彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒能量图在移植肾排斥反应中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒能量图在检测移植肾排斥反应中的应用价值。方法对46例肾移植受者术后进行了彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒能量图检查。根据检测结果将46例肾移植术后受者分为3组,移植肾正常组(30例)、急性排斥组(9例)和慢性排斥组(7例),并与超声引导下肾组织穿刺的病理检查结果进行比较。结果16例急、慢性排斥反应的患者移植肾动脉搏动指数及阻力指数均高于移植肾正常组;急性排斥组肾脏长径及肾皮质厚度明显大于移植肾正常组;慢性排斥反应时肾皮质厚度、肾脏长径、宽径均小于移植肾正常组。结论彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒能量图对移植肾血流灌注及排斥反应判断有独特的优点,搏动指数、阻力指数以及肾皮质厚度可作为有无移植肾排斥的指标之一。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断早期移植肾急性排斥

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声图像数据分析在诊断早期移植肾急性排斥中的作用及临床价值.方法总结203例肾移植术后6～30d内行彩色多普勒超声检查,结合临床症状、生化检查并参照病理诊断,对二维灰阶图像、彩色血流图、血流频谱及阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI)、收缩期与舒张期血流速度比(S/D)等参数进行回顾性分析.结果以彩色多普勒RI>0.78、PI>1.82、S/D>4.1为标准,结合彩色血流图及血流频谱形态,早期移植肾急性排斥正确诊断率可达85.7%.结论应用彩色多普勒超声诊断移植肾早期急性排斥并监测其功能恢复,具有快速、准确、无创等优点,可提早发现病情变化并指导治疗,提高移植肾存活率.     

肝硬化病人肾血流变化的临床研究

目的 研究肝硬化患者肾脏血液动力学的变化。方法 对49例肝硬化病人采用彩色多普勒超声测定肾叶间动脉及弓形动脉搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)及收缩期最高峰值／舒张期最低峰值(PS／PD)等指数，并同时监测患者的血内皮素情况。结果 肝功能越差，搏动指数和阻力指数越高，尤以RI为著；随腹水量的增加，肝硬化病人的PI、RI等亦有明显增高。肝硬化血内皮素(ET)的增高与PI及RI增高密切相关。结论 通过多普勒超声发现肝硬化患者肾血流与肝功能有直接相关性，肝硬化腹水和肾血流亦有相关性，而顽固性腹水PI、RI的演变可能有助于早期发现肝肾综合征(HRS)；血内皮素水平在肝硬化病人中明显增高。且与肾血管阻力的增加呈正相关，因而内皮素可能是参与肝硬化病人肾血管收缩的重要活性因子。     

肝移植血流动力学参数的变化及其临床意义

目的利用彩色多普勒超声检测移植肝血流动力学的参数,探讨参数变化的临床意义。方法利用彩色多普勒超声检测65例肝移植患者不同时期的肝动脉、肝静脉及门静脉的峰值血流速度(PS)、时间平均血流速度(TAV)、阻力指数(RI)及肝动脉血流灌注指数(DPI)。结果术后15d内,移植肝正常者门静脉TAV及肝动脉RI均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);肝动脉PS及DPI均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。肝动脉血栓形成时,肝动脉PS明显降低,门静脉TAV明显增高,呈锯齿波。发生排斥反应时,门静脉TAV降低,肝动脉PS降低、RI增高,肝静脉三相波消失,呈锯齿波。结论利用彩色多普勒超声监测移植肝的血流动力学参数变化,可为移植肝的血管并发症及排斥反应的诊断提供辅助依据,且安全、无创。     

彩色多普勒超声在移植肾排异反应及其治疗中的应用

目的：探讨彩色多普勒血流图(CDFI)在早期移植肾排异反应诊断及治疗监测中的应用价值。方法：应用CDFI对19例移植肾患和20例正常人的肾脏声像图表现进行对照分析。结果：(1)移植肾患肾功能稳定期，肾脏CDFI表现与正常人相似，各级肾动脉血流信号丰富，呈连续性树枝状；(2)急性排异反应患，移植肾实质血流信号稀少，以舒张期更为显，主肾动脉和段动脉血流呈连续性，叶间动脉血流呈断续的闪烁状，弓形动脉几乎无血流信号；(3)慢性排异反应患，主肾动脉和段动脉血流束变细，信号减少，叶间动脉仅部分显示且呈点状或短条状，弓形动脉不显示或仅有散在点状闪烁血流信号；(4)无论急性还是慢性排异反应，给予有效治疗后，临床症状减轻，实验室检查结果改善，CDFI检查移植肾实质血流灌注情况也相应改善，这种变化早于实验室检查结果的改善。结论：CDFI不仅能够提示移植肾排异反应而且能够监测治疗效果，指导临床用药。     

