四种前路手术治疗颈椎病疗效比较

目的:比较四种颈椎前路融合术治疗颈椎病的临床疗效.方法:241例颈椎病患者分为A、B、C、D四组.A组采用前路减压单纯髂骨植骨术治疗,其中单节段40例,双节段22例;B组采用前路减压界面固定术(CIFC)治疗,其中单节段40例,双节段21例;C组采用植骨融合并颈椎前路钢板内固定术治疗,其中单节段45例,双节段23例;D组采用CIFC并前路钢板内固定术治疗,其中单节段35例,双节段15例.术后定期随访及拍摄X线片,观察疗效、椎间高度、颈椎前弯曲度和融合情况.结果:平均随访时间3.2a.植骨融合率A组为82.1%,B组为96.3%,C组为95.6%,D组为95.4%.终访时,A组平均椎间高度和颈椎前弯曲度较术后2周之间有差异(P＜0.05),B组、C组和D组之间无明显差(P＞0.05).A组与B、C组和D组远期疗效之间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),B组与C组和D组远期疗效之间无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:单纯髂骨植骨方法简单,但并发症较多.CIFC、颈椎前路钢板植骨融合内固定和CIFC并前路钢板内固定,固定牢固,符合颈椎生物力学特性,并发症少,远期疗效好.     

人体中、下段颈椎曲率的测量及意义

目的：为设计、改进适合国人的颈前路钢板系统提供参考值。方法：用游标卡尺和自制弧度仪测量129例颈椎各椎体最小高度、冠状径、矢状径和前壁横向弧度;测量43例正常成人X线侧位片,计算颈椎的生理曲度。结果：C3-C6最小高度和C3-C5最小矢状径均较接近,分别为10.0mm和14.6mm;最小冠状径由C3-C6依次增加,增量约1mm;椎体前壁横向曲率半径由C3的9.6mm逐渐增大至C7的14.4mm;颈椎各节段纵向曲度的变异较大,无明显规律。结论：颈椎中段各椎体的最小高度值、矢状径值相近,中、下段颈椎各椎体的最小冠状径和前壁横向曲度由下至下递减,此规律可帮助确定理想的螺钉长度、钢板宽度和钢板的横向弧度;颈椎纵向生理曲度变异较大,无明显规律性,对确定钢板的纵向弧度帮助不大。     

颈椎桥形连接融合器进行双节段以上椎间融合的效果评价

背景：颈椎前路钢板置入内固定被认为是颈椎前路多节段椎间盘切除和融合的标准治疗,但是,颈前路植入钢板有着很多金属植入物相关并发症的风险。 目的：分析和比较使用颈椎桥形连接融合器和Cage椎间融合器+颈椎前路钢板置入内固定进行颈椎前路2节段以上椎间融合的有效性。 方法：纳入54例2节段以上颈椎间盘突出接受颈椎前路减压和融合治疗的患者,分别使用颈椎桥形连接融合器进行颈椎前路椎间融合(n=30)和Cage椎间融合器与颈椎前路钢板固定系统进行椎间融合(n=24)。使用日本骨科学会(JOA)量表系统评价临床结果,椎间融合后3,6个月依据X射线检查评价颈椎前凸角、椎体间高度和颈椎融合状态。 结果与结论：对桥形连接融合器和Cage椎间融合器组的平均随访时间为6个月。两组患者均获得骨性融合,平均愈合时间为5.5个月。桥形连接融合器组平均JOA评分由治疗前(7.4±0.4)分,提高到治疗后3个月(14.3±0.5)分,治疗后6个月(14.5±0.8)分,Cage椎间融合器组平均JOA评分由治疗前(7.6±0.7) 分,提高到治疗后3个月(13.9±0.4)分,治疗后6个月(14.0±0.6)分,且有显著性差异。治疗后两组的颈椎前凸角和椎间隙高度均较治疗前有显著性改善。说明该植入体植入后能有效恢复颈椎的生理曲度,避免出现螺钉钢板固定并发症,疗效确切。     

