1例重型新型冠状病毒肺炎合并肾衰竭行连续肾脏替代治疗患者的护理

正新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)是一种急性感染性肺炎,其病原体是一种先前未在人类中发现的新型冠状病毒,简称"新冠肺炎"。它的临床典型症状以发热、乏力、干咳为主要表现;少数患者伴有鼻塞、流涕、咽痛和腹泻等症状;重症患者多在发病1周后出现呼吸困难和(或)低氧血症,严重者快速进展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征、脓毒症休克、难以纠正的代谢性酸中毒和凝血功能障碍及多器官功能衰竭。     

维持性血液透析患者新型冠状病毒感染重症的相关危险因素

目的 分析维持性血液透析患者新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)重症的危险因素,为患者的早期风险识别提供参考。方法 回顾性收集2022年3月至4月吉林省人民医院收治的73例确诊COVID-19的维持性血液透析患者的临床资料,根据患者临床分型分为MC组(轻型及普通型,61例)与SC组(重型及危重型,12例),收集患者基线资料[年龄、性别、COVID-19疫苗接种情况、年龄校正Charlson合并症指数(aCCI)、原发性高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、恶性肿瘤、透析时间]、首发临床症状(发热、干咳、乏力、咽痛、腹泻、呼吸困难)、入院24 h内实验室检查指标(白细胞总数、中性粒细胞总数、淋巴细胞总数、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、D-二聚体、白蛋白),采用多因素logistic回归分析维持性血液透析患者COVID-19重症的危险因素。结果 两组年龄、aCCI、淋巴细胞总数、C反应蛋白及D-二聚体差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄大及C反应蛋白水平高为维持性血液透析患者COVID-19重症的独立危险因素(OR=1.256, 95%CI:1.016～1.553,P...     

272例新型冠状病毒肺炎患者多项炎性免疫指标分析

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者多项炎性免疫指标在血液中的表达水平,为临床诊断提供更多的理论依据。方法选取武汉市第三医院2020年1月27日至2月29日收治的272例COVID-19确诊患者作为病例组,按照病情分为普通型、重型和危重型3组,另选取54例同时期已排除感染的患者作为对照组,回顾性分析各组白细胞(WBC)计数、淋巴细胞(LYM)计数、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)、降钙素原(PCT)、血清补体C3水平,并进行比较;采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评价以上6项指标单独及联合诊断COVID-19的价值。结果与对照组相比,病例组WBC计数、LYM计数均显著降低(P<0.05),CRP、SAA和PCT水平均显著增加(P<0.05);并且随着病情的加重,CRP、SAA和PCT水平逐渐增加(P<0.05),但LYM计数和补体C3水平均逐渐降低(P<0.05);WBC计数、LYM计数、CRP、SAA、PCT和补体C3联合检测诊断COVID-19时,ROC曲线下面积为0.984,灵敏度为90.0%,特异度为100.0%;6项指标联合检测鉴别COVID-19患者重型和危重型时,ROC曲线下面积为0.911,灵敏度为86.0%,特异度为85.0%。结论COVID-19患者体内WBC计数、LYM计数、CRP、SAA、PCT及补体C3等多项炎性免疫指标的联合检测,有助于疾病的临床诊断、分型。     

COVID-19重症化早期实验室预警的研究

目的探讨早期实验室指标在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)病情严重度判断中的作用。方法回顾性分析85例COVID-19患者入院时外周血各项实验室检查结果,包括血常规、肝功能、肾功能、凝血功能、白介素-6(IL-6)、铁蛋白、C反应蛋白(CRP)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、降钙素原(PCT)、肌红蛋白、肌钙蛋白、淀粉样蛋白A,并对普通型和重症型患者各项数据进行分析比较。结果重症型COVID-19患者白细胞(WBC)计数、中性粒细胞绝对数(NEUT#)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、CRP、D-二聚体(DD)、铁蛋白和肌酐较普通型患者明显升高(P0.05)。早期WBC计数、NEUT#、NLR、LDH、肌红蛋白、CRP、铁蛋白升高是COVID-19患者重症化风险预测指标。NLR作为独立风险因子,临界值为5.61时,诊断重症化的敏感性为68.75%,特异性为78.38%。结论 COVID-19患者早期WBC计数、NEUT#、NLR、LDH、肌红蛋白、CRP和铁蛋白水平明显升高,提示存在重症化风险,其中NLR是COVID-19重症化的独立预警指标。     

