心理干预对新入学大学生心理健康状况和应对方式影响的对照研究

目的探讨心理干预对新生心理健康状况和应对方式的影响。方法把10个学院的938名新生随机分为干预组和对照组,心理干预前后采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、应对方式问卷进行评定和对照研究。结果心理干预前后,干预组SCL-90的人际关系敏感、焦虑、强迫、抑郁、敌对等得分较干预前有显著性降低（t=2.25～3.09,P〈0.05）;应对方式问卷的解决问题、求助等积极应对因子分有显著性提高（t=-1.98,-2.35,P〈0.05）,而自责、幻想、退避等消极应对因子分则有显著性降低（t=2.09～2.54,P〈0.05）。对照组仅抑郁因子和幻想因子得分有显著性变化（t=2.52,2.05,P〈0.05）。结论心理干预有助于提高新生的心理健康水平和改善应对方式。     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症患者家属心理状况分析

目的探讨应用奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症患者家属的心理健康状况及应对方式。方法将110例应用奥氮平治疗的精神分裂症患者家属做为研究组,102例应用氟哌啶醇治疗的精神分裂症患者家属做为对照组,共治疗3个月,治疗前后使用症状自评量表、应对方式问卷评定患者家属的心理健康状况。结果经过三个月治疗后,研究组家属的SCL-90除偏执因子外,其余因子得分均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,应对方式问卷中研究组的解决问题、求助两个积极因子显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,自责、退避两个消极因子得分显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论应用奥氮平的精神分裂症患者家属的心理状况和应对方式优于应用传统抗精神病药治疗的精神分裂症家属。     

应对方式及社会家庭支持对焦虑症患者影响的相关研究

目的调查心理咨询门诊中焦虑症患者应激事件中的应对方式及社会家庭支持,并探讨应对模式及心理支持对焦虑症患者的影响。方法采用病例对照的研究方法,对焦虑症组及正常对照组采用特质应对方式问卷,家庭亲密度与适应性量表,社会支持量表评估。运用非参数t检验Spearman相关分析。结果消极应对方式与焦虑症呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）;积极应对与焦虑症呈显著负相关。正常人群与焦虑症的社会,家庭支持异同（P〈0．05）。男性与女性焦虑症患者应对方式有显著差异（P〈0．01）。社会支持中男性患者与女性患者有显著差异（P〈0．01）。应对方式,社会支持及家庭亲密度适应性三者明显相关。结论应对模式,社会支持及家庭亲密度适应性对于个体的心理健康及心理应激至关重要。     

海洛因戒毒人群心理健康与血5-羟色胺、促肾上腺皮质激素及环一磷腺苷的相关性研究

目的 探索海洛因戒毒人员心理健康状况与5羟色胺（5-HT）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）、环-磷腺苷（cAMP）的相关性.方法选择30名戒毒治疗后1～2月人群为观察组,选择年龄、性别对应的20名健康人群为对照组.用放射免疫法检测血清5-羟色胺（5-HT）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）及环-磷腺苷（cAMP）,同时采用SCL-90症状自评量表予被观察者自行评定.结果 （1）观察组中SCL-90症状量表中各项因子评分及总分较对照组比较增高,差异有显著性（P＜0.01～0.001）;（2）观察组5-HT、ACTH、cAMP较对照组显著增高,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）;（3）相关性分析显示5-HT与SCL-90评分中九项单因子呈显著正相关,5-HT与ACTH（r=0.415,P＜0.001）,5-HT与cAMP（r=0.291,P＜0.01）cAMP与ACTH（r=0.267,P＜0.01）之间呈显著正相关.结论 （1）5-HT、ACTH、cAMP参与了中枢神经系统应激反应的功能活动,可能是心理活动的主要介质和信使.（2）戒毒人群存在明显心理异常改变,且这种心理异常与5-HT、ACTH、cAMP代谢改变有关.     

