血管内介入治疗脑动静脉畸形

目的探讨血管内栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的临床效果和安全性. 方法应用血管内栓塞治疗脑AVM 11例,栓塞剂为NBCA,栓塞后3例行手术切除,3例行γ-刀治疗.结果 1例完全栓塞,5例栓塞70%～90%,3例栓塞50%～70%,2例栓塞小于50%.生活、工作完全正常治愈5例,症状明显改善4例,症状无改善2例.结论血管内栓塞治疗脑AVM的方法是相对安全的,可治愈部分脑AVM,对于大型、重要功能区的脑AVM,血管内栓塞联合手术或放疗可提高治愈率,降低致残率和死亡率.     

脊髓髓内动静脉畸形血管构筑学分析及其对治疗的启示

目的　探讨脊髓髓内动静脉畸形(SAVM)的血管构筑从而选择适宜的治疗方式。材料和方法　回顾性分析本中心治疗的120例SAVM病人的临床资料、血管造影影像资料及治疗方法和效果。结果　根据脊髓髓内动静脉畸形团的形状,将AVM分成两种类型：团块型和幼稚型。血管构筑学分析包括供血动脉、供血方式、伴随病变。其供血动脉为脊髓前动脉、脊髓后动脉和/或软膜动脉。经超选择脊髓血管造影可见畸型团有5种构筑方式：(1)终末供血形式,本组104例行栓塞治疗,其中85例单纯栓塞,70例神经功能恢复与改善;19例行术前栓塞、减少术中出血;(2)穿支供血形式本组16例,少量部分的用颗粒栓塞,栓塞后症状均改善;(3)动静脉直接交通1例;(4)AVM伴有动脉瘤13例,首先行动脉瘤栓塞;(5)AVM含有静脉动脉瘤样扩张2例。结论　脊髓髓内AVM的血管构筑学有助于选择治疗方案,终末型供血可行胶栓塞。穿支供血只能少量部分的用颗粒栓塞。AVM内的动脉瘤应首先栓塞,可明显减少再出血的危险。团块型AVM术前栓塞有利于手术切除。幼稚型AVM只能栓塞治疗。     

体感诱发电位监护下脑动静脉畸形的栓塞治疗

目的:评价在短潜伏期体感诱发电位(SSEP)监护下脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的血管内栓塞治疗(EVET)的效果。方法:回顾性分析我院收治进行EVET的31例患者的资料,其中男17例,女14例,年龄9～67岁,平均37.6岁。结果:①影像学结果:31例AVM病例中,17例(55%)行一期EVET,畸形血管团完全消失;3例行二期栓塞治疗有2例(7%)畸形血管团完全消失;2例行三期栓塞治疗,畸形血管团完全消失;9例行一期EVET时出现SEEP的明显变化,未作进一步的EVET。以最后一期栓塞后的数字减影式血管造影(DSA)资料进行栓塞程度统计:畸形血管团完全消失(100%栓塞)19例,占61%;70%～99%的栓塞7例,占23%;30%～69%的栓塞4例,占13%;≤29%的栓塞1例,占3%;②SSEP结果:术中N20波潜伏期及波幅无变化17例,5例SSEP有变化者治疗好转后作了二、三期EVET。8例出现中枢传导并N20波幅的降低,1例出现N20波消失,此9例未作进一步的EVET;③并发症:共4例,其中2例术中出现血管痉挛,1例术后出现偏瘫等神经功能损害,1例术后出现正常灌注压突破并死亡;④随访结果:良好28例,占90%...     

105例脑动静脉畸形并出血的外科治疗

目的探讨脑动静脉畸形及合并出血后外科治疗方法的选择。方法105例病人根据脑动静脉畸形的分级、出血的部位、出血量的大小及病人的状况等选择手术、栓塞或栓塞后手术等方法治疗。结果手术组60例,全切除55例,占92%;部分切除5例,占8%。血管内治疗40例,一次全部栓塞的15例,占37%;分次全部栓塞的18例,占45%;部分栓塞的7例,占18%。血管内治疗后手术5例,全切除3例,占60%;部分切除2例,占40%。治愈91例,治愈率为86%;好转6例,占6%;死亡8例,占8%。结论手术治疗和血管内治疗是目前治疗脑动静脉畸形并出血的有效方法。     