甲型H1N1流感的诊治（一）

1临床表现①流感样症状：发热（腋温≥37．5℃）、流涕、鼻塞、咽痛、咳嗽、头痛、肌痛、乏力。少数患者有胃肠道症状,如呕吐和（或）腹泻。②流感合并症．a．可引起肺炎、心肌炎、脑炎。老幼体弱者易并发细菌性感染。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的临床特征与实验室结果相关性分析

摘要：目的?分析新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者的临床特征和实验室检查结果，为早期诊断COVID-19提供参考依据。方法?回顾性分析2020年1月25日至3月15日就诊于南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院的12例COVID-19患者资料，选取同期呼吸科就诊普通肺炎患者和体检中心体检正常者各50例分别作为对照组和正常组，比较3组患者流行病学史、临床症状、胸部CT影像和实验室检查结果。结果?COVID-19确诊患者中75%有流行病学史，其中83.33%患者以发热为首发症状，58.33%患者伴有咳嗽，少数伴有肌肉酸痛、咳痰、乏力、咽喉痛、流涕等症状；CT平扫影像学主要表现为斑片影(50.00%)和磨玻璃影(75.00%)，少数为间质改变和肺实变；确诊患者病灶分布范围≥2个肺叶(83.33%)和磨玻璃影(75.00%)明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。确诊患者WBC计数、中性粒细胞计数(NEU)、降钙素原(PCT)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、CD3+T细胞、CD3+CD4+T细胞和CD3+CD8+T细胞计数明显低于对照组，尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)和核酸检测循环阈值(Ct)值明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。核酸Ct值与LYM呈正相关(r=0.632，P<0.05)，核酸Ct值与C反应蛋白(CRP)呈负相关(r=-0.676，P<0.05)。结论?结合流行病学史、临床症状、典型胸部CT影像和实验室检查结果等综合判断，可提高临床诊断效能，更好地实现筛查目的。     

医学信息

益生菌预防急性腹泻美国研究人员对益生菌预防急性腹泻的荟萃分析显示,益生菌显著降低了52%(95%CI 35%~65%)的抗生素相关性腹泻,降低了8%(6%~21%)的旅游者腹泻风险和34%(8%~53%)各种原因导致的腹泻。益生菌降低儿童和成人抗生素相关性腹泻分别为57%(35%~71%)和26%(7%~49%)。各种益生菌如布拉酵母菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌GG、嗜酸乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌及其他菌株,单独使用或联合使用的保护作用无显著区别。该研究提示益生菌预防急性腹泻可能有效,但这些数据中缺乏来自社区的研究或发展中国家的研究。摘自《中华医学信息导报》2006,21(14):4.中年…     

1例危重型新型冠状病毒感染患儿气道廓清护理

<正>新型冠状病毒(简称“新冠”)感染以发热、干咳、乏力为主要表现,部分患者出现咽痛、鼻塞及流涕等上呼吸道感染症状,儿童症状相对成人较轻^[1]。研究^[2-3]显示,儿童肥胖、合并有基础性疾病是儿童感染危重型新冠的高危因素,其中合并神经系统及呼吸系统疾病是最为常见的影响因素。重型及危重型患儿通常需要行呼吸支持,在此过程中气道廓清技术(airway clearance therapy,ACT)有着举足轻重的作用。     

炎症指标及血常规在新型冠状病毒肺炎患者病程中的水平变化及应用价值

目的探讨炎症指标及血常规在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者病程中的水平变化及应用价值。方法选取145例COVID-19确诊患者作为确诊组,根据COVID-19临床分型标准又将确诊组患者分为普通型组113例,重型组27例,危重型组5例。另选取84例在发热门诊就诊和在隔离病区观察,且已排除COVID-19的患者作为对照组。比较不同临床分型患者在疾病不同时期的血常规、炎症指标;分析合并呼吸道细菌感染的COVID-19患者血常规、炎症指标在疾病不同时期的变化情况。结果与对照组比较,确诊组白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞计数(NEUT)和淋巴细胞计数(LYM)水平明显降低(P<0.05),C反应蛋白(CRP)和血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)水平明显升高(P<0.05)。普通型组与重型组转归期WBC、LYM水平较急性期升高(P<0.05)。普通型组转归期CRP、SAA水平明显低于急性期(P<0.05);重型组恢复期CRP和SAA水平低于转归期与急性期(P<0.05),转归期CRP和SAA水平低于急性期(P<0.05)。4例合并呼吸道细菌感染的COVID-19患者WBC、NEUT、LYM、CRP及降钙素原水平在加重期升高,恢复期下降,SAA水平则呈逐渐下降趋势。结论LYM、WBC、CRP和SAA水平在一定程度上可反映COVID-19不同分型患者的疾病转归情况及治疗效果。危重型、重型COVID-19患者容易合并呼吸道细菌感染。     