前路“杂交式”减压治疗多节段颈椎病：可有效改善颈椎生理弯曲度及椎间高度

背景：单节段或双节段颈椎病患者通常采用颈椎前路减压内固定,但对于多节段颈椎病手术方式的选择一直存在争议。 目的：探讨前路“杂交式”减压即单椎体次全切联合椎间盘切除治疗多节段颈椎病的方法及临床效果。 方法：回顾性分析30例多节段颈椎病患者资料,均选择前路“杂交式”减压、自体髂骨植骨及ZEPHIR钢板内固定。观察治疗后患者神经功能评分、植骨融合率、颈椎生理曲度和椎间高度变化及并发症情况。 结果与结论：随访12~72个月,平均36个月。颈椎生理曲度及椎间高度较治疗前明显改善,受压节段脊髓膨隆良好。钢板及螺钉无松动、断裂或移位。治疗后6个月植骨均融合,12个月JOA评分明显提高,改善率优10例,良16例,可4例,优良率86.7%。说明采用前路“杂交式”减压治疗多节段颈椎病,减压直接彻底并能尽量保留颈椎结构,增加植骨融合率,有效改善颈椎生理曲度和椎间高度。关键词：多节段颈椎病;单椎体次全切除;椎间盘切除;自体植骨;ZEPHIR钢板 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.17.011     

颈椎前路减压植骨内固定术治疗颈椎伤病

目的探讨颈椎前路减压植骨钢板内固定术治疗颈椎伤病的疗效。方法分析应用前路减压植骨钢板内固定治疗16例患者,其中脊髓型颈椎病12例,孤立型后纵韧带骨化症4例,2个节段12例,3个节段3例,4个节段1例,均采用Zephir钢板,其中3例用钉板系统联合钛网治疗。结果术后均随访1年以上,经X线显示,植骨均骨性融合,都能获得满意的融合率,生理前凸正常,椎间高度基本上没有丢失,症状也消失。结论颈椎前路减压植骨融合加钢板内固定术是治疗颈椎伤病的主要术式之一,它安全、可靠,植骨融合率高,术后生理曲度维持良好,无骨吸收及塌陷,可利于长期手术疗效的保持。     

单节段颈椎人工椎间盘置换与前路椎间融合内固定:维持颈椎活动度和稳定性的比较

背景:单节段颈椎病的融合治疗可导致邻近节段运动范围异常加大及退行性表现等并发症。近年来许学者开始探索用非融合技术来替代传统融合治疗。颈椎人工椎间盘置换作为一种新型的前路非融合方案越来越多地应用于临床,不仅取得了较好的临床效果,还能使颈椎椎体接近生理性稳定、延缓相邻节段退变以及减少并发症发生。目的:比较单节段颈人工椎间盘置换与颈前路减压融合内固定修复颈椎病的临床疗效。方法:2011年5月至2013年5月郑州大学第一附属医院收治了59例影像学显示颈椎单节段椎间盘退变压迫脊髓或神经根并与临床症状和体征相符合的单节段颈椎病患者,因治疗方式不同随机分为颈椎人工椎间盘置换组(置换组)和颈椎前路减压融合组(融合组),其中置换组32例,融合组27例。治疗后5 d及治疗后3,6,12个月进行随访,测量脊髓功能JOA评分以及颈痛、上肢疼痛目测类比评分,观察置换节段的活动度及对相邻节段的影响。结果与结论:两组治疗后各时间段的JOA评分较治疗前增加(P0.05),目测类比评分较治疗前减少(P0.05),但两组间比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。置换组治疗后置换节段活动度为(11.6±3.0)°,与治疗前(8.8±2.7)°。差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。融合组治疗后3个月融合基本上无明显活动。随访时置换组相邻节段活动度小于融合组(P0.05);置换组治疗前后相邻节段活动度差异无显著性意义(P0.05);而融合组治疗前后差异有显著性意义(P0.05),治疗后活动度明显增大。提示与前路减压融合比较,颈椎人工椎间盘置换不仅能改善临床症状,恢复神经功能,还能保持颈椎置换节段的活动度和稳定性,且对手术临近节段活动度无明显影响,可有效的维持颈椎曲度。     

