Large and giant aneurysms

Summary In a retrospective review about large and giant aneurysms of the literature and the own material (51 large and 19 giant aneurysms) the problems of distribution, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed. The present classification and interpretation are arbitrary and imprecise; size and form, site, origin, and projection have not been taken into consideration. A special analysis and a combined study of large and giant aneurysms are lacking. The own material discussed concerns distribution and classification as well as clinical and neuroradiological findings in the different locations of these aneurysms. The main locations are for large aneurysms ICA (17%), MCA (about 10%), and VBA (about 9%), and for giant aneurysms 3.5%, 3.6%, and 8.6% respectively. The relative distribution for giant aneurysms are ICA with about 50%, ACA with 20%, and VBA with 20% too. The management of giant aneurysms and to a lesser extent of large aneurysms as well is unsatisfactory. The results are discussed.The development of CT-scanning and microsurgery with arterial bypass operations and intracranial artery sutures has improved the therapeutic possibilities tremendously. Some cases are briefly discussed. The prospective personal strategy in handling large and giant aneurysms by direct attack or a combined procedure with external-internal artery bypass operation and a direct occlusion and excision in a second stage have been described.Because of the limited experience, a cooperative prospetive study of interpretation, classification, clinical data, course, and therapy of such aneurysms in a representative group of patients is necessary.Dedicated to Professor Dr. K. J. Zülch on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

Congenital mesocolic (paraduodenal) hernia: Embryologic basis of repair

Paraduodenal hernia is a misnomer and the term “congenital mesocolic hernia” preferred. The etiologic features of mesocolic hernias are explained by an abnormal rotation of the gut during embryonic development. Three types of congenital mesocolic hernias are described. A safe method for surgical reduction of a left mesocolic hernia is described and discussed.     

Recent Progress and New Perspectives in Studying T Cell Responses to Allografts

Studies in the past decade advanced our understanding of the development, execution and regulation of T‐cell‐mediated allograft rejection. This review outlines recent progress and focuses on three major areas of investigation that are likely to guide the development of graft‐prolonging therapies in the future. The discussed topics include the contribution of recently discovered molecules to the activation and functions of alloreactive T cells, the emerging problem of alloreactive memory T cells and recently gained insights into the old question of transplantation tolerance.     

“调和肾阴、肾阳”防治原发性骨质疏松症研究进展

在“肾主骨”理论指导下，从肾论治骨病为临床治疗骨病的根本大法，调和肾阴、肾阳则为从肾论治的具体实践，本研究从调和肾阴、肾阳思想的起源、发展，临床实践和基础研究进行论述，形成了“调和肾阴、肾阳”防治原发性骨质疏松症理、法、方、药的研究体系和创新模式，并展望提出了肾阴、肾阳表型组学，为慢性筋骨病的防治拓展了思路，进一步丰富和拓展了“肾主骨”理论。     

Paranasal sinus radiology,Part IA: Introduction and the frontal sinuses

The radiologic techniques of plain film roentgenography, tomography, and computerized tomography are important supplements to patient history and physical examination in the diagnosis of diseases of the paranasal sinuses. Background historical information regarding these radiologic modalities is presented, and the development and anatomy of the sinuses and roentgenographic views are discussed. The development and anatomy of the frontal sinuses are discussed, and inflammatory disease of the frontal sinuses as it appears in various roentgenographic modalities is described and illustrated.     

The European societies subjective and objective scores

This article explores the issue of risk modeling for patients undergoing lung resection. The development of risk stratification in thoracic surgery is discussed together with its application in patient populations and in individual patients. The European Societies Risk Scores (Objective and Subjective) Version 1 are discussed in detail. The development of Version 2 of the risk score is described, and the future role of risk scoring on thoracic surgical practice is considered.     

成批烧伤救治50年

The article reviewed the history and the main experiences of rescue of mass burn casualties and their treatment during the past fifty years in China. Some issues including medical support for mass burn casually and treatment regime in future, such as the prevention of burn calamities, further elevation of the eure rate and lowering in the rate of disability, further development in network of burn care and preliminary scheme of rescue of mass burn casualties and their treatment, accelerating the development and study on the substitutes of allo-skin graft were discussed.     

Anaemia of burns

In vivo or in vitro thermal injury of red cells leads to biochemical and physical abnormalities. The relevance of these abnormalities to the development of post-burn anaemia, hypoxaemia and hypoxia are discussed and possible therapeutic measures to increase oxygen delivery to the tissues and hence reduce hypoxaemia are indicated.     

规章制度在研究所管理工作中发挥作用的实践

研究所要管理到位、科研事业发展,必须有一整套符合实际、切实可行的规章制度作保障。我们对中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所规章制度在管理工作中发挥作用的实践进行了分析和探讨,提出规章制度的现状、管理工作面临的问题及发挥规章制度在管理中的作用。     

The introduction of new drugs into anaesthetic practice: a perspective in pharmaceutical development and regulation

This article reviews the process by which new drugs are introduced into anaesthetic practice with particular emphasis on pharmaceutical development and government regulation. After a brief overview of the drug development process, new trends in drug development are discussed including implementation of pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicokinetic studies in both preclinical and human phases of drug evaluation. A synopsis of the drug regulatory process is provided and, in particular, the problem of unapproved drug use in anaesthesia is discussed. Ethical issues regarding physician-industry interactions are highlighted by examples of conflict of interest in anaesthesia. The processes of drug development and regulation require much effort and cooperation between clinicians, pharmaceutical manufacturers and government regulators to achieve a common goal; the development and utilization of safe and effective drugs. A fundamental understanding of these processes may farther facilitate optimal drug utilization and the active involvement of anaesthetists in the drug development process.     