CT血管成像指导下急诊手术治疗脑动静脉畸形并脑内血肿

目的研究CT血管成像(CTA)对脑动静脉畸形(AVM)并脑内血肿在急诊术前诊断和手术评估中的价值,以及急诊手术方法的选择及疗效。方法选择2012年2月至2015年12月解放军第一七一医院收治的经CT和CTA检查确诊为AVM并脑内血肿的患者32例,其中男性22例,女性10例;年龄14~57岁,平均年龄33.1岁。发病至住院时间1~36 h。根据CTA进行术前评估,对其中28例急诊行畸形血管切除术加脑内血肿清除术,4例行血肿清除术。术后行数字减影血管造影(DSA)或磁共振血管造影(MRA)检查。随访3~12个月,对患者神经功能按日常生活能力(ADL)量表进行评价。结果 28例急诊行畸形血管切除术者均存活,术后DSA或MRA检查,脑AVM血管团均消失。4例仅行血肿清除术者,1例术后6 h死亡(畸形血管团位于基底节区,术前双侧脑疝),另外3例后期行介入或放射治疗。31例随访3~12个月,ADLⅠ级13例,Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅳ级3例。结论手术是脑AVM并急性脑内血肿的首选治疗方法 ,CTA检查对脑AVM并急性脑内血肿的诊断及急诊手术评估有重要的价值,能作为判断手术方式的依据,指导手术过程,提高手术的安全性。     

CTA在非高血压自发性脑内血肿诊断中的价值

目的：探讨cT血管造影（CTA）在非高血压自发性脑内血肿中的诊断价值。方法：2009年12月～2011年11月我科收治非高血压自发性脑内血肿患者45例,采用64层螺旋CT进行CTA检查,对检查结果进行分析。结果：本组45例,CTA检查显示脑动静脉畸形（AVM）16例,颅内动脉瘤8例,烟雾病8例,无异常发现13例。脑AVM和动脉瘤病例均在手术或栓塞治疗中证实。烟雾病8例,经数字减影血管造影（DSA）和／或手术证实5例。结论：CTA是非高血压自发性脑内血肿病因诊断的首选方法,能为患者提供快速、准确的诊断,对制定治疗方案和指导手术具有重要作用。     

急性椎基底动脉阻塞急诊血管内治疗20例分析

目的：评价血管内重建治疗急性椎基底动脉阻塞的疗效。方法：收集急性椎基底动脉阻塞20例,全脑造影后进行动脉溶栓和支架血管成形术等血管内重建治疗,比较手术前后NIHSS评分、TIMI血流等级及临床表现。结果：完全开通9例（45％）,部分开通9例（45％）,未开通2例（10％）,总开通率为（90％）;继发脑出血1例（5％）,死亡2例（10％）。术前、术后NIHSS评分分别为18．05±6．72、13．24±5．36（P〈0．01）,术后TIMI靶血流可达2～3级,术后18例（90％）临床症状好转。结论：血管内重建是治疗急性椎基底动脉阻塞的有效方法。     

脑内动静脉畸形急性出血的治疗体会

近10年,本院收治了12例脑内动静脉畸形(AVM)急性出血的病人,就其治疗进行分析,现报告如下。 一、临床资料 男7例,女5例,年龄为26～65岁,平均41.5岁;自发性出血4例,表现为昏迷及去脑强直;出血继发于血管内栓塞治疗后8例,4例于栓塞时发生,余4例分别发生于栓塞后1、2、24及72 h,该8例出血时表现为突发性意识状态恶化,偏瘫或去脑强直。病人入院或病情突变后立即CT检查,均见AVM附近巨大血肿。自发出血4例中,2例增强CT扫描提示AVM,另2例发病前已经脑血管造影证实AVM,此4例术前未做脑血管造影。     

超早期血管内栓塞治疗破裂颅内动脉瘤

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂超早期血管内栓塞治疗方案的临床意义．方法 回顾性总结27例破裂出血动脉瘤患者在48h内进行血管内栓塞治疗的效果．结 果随访4月．3年，27例病人格拉斯哥预后评分：恢复良好23例，中度残疾2例，重度残疾0例，持续性植物生存0例，死亡2例．无再出血病例．结论 超早期血管内栓塞治疗能及时防止破裂动脉瘤再出血，并为后续积极的抗血管痉挛治疗提供条件，可明显改善患者的预后．     

上肢骨折合并血管损伤的显微外科治疗

目的：总结上肢骨折合并血管损伤的早期治疗方法及疗效。方法：对2000年12月至2005年12月期间，我院上肢骨折合并血管损伤48例病例资料进行回顾性分析。镐例中，一期内固定同时探查并吻合血管40例，内固定术后4h行血管探查8例；后者中6例行筋膜切开减压、制动、解痉治疗，另2例行血管移植治疗。结果：肘关节周围骨折合并血管损伤占62．50％（30/48），其余上肢骨折合并血管损伤占37．50％（18／48）。48例中，治愈47例（97．92％），另1例血管移植治疗失败，二期截肢。结论：肘关节周围骨折，尤其是肱骨髁上骨折合并血管损伤的发生率最高（50％），应早期诊断、及时探查，应用显微外科技术可以大大提高临床治愈率。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.