SAA联合CRP、血常规检测在新型冠状病毒肺炎中的诊断价值

目的探讨血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)联合血常规、C反应蛋白(CRP)检测在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)诊断中的价值。方法选取襄阳市中心医院30例COVID-19住院患者(COVID-19组),以33名体检健康者作为对照组,收集并分析所有研究对象的血常规、CRP、SAA检测数据以及临床资料。结果与对照组比较,COVID-19组体温、中性粒细胞百分比(NEUT%)、CRP、SAA显著升高,淋巴细胞百分比(LYMPH%)显著降低(P0.01),但白细胞(WBC)计数差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。COVID-19组5个血液学指标中SAA的阳性率最高(93.3%)。受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析结果显示,SAA诊断COVID-19的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.994,最佳临界值为6.43 mg/L,敏感性和特异性分别为100%和91.9%。不同电子计算机断层扫描(CT)分期患者比较,SAA的差异有统计学意义(P0.01),SAA判断CT分期的AUC为0.851,敏感性和特异性分别为82.4%和76.9%。结论血液学指标,尤其是SAA,可快速、准确地辅助诊断COVID-19,为临床及时诊治提供参考。     

A meta-analysis of GCS 15 head injured patients with loss of consciousness or post-traumatic amnesia

Objectives: The classification of patients with "minor head injury" has relied largely upon the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The GCS however is an insensitive way of defining this heterogenous subgroup of patients. The aim of the study was to develop an extended GCS 15 category by meta-analysis of previously published case-control studies that have identified symptom risk factors for an abnormal head tomogram. Methods: Eligibility for the study was defined as: (1) Full papers and not abstracts. (2) Case-control or nested case-control studies on GCS 15 patients (adults or adults plus children). Outcome variable being head tomography: normal or abnormal. (3) Documentation of one or more symptom variables such that the odds ratio could be calculated. Five symptom variables were defined for the purpose of the study: headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, and dizziness. Results: Three articles fulfilled the criteria for the study. The Mantel-Haenszel test using a pooled estimate was used to calculate the common odds ratio for an abnormal head tomogram for each of the five symptom variables. The odds ratio for the symptom variables was: dizziness 0.594 (95%CI 0.296 to 1.193), blurred vision 0.836 (95%CI 0.369 to 1.893), headache 0.909 (95% CI: 0.601 to 1.375), severe headache 3.211 (95% CI: 2.212 to 4.584), nausea 2.125 (95% CI 1.467 to 3.057), vomiting 4.398 (95% CI 2.790 to 6.932). Conclusion: The results of this study provide a framework on which GCS category 15 patients can be stratified into four risk categories based upon their symptoms.     

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on headache symptoms and drug withdrawal among patients with medication overuse headache: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) bring about a range of psychological distress and symptom deterioration to headache patients especially to some migraineurs. Compared to migraineurs or normal control, medication overuse headache (MOH) patients are more likely to experience a worse psychological distress and poorer outcome in non-COVID-19 time. However, in COVID-19 pandemic, whether MOH patients would have greater physical and mental symptom deterioration or worse relief of headache symptoms and medications overuse remained unclear. We aim to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on MOH patients to guide for a better management in this study.MethodsWe enrolled MOH patients who were diagnosed and treated at headache clinic of West China Hospital. Information of the pre-pandemic 3 months period and COVID-19 pandemic period was collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify independent factors associated with changes in headache symptoms and drug withdrawal.ResultsSeventy-eight MOH patients were enrolled into the study ultimately. In comparison to pre-pandemic period, fewer MOH patients reported decreased headache days, intensity and days with acute medications per month during the pandemic. Available access to regular prophylactic medications was significantly associated with a reduction of at least 50% in headache days and decrease in headache intensity per month with respective odds ratios of 39.19 (95% CI 3.75–409.15, P = 0.002) and 10.13 (95% CI 2.33–44.12, P = 0.002). Following abrupt withdrawal and high educational level were both significant factors in decreasing headache intensity. Male sex was significantly associated with decrease in days with acute medication per month during the pandemic (odds ratios 4.78, 95%CI 1.44–15.87, P = 0.011).ConclusionsOur findings reflect that MOH patients experienced a worse relief of headache symptoms and drug withdrawal during the pandemic. Available access to regular prophylactic medications was the significant independent factor for improvement of headache symptoms. Male sex was significantly associated with decreased days with acute medications per month.     

