Mechanism of action of endotoxins in chronic renal failure

Altogether 76 patients with terminal chronic renal failure (CRF) were examined for the intensity of endogenous intoxication and its action mechanism in blood serum. To determine the degree of intoxication, use was made of neuromuscular preparations of Rana temporaria. In order to study the action mechanism of the toxic substances of uremic genesis, a study was made of the effect of CRF patients' blood serum on the conduction of bilayer lipid membranes. All the patients underwent adequate hemodialysis with respect to nitrous residues. It is established that substances occurring in CRF patients' blood serum possess neurotoxic properties at the basis of which there lie their channel-former action on the excitable membranes of the nerve cells. The data obtained correlate well with the clinical status of the patients. The conventional programmed hemodialysis turned out ineffective in the relief of the syndrome of uremic endogenous intoxication. This confirms the role in endogenous intoxication of the substances with medium molecular weight, which are removed poorly via the common dialysis membranes.     

汶川地震中挤压综合征所致急性肾损伤

目的 探寻可预见挤压综合征急性肾损伤(AKI)严重程度及需要血液透析(HD)的危险因素.方法研究方法为回顾性分析.参照AKI诊断标准,排除既往罹患肾功能障碍伤员,将2008年5月12日至5月30日绵阳中心医院收治的汶川地震伤者2139名,其中挤压综合征AKI患者63例(男33例,女30例)纳入研究对象.按是否采取血液透析治疗分为两组:(1)透析组,25例,接受了HD治疗,执行HD标准:尿量<250 mL/d;血清钾水平>6 mmol/L;(2)非透析组,38例,没有行HD治疗.回顾性调查如下内容:(1)流行病学:年龄、性别、民族、废墟掩埋时间、解除压迫前补液.(2)临床参数:血压、挤压伤面积、截肢术、室筋膜切开减压术、输血、入院24 h内补液量及尿量.(3)首次实验室检查:血细胞计数、尿液分析、血生化、血气分析.用统计分析软件SPSS 10.0行统计学分析:先按适合定量和定性数据分别采用t检验、χ2检验行两组间变量的差异比较,P<0.05有统计学意义,经组间比较有统计学意义的变量,再纳入多因素logistic回归分析.结果室筋膜切开减压术需要、血浆胱蛋白酶抑制剂(Cys C)、血清肌红蛋白(MB)、血清乳酸值(Lac)的DR值分别为8.641,6.956,5.379,4.833;95%CI分别为3.027～76.479,2.971～54.583,2.764～38.172,2.569～32.764;P<0.05.这些危险因素和挤压综合征AKI严重程度、血液透析需要之间存在统计学联系.结论除尿量、血钾外,有室筋膜切开减压术需要或血浆胱蛋白酶抑制剂(Cys C)、血清肌红蛋白(MB)、血清乳酸值(Lac)异常的挤压综合征患者,他们获得的AKI严重,首诊外科医师有提请透析会诊的必要.     

The use of enterosorption in the combined therapy of patients with urolithiasis complicated by chronic kidney failure

The results of conservative treatment of 51 patients with urolithiasis complicated by chronic renal failure in the intermittent stage have been analyzed. There were two groups of patients. The first one included 36 patients receiving enterosorption in addition to routine multimodality treatment. The second group was made up of 15 patients who did not undergo enterosorption which consisted in oral application of SKH-1K coal in a dose of 10 to 15 g 3 times a day 1.5 h after meal for 10 days. The treatment efficacy was judged from the patients' general health status, central hemodynamics (cardiac index and peripheral vascular resistance), the level of azotemia, and the content of medium-sized molecules. As shown by the data obtained, the multimodality treatment coupled with enterosorption produced an appreciable improvement of the patients' health status, reduction of the signs of intoxication, while the level of medium-sized molecules and creatinine reached the control. The hypokinetic circulatory syndrome seen before the treatment disappeared. At the same time the second group patients retained the high level of azotemia, whereas the content of medium-sized molecules remained increased. Besides, they demonstrated the hypokinetic circulatory syndrome. It is thus recommended that enterosorption be applied to the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure.     