Item and instrument development to assess sexual function and satisfaction in outcomes research

This article looks at two of the major issues associated with the development of condition-specific quality of life measures. The first issue is the process of conceptualization. The importance of conceptualization to developing sound questions and instruments is evaluated, and the need to utilize multiple perspectives in the conceptualization process is discussed. The second issue addressed is fundamentals of writing survey questions. Questions from a range of sexual function questionnaires are presented and discussed relative to seven basic guidelines associated with question and response category development.     

Ankle injuries: anatomical and biomechanical considerations necessary for the development of an injury prevention program

This article describes the anatomical and biomechanical principles necessary for the development of an ankle injury prevention program. The structures of the talocrural joint and the subtalar joint are discussed in detail. The biomechanics of these two joints are discussed and their relationship elucidated. The ligamentous structures of the ankle are discussed in detail. Evaluation of the ankle is discussed in conjunction with mechanisms of athletic injuries. Pertinent principles necessary for the development of an injury prevention program for the ankle are presented.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1980;1(3):171-     

Cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents under development with a possible future role in prostate cancer

New cytotoxic chemotherapeutic compounds under development or in early clinical trial which might be considered for clinical evaluation in prostatic carcinoma are discussed. The following classes of agents are considered: lipid-soluble antifolates, anthracyclines, nitrosoureas, and platinum analogues. A group of miscellaneous compounds is also discussed.     

Congenital cleft sternum

The embryonic development of the sternum is discussed in an effort to explain the pathogenesis of cleft sternum (fissura sterni congenita). The treatment of one patient with such an anomaly is described. The operative indication, operative technique, and timing of the correction are discussed in some detail.     

Molecular development of the kidney: a review of the results of gene disruption studies

The kidney has been used for the last 50 years as a model system for the study of tissue inductions and vertebrate organogenesis. While much is known about the morphologic development of the kidney, it is only in the last few years that the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes have begun to be identified. This is largely a result of the identification of genes expressed during kidney development and the application of techniques for single gene disruption. Mammalian kidney development is described, and the methodology for single gene disruption is discussed. For a candidate gene to be unequivocally shown to be involved in organ development, three conditions are necessary. First, the gene must be spatially expressed correctly relative to the developing organ. Second, the gene has to be temporally expressed in a correct manner. Finally, when that gene is disrupted, normal organ development must not occur. There are now 11 genes that satisfy these conditions and thus have been shown to be crucial for metanephric kidney development: WT-1, Pax-2, c-ret, GDNF, alpha8beta1, Wnt-4, BF-2, BMP-7, PDGF B, PDGFRbeta, and alpha3beta1. These genes and their probable roles in kidney development are discussed, and some molecular pathways are suggested. Finally, the applications, limitations, and future trends in single gene disruption studies are discussed. Single gene disruption already has generated a wealth of information about kidney development and mammalian development in general. It is likely that this information is only the beginning, and many startling and profound discoveries can be expected in the years to come both from the utilization of knockout mice that already exist and those that will be created.     

Neural control of the urinary bladder: Possible relationship between peptidergic inhibitory mechanisms and detrusor instability

This paper provides a brief review of the organization of the neural mechanisms controlling micturition. The role of neuropeptides in peripheral afferent and efferent pathways and in the central reflex mechanisms is discussed. A major focus of the paper is on the inhibitory functions of spinal and supraspinal enkephalinergic systems in the control of bladder capacity and bladder stability. Pharmacological studies indicate that drug-induced changes in enkephalinergic mechanisms can elicit marked alterations in bladder function. Similar changes in transmitter mechanisms may occur following neural injury or disease and therefore be involved in the development of neurogenic disorders of the lower urinary tract.     

Pharmacologic therapy for osteoarthritis--the era of disease modification

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent and disabling condition for which few safe and effective therapeutic options are available. Current approaches are largely palliative and in an effort to mitigate the rising tide of increasing OA prevalence and disease impact, modifying the structural progression of OA has become a focus of drug development. This Review describes disease modification and discusses some of the challenges involved in the discovery and development of disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs). A variety of targeted agents are in mature phases of development; specific agents that are beyond preclinical development in phase II and III trials and show promise as potential DMOADs are discussed. A research agenda with respect to disease modification in OA is also provided, and some of the future challenges we face in this field are discussed.     

Unilateral subarachnoid anaesthesia

The development of a unilateral block after subarachnoid anaesthesia is described. Other reported cases are discussed and the anatomy of subarachnoid space summarised.     

Endogenous toxemia in surgery

An analysis of the mechanisms of the development of endogenous intoxication was used to consider its role in pathogenesis of most serious surgical diseases and traumas and their complications. The role of endogenous intoxication is shown in the development of multiple organ insufficiency. Methods of extracorporal hemocorrection in treatment of endogenous intoxication are substantiated. Potentialities of the present-day methods of extracorporal hemocorrection and prospects of development are discussed.     

The other Pasteur Changing views on the postoperative chest

The life and works of William Pasteur (1855-1943) are described and his thesis that pulmonary collapse is the harbinger of the development of postoperative lung pathology is discussed.