Surgical intervention for acute pancreatitis in the COVID-19 era

Approximately 15%-19% of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections develop gastrointestinal symptoms. Acute pancreatitis (AP) has been reported in 0.1% of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Biliary AP was most common (78.4%) before the COVID-19 pandemic; idiopathic AP is most common in patients with COVID-19 (up to 57.1%). The number of emergency department presentations decreased by 23.3% during the pandemic and many governments made national recommendations to delay nonurgent endoscopic procedures, leading to decrements of 22% in combined esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy and 20% in EGD after the COVID-19 pandemic. The symptoms and signs of COVID-19-related AP are fever (63%), abdominal pain (58%), respiratory symptoms (40%), nausea and vomiting (39%), and headache (4%). Approximately 5-10% of patients develop necrotizing or hemorrhagic AP, and patients who required surgical intervention had a higher mortality risk. Compared to 2019, the rates of elective surgery decreased by 41.8% in 2020; including cholecystectomy (40.1% decrease) and pancreas (111.1% decrease). Surgical volumes also decreased by 18.7% in 2020; device-assisted laparoscopic and robot-assisted procedures reduced by 45.4% and 61.9% during the COVID-19 Lockdown in 2020.     

广州市新型冠状病毒肺炎患者消化系统损害及心理健康特征分析

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者的消化系统损害和心理健康特征。 方法收集2020年1月25日至2月20日广州市第八人民医院收治的123例COVID-19患者的临床资料，同期选择本院健康体检者85例，比较普通型组(n＝87)，重型、危重型组(n＝36)患者消化系统症状差异及肝损伤特点，评估消化道损害的时效关系，对主要症状进行多因素分析，并对部分患者(85例)及健康对照组(85例)行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)评分，比较两组差异。 结果在患者一般症状中，以发热及咳嗽最为常见，分别为112例(91.06%)、94例(76.42%)；在伴随的消化道症状中，以纳差最常见，为55例(44.72%)，其次是腹泻23例(18.70%)；以消化系统症状为首发表现者共2例(1.63%)。重型、危重型组患者中，合并有纳差、腹痛者[28(77.78%)，5(13.89%)]多于普通型组[27(31.03%)，2(2.30%)]，均差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)；腹泻一般持续1～4 d，平均(2.69±0.87)d，纳差症状持续时间较长，可持续5～15 d，平均(9.67±2.54)d。重型、危重型组患者的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)[36.60(19.57，57.50)]、谷草转氨酶(AST)[39.70(22.40，61.75)]水平明显高于普通型组患者[20.50(12.70，27.88)，18.80(13.40，22.90)],均差异有统计学意义(Z＝-3.91，-5.36；均P<0.05)，白蛋白(ALB)[33.35(30.02，35.30)]水平明显低于普通型组患者[38.10(34.90，39.90)]，差异有统计学意义(Z＝-5.61，P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析发现，氧合指数(OR＝0.99，95%CI：0.98～0.99)、焦虑或抑郁(OR＝0.18，95%CI：0.03～0.97)对纳差产生显著的影响(均P<0.05)。COVID-19患者的焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍的发生率[28(32.94%)，29(34.12%)，40(47.06%)]明显高于健康对照组[9(10.59%)，8(9.41%)，10(11.76%)]，均差异有统计学意义(χ²＝12.47，15.23，25.50；均P<0.05)。 结论COVID-19患者消化道症状中以纳差最常见，部分COVID-19患者可伴焦虑、抑郁或睡眠障碍，氧合指数、焦虑或抑郁是纳差的重要影响因素。     

Is positivity for hepatitis C virus antibody predictive of lower risk of death in COVID-19 patients with cirrhosis?

Liver injury has been reported in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases but the impact of pre-existing liver damage and related etiology have not been completely elucidated. Our research interests include the potential reciprocal influence of COVID-19 and pre-existing liver damage related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, in particular. To this end, we have evaluated three cohorts of patients admitted at three Italian hospitals during the coronavirus pandemic; these included 332 patients with COVID-19 and 1527 patients with HCV who were from established real-world antiviral treatment study cohorts (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir), with either liver disease (various severities; n = 1319) or cirrhosis (n = 208). Among the COVID-19 patients, 10 had cirrhosis (3%), including 7 of metabolic origin and 3 of viral origin. Mortality among the COVID-19 patients was 27.1%, with 70% of those with cirrhosis of metabolic etiology having died. Cirrhosis, older age, low white blood cell count and lymphocyte count being identified as risk predictors of death [odds ratio (OR) = 13.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.59-83.01, P = 0.006; OR = 1.05, 95%CI: 1.03-1.08, P = 0.0001; OR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.36-1.16, P = 0.001; OR = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.39-0.93, P = 0.023, respectively]. In the two cohorts of HCV patients, COVID-19 diagnosis was made in 0.07% of those with liver disease and 1% of those with cirrhosis. Thus, the prevalence of HCV antibodies among COVID-19-infected patients was comparable to that currently reported for the general population in Italy. Amongst the COVID-19 patients, pre-existing metabolic cirrhosis appears to be associated with higher mortality, while HCV antibodies may be suggestive of “protection” against COVID-19.     