Management of severe crush injury in a front-line tent ICU after 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China: an experience with 32 cases

Introduction

The experience on management of crush injury after a devastating earthquake is lacking, and there are even less reports on the front-line critical care of these patients. A front-line intensive care unit (ICU) was set up in a tent after the disastrous Wenchuan earthquake (May, 12, 2008, China), where 32 patients suffering from crush injury were treated from May 12 to May 26. This study summarized our experience on management of 32 crush injury patients in a front-line tent ICU.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 32 crush injury patients treated in our frontline tent ICU. Using limited equipment, we observed the arterial blood gas parameters, blood routine, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and urine protein of patients. We also closely watched for changes in crush injury symptoms, urine output, and the dangerous complications of crush injury.

Results

Eighteen of the 32 patients developed traumatic shock, 9 had acute renal failure, 6 had acute heart failure, 2 had stress ulcers and 4 had multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The symptoms of 17 patients met the criteria of crush syndrome; hemodialysis and prompt surgical intervention were given to them when necessary. Prompt treatment in our tent ICU improved the symptoms of patients to different degrees. The limb distension and sensory dysfunction were improved and the urine output was increased or even restored to the normal level in some patients. Serological parameters were improved in most patients after admission. Five (15.63%) patients underwent amputation due to severe infection in our group. Six (18.75%) patients died, 4 due to MODS and 2 due to acute renal failure.

Conclusions

Severe crushing injuries and life-threatening complications are major causes of death after major disasters like earthquakes. Prompt treatment and close monitoring of the severe complications are of great importance in saving patients'' lives. Establishment of a well-equipped front-line ICU close to the epicentre of the earthquake allows for prompt on the spot rescue of critical patients with crush injury, greatly decreasing the mortality rate and complications and avoiding amputation. There should be sufficient equipment to meet the needs of more patients.     

Chronic Renal Disease Patients with Severe Star Fruit Poisoning: Hemoperfusion May Be an Effective Alternative Therapy

We report a case of star fruit intoxication in a 60-yr-old male patient with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. Clinical effects included hiccups, hearing impairment, urine retention, and disturbed consciousness. Star fruit intoxication was also the suspected cause of hypothermia, an unusual symptom. The patient remained comatose after receiving two sessions of hemodialysis. However, after a 6 h session of charcoal hemoperfusion following the second hemodialysis treatment, his consciousness returned to normal within 1 day. While no previous study on hemoperfusion therapy in star fruit intoxication has been reported, in view of the fatal outcome of star fruit intoxication in uremic patients, hemoperfusion may be an alternative therapy if intensified hemodialysis fails.     

Chronic renal disease patients with severe star fruit poisoning: hemoperfusion may be an effective alternative therapy

We report a case of star fruit intoxication in a 60-yr-old male patient with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure. Clinical effects included hiccups, hearing impairment, urine retention, and disturbed consciousness. Star fruit intoxication was also the suspected cause of hypothermia, an unusual symptom. The patient remained comatose after receiving two sessions of hemodialysis. However, after a 6 h session of charcoal hemoperfusion following the second hemodialysis treatment, his consciousness returned to normal within 1 day. While no previous study on hemoperfusion therapy in star fruit intoxication has been reported, in view of the fatal outcome of star fruit intoxication in uremic patients, hemoperfusion may be an alternative therapy if intensified hemodialysis fails.     

Continuous renal replacement therapy and blood transfusions in treating patients with crush syndrome: 8 Case studies from the Wenchuan earthquake

Objective

We analyzed the efficacy of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) combined with blood transfusion for patients with crush syndrome from an earthquake.

Methods

Eight patients with crush syndrome were included. CRRT were performed in six of eight patients with crush syndrome, and transfusion was performed in all eight patients. Routine blood tests, urea nitrogen, creatinine, blood coagulation function, electrolyte levels, and serum myoglobin were determined and analyzed.

Results

Two patients regained their health completely, four patients required amputation but recovered well, and two patients died. The total amount of red blood cells transfused in the eight cases was 521 U (mean volume = 68.25 U). CRRT was performed 164 times in six patients (mean 27.33 times per person). The routine blood test results and coagulation and renal function parameters improved obviously (P < 0.05) in the six surviving patients.