核素动态肾显像和CDFI监测犬肾移植排斥的评价

目的：通过动物实验，对￣（９９ｍ）Ｔｃ－ＤＴＰＡ动态肾显像和彩色多普勒血流成像（ＣＤＦＩ）在肾移植检查中的应用做一评价。方法：建立犬异体肾移植模型，应用以上两项技术，对１５只犬异体肾移植后进行连续监测。结果与结论：（１）￣（９９ｍ）Ｔｃ－ＤＴＰＡ动态肾显像诊断早期排斥标准：Ｋ／Ａ比值＜３，Ｂ／Ｋ比值＜１，其阳性预测率为１００％，随着排斥加重，Ｋ／Ａ比值进行性降低，肾显像模糊；（２）ＣＤＦＩ诊断急性排斥标准：ＲＩ值＞０．８，其阳性预测率为８２％，严重排斥时，肾内弓形动脉闭塞消失，肾动脉舒张期血流反向。     

移植肾术后肾动脉闭塞的彩色多普勒超声表现

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对移植肾术后肾动脉闭塞的的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析3例经临床证实的肾移植术后动脉闭塞的彩色多普勒超声表现.结果 1例肾动脉主干及其分支完全闭塞,2例移植肾内多支段动脉及其分支闭塞,仅见一支段动脉充盈.结论 移植肾术后肾动脉闭塞的彩色多普勒超声表现对早期诊断具有重要意义.     

移植肾动脉舒张期反向血流的临床意义

目的:评价移植肾动脉彩色多普勒超声检查中出现的舒张期反向血流(RDF)的临床意义。方法:对我院自2011年以来进行肾移植手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,统计了所有出现RDF的病例,追踪记录其预后,并按照RDF发生时间和频谱形态进行分组。结果:42例移植肾患者出现了RDF,其原因包括排斥反应(24例)、急性肾小管坏死(7例)、肾静脉血栓(9例)、肾静脉受压(2例)。最终失肾率高达60%,仅3例患者肾功能恢复。结论:移植肾动脉出现RDF表明移植肾状态差,提示预后不良。但其发生时间及频谱形态与移植肾预后及病因无明显关联。     

糖尿病早期肾损害的彩色多普勒超声研究

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声肾血流测定对诊断糖尿病早期肾损害的价值。方法：以尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）作为早期肾损害指标,对60例糖尿病患在26例正常人行彩色多普勒超声肾血流检查,结果：小叶间动脉收缩期峰值流速（Vs),弓状动脉及小叶间动脉舒张末期流速（Vd)的减慢是糖尿病患最早出现的肾内血流动力学改变;有肾脏早期损害的糖尿病患肾血流频谱参数特点是肾内弓状动脉,小叶间动脉的Vs和肾内各分支动脉的Vd明显减低,肾内各分支动脉的阻力指数（RI）明显增高,RI与糖尿病患肾功能损害程度相关。结论：彩色多普勒超声肾血流检测是早期诊断糖悄病肾损害的简便,可靠的方法。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断移植肾动脉狭窄一例

患者为男性,38岁,2006年7月因尿毒症在我院行同种异体肾移植,供肾动脉主干与受者的右侧髂外动脉行端侧吻合。术后4个月,患者血压160 mm Hg/100mm Hg,移植肾区无压痛,局部可闻及粗糙吹风样杂音,血尿素氮为13.59 mmol/L,肌酐为209.9μmol/L,尿酸为539.4μmol/L,临床疑有排斥反应,彩色多普勒超声检查显示右髂窝部移植肾大小为9.1 cm×4.2 cm×5.8 cm,形态及实质回声正常,肾周无积液,肾内血流分布正常,叶间动脉及段动脉阻力指数(RI)偏低,分别为0.41和0.36。距吻合口约1 cm处的肾动脉主干内中膜增厚,较厚处为1.0 mm,管腔变窄,内径0.8 mm,此处可见五彩镶嵌血流束,流速PSV为592 cm/s,EDV为302 cm/s,RI为0.49,提示移植肾动脉局限性狭窄。2006     

