=0.68,95%CI: 0.53～0.89)。结论 明确过敏原,减少或避免过敏原的接触,对儿童过敏性鼻炎的防治具有重要临床意义和指导作用。     

北京城、郊区儿童哮喘及相关过敏疾患的室内环境因素比较

目的 探讨与儿童哮喘及相关过敏疾患发生相关的室内环境影响因素.方法 采用整群抽样方法,在北京市城区与郊区各选择7所小学的一至四年级学生4612名,使用国际间儿童哮喘及过敏性疾病对比研究标准问卷,调查室内环境因素对儿童哮喘及相关过敏疾患发生的影响.结果 实际分析4060名儿童,其中城区1992名,郊区2068名.城区儿童近12个月喘息、过敏性鼻炎及特应性湿疹的发生率分别为3.1%(61/1992)、5.3%(106/1992)和1.1%(22/1992);郊区为1.3%(27/2068)、3.1%(65/2068)和1.0%(22/2068).城区儿童12个月喘息及过敏性鼻炎的发生率高于郊区,差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为14.77、11.93,P＜0.01).城区儿童既往患有哮喘及湿疹的发生率分别为5.3%(105/1992)、29.4%(586/1992),郊区分别为1.7%(35/2068)、13.8%(285/2068),城区高于郊区,差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为39.03、147.22,P值均＜0.01).尽管两区儿童所处的室内环境因素分布比例比较相近,但被动吸烟及家庭装修对两区儿童哮喘及相关过敏疾患的发生影响不同:被动吸烟对郊区儿童既往哮喘发生的OR=2.70,95%CI=1.17～6.23.而在城区未发现显著影响(OR=1.06,95%CI=0.71～1.58);84.0%(1673/1992)的城区儿童家庭装修过,郊区为80.0%(1655/2068),家庭装修对城区儿童既往湿疹发生的OR=1.57,95%CI=1.17～2.10,在郊区未发现显著影响(OR=1.06,95%CI=0.76～1.48).结论 北京市城区学龄儿童哮喘及相关过敏疾患的发生率显著高于郊区,室内环境因素中被动吸烟、家庭装修对两区儿童哮喘及相关过敏疾患发生的影响可能不同.     

广州地区儿童哮喘危险因素病例对照研究

目的探讨广州地区儿童哮喘的危险因素。方法从广州市海珠区、白云区和花都区8所小学7635名儿童中筛选出哮喘病患,按性别和年龄1∶1配对选取健康对照。通过家长问卷调查儿童家庭的社会经济特征、父母过敏和哮喘史及室内环境等因素。结果 Logistic回归分析显示,父亲、母亲有过敏史的儿童哮喘患病风险显著高于对照组,其OR值分别为5.05(95%CI:1.37～18.65)和5.38(95%CI:1.23～23.54),儿童自身过敏史与哮喘之间呈显著关联(OR=5.58,95%CI:1.53～20.36),室内新家具可显著增加儿童哮喘的患病风险(OR=6.42,95%CI:1.13～36.62)。结论父母过敏性疾病史、儿童自身过敏史和室内新家具是儿童哮喘的重要危险因素。     

东营市儿童支气管哮喘的相关因素分析

目的：采用横断面研究对山东省东营市0~12岁儿童支气管哮喘的相关危险因素进行探究。方法随机抽取2013年6月至2014年6月东营市0~12岁儿童9500例,最后获得完整资料的例数有9120例,通过调查问卷初筛、专科医护人员病史采集和专科检查进行确诊,并对影响哮喘病患儿的危险因素进行分析。结果确诊为儿童哮喘的人数有301人(3.30%)。男性患儿患病率高于女性患儿(χ2=7.844,P<0.05)。0~3岁患儿患病率最高,7~12岁患儿次之,4~6岁患儿患病率最低(χ2=14.364,P<0.001)。单因素分析发现,过敏性鼻炎、荨麻疹、湿疹、药物过敏史、肥胖症、早期使用抗生素的0~12岁儿童哮喘患病率较高,均有统计学意义(OR值分别为7.901、3.281、2.677、2.586、7.348、1.434和3.193,均P<0.05)。多因素分析发现,过敏性鼻炎、荨麻疹、湿疹、药物过敏史、肥胖症、早期使用抗生素均是0~12岁儿童哮喘发作的危险因素[OR(95%CI)值分别为4.623(1.336~9.645)、4.031(1.712~8.493)、3.728(1.327~10.474)、2.186(1.231~3.882)、1.355(1.063~1.728)和2.787(1.429~5.438),均P<0.05]。结论哮喘病在儿童中的发病率较高,过敏性鼻炎、荨麻疹、湿疹、药物过敏史、肥胖症、早期使用抗生素是0~12岁儿童哮喘发作的危险因素。     

海口市学龄前儿童哮喘的影响因素分析

目的 调查和分析海南省海口市儿童哮喘发病的危险因素,以期为儿童哮喘预防提供参考。方法 通过整群抽样调查法对2016年1月-12月海口市城区13所幼儿园、社区保健机构单位7 256例3～6岁的儿童进行儿童哮喘流行病学问卷调查,通过Logistic回归分析法了解哮喘儿童发病的高危因素。结果 对海口市的学龄前儿童调查发现,哮喘预测指数阳性率为6.74%;影响哮喘发病的因素十分复杂,其中最主要的独立危险因素为个人药物过敏史(OR＝8.437,95%CI:1.538~22.643)、食物过敏史(OR＝5.463,95%CI:1.578~21.727)、过敏性鼻炎(OR＝7.847,95%CI:1.584~25.684)以及家族过敏史(OR＝7.443,95%CI:1.843~13.614)。结论 海南省海口市儿童哮喘发病率较高,和多种因素有关,其中个人药物过敏史、食物过敏史、过敏性鼻炎以及家族过敏史是造成儿童哮喘发病的独立危险因素,必须引起重视,进一步规范治疗。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.