青少年心理门诊患者家庭功能与心理健康的关系

目的了解青少年心理门诊就诊患者的家庭功能对其心理健康的影响。方法采用家庭功能评定量表（FAD）及症状自评量表（SCL-90）对62例青少年心理门诊就诊者（研究组）和62名正常中学生（对照组）进行测评分析。结果研究组FAD、SCL-90评分均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,FAD各因子、SCL-90总分及各因子分均呈显著正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论家庭功能与心理健康的关系密切。     

沈阳地区大学生心理健康状况分析

目的：探讨沈阳地区大学生的心理健康状况。方法：使用症状自评量表（SCL-90）对沈阳地区6所高校大学生进行抽样调查,并与中学生、其他大学生进行比较。结果：沈阳地区大学生心理问题检出率12.81%;心理问题以抑郁最多。SCL-90各因子评分均高于中国常模（P〈0.05）。与地震灾区大学生比较,SCL-90除人际敏感因子分外差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;与中学生比较,SCL-90除躯体化、强迫、精神病性因子分外差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：沈阳地区大学生存在一定心理健康问题,应对高危人群及时心理干预。     

104名戒毒科护士SCL-90测评结果分析

目的了解戒毒科护士的心理健康状况,并提出相应对策,以提高护理质量。方法采用SCL-90对戒毒科护士进行问卷调查。结果被调查者的SCL-90阳性项目数及躯体化、强迫、焦虑、抑郁及敌对因子分均显著高于国内常模（P〈0．01）。结论戒毒科护士的心理压力明显高于正常人群,应加强对其心理干预。     

东北地区农民工心理健康状况的调查与分析

目的为了解东北地区农民工的心理健康状况。方法采用SCL-90、EPQ，随机抽取东北地区四个城市470名民工进行调查，并与国内常模进行比较。结果农民工SCL-90的9个因子分均值及阳性项目数均显著高于国内常模（P〈0．001），女性民工有5个因子分均值及阳性项目数显著高于男性民工（P〈0．05）zEPQ农民工组的P、E分量表得分均显著高于常模组（P〈0．001），女性农民工N分量表得分显著高于男性（P〈0．05）。结论东北地区农民工心理健康水平低于全国正常人的平均水平，女性农民工心理健康水平低于男性。     

心理干预对云南苦聪族人心理健康的影响

目的：探讨心理干预对苦聪族人心理健康的影响。方法：对679名云南省普洱市镇沅县苦聪族居民进行横断面调查,并随机分成研究组340人（给予心理干预）和对照组339人（不给予心理干预）,采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）于干预前和干预后1个月进行测评。结果：干预前研究组和对照组SCL-90总分平均分别为（58.14±38.45）分和（51.84±25.11）分（t=0.68,P〉0.05）,干预后研究组和对照组SCL-90总分平均分别为（32.84±25.11）分和（58.14±38.45）分（t=2.68,P〈0.01）;研究组除人际关系和敌对因子分外其他因子分均显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论：心理干预可以显著提高苦聪族人的心理健康水平。     

应激有关因素与缓解期精神分裂症患者应对方式的相关研究

目的探讨应激有关因素与缓解期精神分裂症患者应对方式的相关性。方法选取142例缓解期精神分裂症患者为研究组,85例正常人为对照组,采用应对方式问卷对研究组和对照组进行评定,对研究组患者单独评定症状自评量表（SCL-90）、领悟社会支持量表（PSSS）、自动思维问卷（ATQ）及艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）。结果研究组解决问题分低于对照组,自责、回避、合理化分高于对照组,成熟应对方式得分明显低于对照组,不成熟应对方式得分明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。研究组中,ATQ与应付方式问卷中除合理化外各因子均有相关性（P〈0.05）,PSSS量表中的家庭外社会支持和社会支持总分与解决问题、求助、成熟应对方式有相关性（P〈0.05）,SCL-90与所有应对方式因子均有相关性（P〈0.05）,EPQ中的内外向与解决问题、自责、求助、成熟应对方式有相关性（P〈0.01）,神经质与除解决问题外各因子均有相关性（P〈0.01）,精神质与除回避外各因子均有相关性（P〈0.05）,掩饰与所有因子均有相关性（P〈0.05）。多元逐步回归分析结果显示,与成熟应对相关的因子包括内外向、家庭外支持、家庭内支持、精神质,与不成熟应对相关的有ATQ、掩饰因子,与混合型应对方式相关的有SCL-90总分。结论缓解期精神分裂症患者存在不成熟应对方式,其与应激因素相关。     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.