Prediction of renal allograft function with early Doppler ultrasonography

INTRODUCTION: Doppler ultrasonography (USG) is an useful, noninvasive diagnostic tool for the management and follow-up of the transplanted kidney. However, it is believed that the value of Doppler USG is limited to discrimination of acute rejection episodes. We tested whether early Doppler USG findings were predictive of 1-month and 1-year allograft functions in noncomplicated renal transplant recipients (RTRs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Resistive index (RI) and pulsatile index (PI) values obtained by doppler USG within the first week of transplantation were correlated with allograft function at 1 month and 1 year in 45 (10 women, 35 men, mean age: 27 years) noncomplicated cases. Patients with complications during the first posttransplant year were not included. RESULTS: There was a negative correlation between both RI and PI with creatinine clearance values at 1 month and at 1 year posttransplant. There was a significant decline in allograft function among cases with either RI > or = 0.7 or PI > or = 1.1. Patients with impaired allograft function have higher RI and PI values. CONCLUSION: Renal allograft survival is influenced by many factors. However, no reliable simple parameter has been identified to predict long-term outcome. Doppler USG performed during the early transplantation period with calculation of RI and PI may have a predictive value to forecast early and long-term outcomes of noncomplicated kidney transplants.     

Color Doppler findings in transplanted kidneys and remnant kidneys of donors 6 to 12 months after kidney transplantation

OBJECTIVES: Ultrasonography and color Doppler have been used extensively in the evaluation of transplanted kidney. The aim of this study was evaluation and comparison of color Doppler sonography findings in the remnant kidney of living donors and the transplanted kidney at 6 to 12 months after kidney transplantation. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study we evaluated ultrasonographic (US) and color Doppler findings in 20 kidney allograft recipient and donors. Group 1 were unrelated and related kidney donors, and group 2, allograft recipients. Color Doppler US was performed by one sonologist on the remnant kidney of the living donor and the transplanted kidney of the recipient at 6 to 12 months after kidney donation and transplantation. We recorded, kidney size (including length and anteroposterior diameter), cortical thickness, resistive index (RI), and pulsatile index (PI). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13 win (t test) for comparison of the results in donors and recipients. All data are presented as mean values +/- SD with P values less than .05 considered significant. RESULTS: In group 1, mean age of kidney allograft recipients was 39.92 +/- 11.95 years with male-to-female ratio of 1/2. Mean length, width, and cortical thickness of the transplanted kidney were 120.15 +/- 11.95 mL, 53.65 +/- 7.50 mL, and 8.53 +/- 1.00 mL, respectively. Mean RI and PI were 0.60 +/- 0.08 and 1.02 +/- 0.23, respectively. Mean serum creatinine was 1.23 +/- 0.24 mg/dL. Mean duration of renal transplantation was 7.27 +/- 1.10 months. In group 2, mean age of recipients was 25.63 +/- 3.50 years with male-to-female ratio of 1/10. Mean length, anteroposterior diameter, and cortical thickness were 120.77 +/- 9.28 mL, 53.36 +/- 4.52 mL, and 9.04 +/- 1.27 mL, respectively. Mean RI and PI were 0.60 +/- 0.02 and 1.07 +/- 0.13, respectively. There was no significant difference in the length, anteroposterior diameter, cortical thickness, RI, and PI of donors and transplanted kidneys at 6 to 12 months after transplantation (P>.05). There was a significant increase in both donor and recipient kidney size at 6 to 12 months after transplantation (P<.05). CONCLUSION: It seems that renal US and Doppler parameters remain stable in the recipient and donor at least upon short-term evaluation. Long-term study with more patients is recommended.     