Conclusions

Sufficient blood transfusion and early dialysis treatment effectively improved the conditions of patients with crush syndrome.     

地震伤致挤压综合征合并骨筋膜室综合征的护理

[目的]探讨5.12四川汶川特大地震伤员中挤压综合征合并骨筋膜室综合征的救治护理方法。[方法]对我科39例挤压综合征合并骨筋膜室综合征病人行早期抗休克、外科创伤处理、内科血液透析、腹膜透析及抗炎、营养支持等综合治疗,同时对病人进行了动态的病情观察、制订了一系列的康复护理措施。[结果]绝大多数病人获得临床治愈。[结论]挤压综合征合并骨筋膜室综合征的治疗除早期抗休克、骨筋膜室切开减压、血液透析等内、外科综合治疗外,正确的护理措施和适时的功能锻炼是减少地震伤员残疾,提高疗效的关键。     

Plasmapheresis in the treatment of rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis

The authors are of the opinion that plasmapheresis (PP) combined with immunosuppressant therapy is an effective and a relatively safe method for the treatment of rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis (RPGN). Introduction of PP in multimodality treatment of RPGN made it possible to arrest rapidly progressing renal failure in all 6 treated patients. After PP treatment was over, renal function was recovered completely in 3 patients. One patient manifested the retention of renal failure of medium degree while rare hemodialysis sessions permitted one to control water-electrolyte disorders. In two patients the discontinuation of PP treatment resulted in the progress of renal failure. The data obtained do not make it possible to relate the improvement of renal function exclusively to the action of PP, since all the patients received immunosuppressants. Nevertheless, in 2 cases, the improvement could be attributed to PP, for its discontinuation in these patients (without any changes in the remaining treatment) brought about again the progress of renal failure.     

运动性横纹肌溶解症37例诊治分析

目的探讨运动性横纹肌溶解症的临床诊治方法,提升治疗效果。 方法回顾性分析武警湖北省总队医院和华中科技大学同济医院2007年10月至2018年11月收治的37例运动性横纹肌溶解症患者的临床资料。37例患者予以抗感染、补充血容量、止吐、退热、碱化尿液等对症治疗。8例急性肾功能不全患者,血肌酐>442 μmol/L或者血钾>6.5 mmol/L,采用血液透析治疗。 结果患者平均住院时间9（4~25）d。37例患者出院时血清肌酸激酶值均降至正常范围或轻度异常升高。8例急性肾功能不全患者经血液透析治疗后,复查肾功能、电解质均恢复正常。 结论运动性横纹肌溶解症首发症状多样,容易误诊、漏诊。早期检查血清肌酸激酶、肌红蛋白有利于及早确定诊断。抗感染治疗、对症治疗、补充血容量、碱化尿液、血液透析等综合治疗有利于患者预后。对运动性横纹肌溶解症所致重度急性肾功能不全患者,行血液透析治疗能有效挽救肾功能,降低患者病死率。     

挤压综合征8例临床分析

目的：探讨本次汶川大地震中挤压综合征的诊断和治疗的有效方法。方法：对8例挤压综合征患者依据病史、症状、体征及实验室检查结果进行诊断,并主要针对急性肾衰和局部创伤给予综合治疗。结果：7例完全治愈,1例基本治愈,没有死亡病例,优良率100%。结论：以补液、利尿和全身营养支持为主的综合治疗配合血液透析可很好地控制病情发展,促进转归;一旦明确诊断,应尽早实施局部骨筋膜室切开减压或截肢术。     