两种颈椎前路减压重建术治疗两节段颈椎病的疗效比较

目的比较两种颈椎前路减压重建术治疗两节段颈椎病的临床及影像学结果。方法 40例连续两个间隙病变的颈椎病患者,依据手术方式分为A、B两组。A组(n=22):颈前路椎体次全切除减压+钛网植骨、钢板内固定;B组(n=18):椎间盘切除减压、Solis椎体间植骨融合组。视觉模拟评分法(VAS)和日本整形外科学会(JOA)计分评价临床效果。用颈椎X线侧位片测量颈椎曲度、手术节段椎间高度评价影像学结果。结果平均随访26个月(14～37个月)。A、B两组随访末期VAS、JOA评分分别较术前有显著改善(P0.05),两组间比较无显著性差异(P0.05);A组随访末期融合节段椎间高度丢失较B组明显(P005)、B组颈椎曲度维持优于A组(P0.05);A组出血量和手术时间均大于B组(P0.05)。结论两种减压重建术均可获得良好的神经功能改善;就颈椎曲度、椎间高度、手术时间和出血量而言,B组术式有更多优势。     

颈椎前路融合术后根据侧位X线评估椎前软组织肿胀的临床意义

目的了解椎前软组织肿胀和手术范围、手术节段及相关并发症之间的关联,探讨侧位X线在椎前软组织肿胀评估中的临床意义。方法侧位X线测量计算123例颈椎前路融合术患者的椎前软组织肿胀宽度,按照C3水平椎前软组织肿胀宽度9.98 mm为分界,将病例分为肿胀组(大于9.98 mm)61例和非肿胀组(小于9.98 mm)62例,比较分析吞咽困难、呼吸困难等并发症的发生情况。结果肿胀组术后呼吸困难发生率为21.3%,高于非肿胀组的8.1%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);肿胀组术后吞咽困难发生率为83.6%,高于非肿胀组的25.8%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。单节段手术后椎前软组织肿胀平均为8.29 mm,明显低于双节段和多节段手术(11.55 mm和10.40 mm),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。高节段手术后(C4以上)椎前软组织肿胀为10.94 mm,明显高于低节段手术后(C5及以下)的8.63 mm(P0.05)。结论颈椎前路融合术患者术后椎前软组织肿胀程度较高时术后吞咽困难和呼吸困难等并发症发生率也较高;多节段手术或高节段(C5以上)手术患者术后椎前软组织肿胀程度较高。因此,根据颈椎侧位X线评估椎前软组织肿胀程度具有一定的临床意义。     

颈椎前路钢板并轴向螺钉固定治疗屈曲牵张型损伤的解剖学研究

目的　提出一种联合颈椎前路钢板固定治疗屈曲牵张型颈椎损伤的新术式-颈椎轴向螺钉固定术,进行解剖学可行性研究。 方法 随机调取50例正常成年志愿者的颈椎侧位片。年龄22～48岁,平均28岁。通过JW-PACS图像系统,测量C2～6椎体高度;C2/3～C5/6椎间盘高度以及椎间盘矢径;并模拟轴向螺钉固定,即下位椎体前下缘至上位椎体后上缘的连线,测量轴向螺钉最大长度、头倾角以及植骨块深度等。采用一例防腐成人尸体标本,在C臂X线机透视下,模拟颈椎前路钢板固定并颈椎轴向螺钉固定术。 结果 轴向螺钉最大长度为(41.18±3.92)mm,轴向螺钉头倾角为（25.21±3.58）°。植骨块合适深度应小于椎间盘矢径（17.09±1.50）mm,且大于（11.69±1.63）mm,即略大于12 mm。尸体模拟手术表明,颈椎前路轴向螺钉固定在C2/3、C3/4、C4/5、C5/6均可以顺利完成, C6/7节段由于胸骨阻挡,无法进行轴向螺钉固定。 结论 颈椎前路钢板并轴向螺钉固定术治疗屈曲牵张性损伤具有操作可行性。     

颈椎前路钛网植骨钢板内固定在不同颈椎节段中的生物力学比较

颈椎前路钛网钢板在不同颈椎节段中的生物力学研究。取6具新鲜尸体C3～7标本,行C5、C5～6、C4～6椎体次全切除,行钛网植骨钢板内固定术。依次测量各节段的前屈、后伸、左右侧弯、左右旋转运动变化,以完整标本作对照。不同颈椎节段开槽减压椎间撑开钛网钢板内固定状态下手术节段的即刻稳定性比完整状态增加(P< 0．05)。颈椎前路椎体次全切除之后,应用颈椎前路钛网钢板内固定可明显增强颈椎的稳定性,随颈椎固定节段增加稳定性下降。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996