Vascular complication and Doppler ultrasonographic finding after renal transplantation

OBJECTIVES: Vascular complications are common after renal transplantation. In this study we correlated Doppler sonographic indices and transplant kidney function. METHODS: We reviewed data on 244 renal transplant patients. Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation was performed during the first 2 weeks after renal transplantation. We determined resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) in the interlobar arteries and thrombosis of renal and lower limb veins. Serum creatinine (Cr) and cyclosporine levels were evaluated prior to sonographic assessment. RESULTS: The mean age of the 142 male and 102 female patients was 36.31 +/- 3.30 years. Prevalence of real artery stenosis was 9.5%. In these patients the mean serum Cr level (2.21 +/- 1.83 mg/dL) was significantly higher than among patients with patent renovascular tributary (1.49 +/- 1.00 mg/dL; P=.03). RI and PI were also significantly correlated with serum Cr(P=.05 and .001, respectively). There was no relationship between cyclosporine level or panel-reactive antibody with RI and PI. Retransplant patients showed higher RI than first renal allograft recipients (0.72 +/- 0.16 vs 0.63 +/- 0.11; P=.006). Serum Cr level was higher among renal allograft recipients with Doppler evidence of thrombosis of the lower limb veins (3.1 +/- 0.98 mg/dL versus 1.56 +/- 1.13 mg/dL; P=.04). CONCLUSIONS: RI and PI are two valuable Doppler ultrasonographic markers to determine renal allograft function and related vascular complications.     

Renal vascular resistance in normal children – a color Doppler study

To investigate the relationship between age and renal vascular resistance and to establish nomative data of the systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D ratio), pulsatility index (PI), and resistant index (RI) of the renal artery in the normal pediatric population, we studied 252 normal children aged newborn to 13 years (a total of 449 kidneys) with a color Doppler unit. After the normality of the kidney was established, color flow mapping was performed to localize the segmental portion of the renal artery. Flow velocity waveforms were then obtained by pulsed Doppler, and S/D ratio, PI, and RI were calculated. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the age dependence of the S/D ratio, PI, and RI of the renal artery in normal children. Renal vascular resistance continuously declines after birth and stabilizes at the age of 102 – 130 months. Normative data for S/D ratio, PI, and RI of the renal artery in normal children were established for each age group. Since renal vascular resistance decreases with age and stabilizes at 8 – 10 years, we suggest using different normal ranges for each age group when studying renal vascular resistance in pediatric patients. Received October 5, 1995; received in revised form and accepted April 24, 1996     

Improved diagnosis of early kidney allograft dysfunction by ultrasound with echo enhancer--a new method for the diagnosis of renal perfusion.

BACKGROUND: Conventional ultrasound parameters such as the resistance index (RI) are only of limited use in the diagnosis of early allograft dysfunction. We, therefore, performed a prospective study to compare the value of ultrasound contrast media (USCM) with conventional US in the diagnosis of early allograft dysfunction. METHODS: A total of 48 consecutive kidney recipients underwent US examination after USCM administration 4-10 days after transplantation. Arterial inflow was determined in the interlobar artery and renal cortex using time-intensity curve (TIC) software. The difference in time-to-peak intensity between these two vascular territories was determined, and a perfusion quotient (PQ) was defined as the ratio of TIC increase of interlobar artery to renal cortex. Three patients with segmental loss of renal perfusion demonstrated by Doppler US were excluded. RESULTS: Nineteen patients had an uneventful clinical course (control group); PQ was 1.2 +/- 0.4. Seven patients with a large perirenal haematoma, without rejection had an increased PQ (P < 0.05) and a prolonged time difference (P < 0.05). Based on clinical and histological criteria, the remaining patients were classified as acute tubular necrosis (ATN) (n = 7), non-vascular rejection (n = 7) or vascular rejection (n = 5). RI determination could not discriminate these groups. Patients with ATN (PQ = 1.6 +/- 0.7) or non-vascular rejection (PQ = 1.1 +/- 0.6) had a lower PQ than patients with vascular rejection (PQ = 2.2 +/- 0.8, P < 0.05). The time difference in all three subgroups was longer compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: USCM might be superior in the diagnosis of early kidney allograft dysfunction compared with conventional US by means of RI determination. Perirenal haematoma, ATN and vascular rejection are associated with characteristic changes of the TIC.     