COVID-19 in health care workers – A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and objectivesIt is essential to know the proportion of health care workers (HCW) who are COVID 19 positive, as well as the severity and mortality among them.MethodsThis systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and meta-analysis. Databases including PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched from December-31, 2019 to April-23, 2020. The search was limited to the studies that reported the data on the number of COVID-19 positive healthcare workers, among the COVID-19 positive patients. Case reports, duplicate publications, reviews, and family-based studies were excluded. The methodological quality of studies was assessed by the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) tool.ResultsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, we pooled eleven studies to investigate the above factors. The overall proportion of HCW who were SARS-CoV-2 positive among all COVID-19 patients was 10.1% (95%CI: 5.3–14.9). This proportion varied according to the country of study i.e. China (7 studies) - 4.2%, 95%CI:2.4–6.0; United States (3 studies) – 17.8%, 95%CI:7.5–28.0; and Italy (1 study) – 9.0%, 95%CI:8.6–9.4. The incidence of severe or critical disease in HCW (9.9%, 95%CI:0.8–18.9) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than the incidence of severe or critical disease in all COVID-19 positive patients (29.4%, 95%CI:18.6–40.2). Similarly, the mortality among HCW (0.3%, 95%CI:0.2–0.4) was also significantly lower (p < 0.001) as compared to that of all patients (2.3%, 95%CI:2.2–2.4).ConclusionHealth care workers who are COVID-19 positive constituted a significant proportion of all COVID-19 patients; but the severity and mortality were lower among them.     

Hypertransaminasemia in the course of infection with SARS-CoV-2: Incidence and pathogenetic hypothesis

In patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the respiratory symptoms, such as fever, cough and dyspnea, are the most frequent clinical manifestations. These patients may also present with less well-defined symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and/or abdominal discomfort both at the time of diagnosis and during the clinical course. In a few cases, these symptoms may also present before the appearance of respiratory symptoms. To penetrate the body, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 uses ACE2 receptors, which are present not only in respiratory epithelium but also in gastrointestinal mucosa and liver cholangiocytes. In several cases, viral RNA is detectable in the stool of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The liver damage seems to show a multifactorial origin. About 2%-11% of patients with COVID-19 have known underlying hepatic pathologies. In 14%-53% of COVID-19 cases, there is an alteration of the indices of liver cytolysis and is more frequently observed in severe forms of COVID-19, especially during hospitalization.     

Association of acute kidney injury with the severity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A meta-analysis

Backgroundwe aimed to explore the relationship of acute kidney injury (AKI) with the severity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, MedRxiv Database. We compared the laboratory indicators of renal impairment and incidences of AKI in the severe versus non-severe cases, and survival versus non-survival cases, respectively.ResultsIn 41 studies with 10,335 COVID-19 patients, the serum creatinine (sCr) in severe cases was much higher than that in non-severe cases (SMD = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.29–0.39), with a similar trend for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (SMD = 0.66, 95%CI: 0.51–0.81), hematuria (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.15–2.19), and proteinuria (OR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.58–5.38). The estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased significantly in severe cases compared with non-severe cases (SMD = -0.45, 95% CI: −0.67– −0.23). Moreover, the pooled OR of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and AKI prevalence for severe vs. non-severe cases was 12.99 (95%CI: 4.03–41.89) and 13.16 (95%CI: 10.16–17.05), respectively. Additionally, 11 studies with 3759 COVID-19 patients were included for analysis of disease mortality. The results showed the levels of sCr and BUN in non-survival cases remarkably elevated compared with survival patients, respectively (SMD = 0.97, SMD = 1.49). The pooled OR of CRRT and AKI prevalence for non-survival vs. survival cases was 31.51 (95%CI: 6.55–151.59) and 77.48 (95%CI: 24.52–244.85), respectively.ConclusionsAKI is closely related with severity and mortality of COVID-19, which gives awareness for doctors to pay more attention for risk screening, early identification and timely treatment of AKI.