Renal Doppler resistance indices are associated with systemic atherosclerosis in kidney transplant recipients

BACKGROUND: In kidney transplant recipients, increased intrarenal resistance indices measured by duplex ultrasound are associated with poor subsequent allograft performance. It remains unclear whether high resistance indices rather reflect local renal damage or systemic vessel disease. We hypothesized that resistance indices are associated with cardiovascular risk factors and with subclinical systemic atherosclerosis in transplant recipients. METHODS: In 105 renal transplant recipients, categories of risk for coronary heart disease were determined by Framingham risk scoring. Intrarenal resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were measured in segmental arteries at five representative locations. For assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis, common carotid intima-media thickness, and ankle-brachial blood pressure index (ABI) were determined. RESULTS: Transplant recipients with high coronary risk had higher intrarenal resistance indices than low-risk patients. Higher age, female gender, and lower body mass index were independently associated with increased resistance indices. Renal resistance indices were correlated with common carotid intima-media thickness [RI: r= 0.270 (P= 0.005); PI: r= 0.355 (P < 0.001)]. This association remained significant after adjusting for renal function. Renal resistance indices were increased in patients with pathologic ankle-brachial-indices compared to patients with physiologic ankle-brachial-indices [RI: 73.3 +/- 7.1 vs. 70.2 +/- 6.9 (P= 0.03); PI: 146.4 +/- 29.9 vs. 131.4 +/- 25.9 (P= 0.01)]. Renal resistance indices were neither significantly correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR), nor with donor age. CONCLUSION: Intrarenal resistance indices are a complex integration of arterial compliance, pulsatility, and peripheral resistance. They are associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors as well as with subclinical atherosclerotic vessel damage and should thus not be considered specific markers of renal damage.     

Role of duplex imaging and fine needle aspiration cytology of renal allografts in monitoring response to anti-rejection therapy

The role of duplex imaging and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in monitoring the response to anti-rejection therapy was investigated in 14 of the 22 rejection episodes which occurred in 30 renal allografts recipients. In 9 of these 14 episodes of rejection, with good resolution, both resistive (RI) and pulsatility (PI) indices decreased by significant proportions (p less than 0.05). The FNAC scores also fell significantly with anti-rejection therapy. In 5 other episodes of rejection where the graft continued to deteriorate there was no significant fall of RI and PI (p greater than or equal to 0.2). In a small group of patients, both FNAC and Doppler predicted rejection. In conclusion, both duplex imaging and FNAC have a role in selection and optimal modulation of drugs in the treatment of acute renal allograft rejection.     

Doppler ultrasonographic indices after renal transplantation as renal function predictors

OBJECTIVES: Doppler ultrasonography is mostly used for assessment of both graft and native kidney vascular status. In this study, correlation between Doppler sonographic indices and transplanted kidney function was evaluated. METHODS: In our retrospective study, we reviewed data on 273 renal transplanted (RTx) patients. The Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation included resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI) in interlobar arteries as well as stenosis (TRAS) or thrombosis of renal arteries and veins. Serum creatinine (Cr) and cyclosporine levels (CsA) were measured just prior to sonography. RESULTS: The mean age of 154 male and 119 female patients was 36.67 +/- 13.13 years. Both RI and PI showed significant linear correlations with serum Cr (P = .033 and P = .002, respectively). Also, direct linear correlations existed between patient age and RI and PI values (P = .004; r = +.174 and P = .003; r = +.183 respectively). The prevalence of TRAS was 11.35%. Among patients with TRAS or thrombosis the mean Cr level (2.08 +/- 1.7 mg/dL) was significantly higher than that among patients without TRAS or thrombosis (1.48 +/- 0.97 mg/dL; P = .004). Despite this finding, RI and PI were significantly lower among patients with TRAS or thrombosis than those with a patent renovascular tributary (0.59 +/- 0.15 vs 0.65 +/- 0.11; P = .029 vs 1.02 +/- 0.40 vs 1.18 +/- 0.46; P = .049). CONCLUSIONS: Both RI and PI were two valuable Doppler ultrasonographic markers to evaluate renal allograft function and related vascular complications.