地震创伤后急性肾损伤临床分析

目的总结地震创伤后急性肾损伤（AKI）发病情况和治疗方法及转归。方法21例地震创伤后AKI患者为研究对象,转我院时间为受伤后17～752h,平均（139.3±177.9）h;5例诊断挤压综合征。全部病例检测血常规﹑尿常规﹑血电解质﹑肝功能﹑血清白蛋白﹑肾功能﹑血尿酸﹑血气分析检查。观察其临床转归。结果全部病例均有不同程度的骨折及挤压伤,平均Hb、ALb、Ca^2＋﹑HCO3^-低于正常,平均血UA﹑P3＋高于正常;与非挤压综合征患者相比,挤压综合征患者血K＋﹑P3﹑BUN升高,更为显著,差异有统计学意义;4例行解压术,1例行截肢术;6例行血液净化,其中1例行血液透析和血液透析滤过,5例行连续性静脉静脉血液滤过（CVVH）。经综合治疗,12例肾功能完全恢复,3例肾功能好转﹑4例肾功能未愈转外省医院继续治疗,1例肾功能未愈在我院继续治疗,1例死亡。结论地震创伤后AKI是多种因素综合作用的结果,早期诊断,及时﹑妥善处理局部挤压伤,及早行血液净化治疗,是治疗抢救成功的重要措施。     

地震伤挤压综合征急性肾衰竭治疗探讨

目的探讨地震伤后挤压综合征急性肾衰竭治疗。方法回顾性分析5.12地震伤后23例挤压综合征急性肾衰竭患者的临床资料。结果23例患者中,1例因并发急性肺水肿死亡,17例高钾血症纠正,3例进入多尿期,肾功能改善;其余19例病情得以控制,22例存活者病情稳定后转移至外地医院。结论血液透析及全身营养支持等综合治疗,可有效改善挤压综合征急性肾衰竭患者的病情,安全渡过少尿期。     

Renal Doppler ultrasonographic findings in earthquake victims with crush injury.

OBJECTIVE: In the Marmara earthquake, which occurred on August 17, 1999, 639 people had renal complications, and 477 needed hemodialysis treatment because of acute renal failure due to crush injury. Our objective was to use Doppler ultrasonography as a noninvasive procedure to provide renal hemodynamic information. METHODS: We evaluated 9 patients with severe crush injury by using Doppler ultrasonography to measure renal resistive indexes within 16 to 32 hours after the earthquake and 6 weeks later. All patients had acute renal failure and underwent hemodialysis. RESULTS: All measured initial resistive indexes were high (mean +/- SD, 0.83 +/- 0.08), and they were correlated with the number of hemodialysis sessions (r = 0.703; P = .034), the duration of hemodialysis treatment (r = 0.819; P = .007), and oligoanuria (r = 0.937; P < .0001). All patients recovered from the acute renal failure, and repeated Doppler ultrasonography showed significant decreases in resistive indexes (0.59 +/- 0.07; P < .01) and renal lengths (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: In crush injury, measurement of renal resistive indexes can be useful for the prognosis of recovery from acute renal failure.     

横纹肌溶解症并发急性肾功能衰竭患者的护理

目的探讨横纹肌溶解症(rhabdomyolysis,RM)合并急性肾功能衰竭(acute renal failure,ARF)患者的护理方法。方法回顾性分析2010年以来第二军医大学长征医院收治的7例RM致ARF患者的临床资料,并总结其护理方法。结果所有患者均于发病48～72h内接受透析治疗。通过治疗与护理,所有患者各项肾功能指标均恢复正常,尿量增多,痊愈出院。结论加强晚夜间血液透析(hemodialysis,HD)的护理,对ARF患者的治疗具有一定的必要性与积极意义。     

Hemosorption in the intensive therapy of agranulocytosis

The authors describe a case of successful treatment of medicamentous agranulocytosis (induced by mercasolyl) using hemoperfusion, an extracorporeal method for the treatment of intoxications. In the severe total intoxication syndrome, application of hemoperfusion in multimodality therapy of myelotoxic agranulocytosis improves the disease prognosis.     

Crush Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background

Crush trauma to the extremities, even if not involving vital organs, can be life threatening. Crush syndrome, the systemic manifestation of the breakdown of muscle cells with release of contents into the circulation, leads to metabolic derangement and acute kidney injury. Although common in disaster scenarios, emergency physicians also see the syndrome in patients after motor-vehicle collisions and patients “found down” due to intoxication.

Objective

The objectives of this review are to discuss the pathophysiology of crush syndrome, report on prehospital and emergency department treatment, and discuss the relationship between crush syndrome and compartment syndrome.

Discussion

We present the case of a young man found down after an episode of intoxication, with compartment syndrome of his lower extremity and crush syndrome. Although he eventually required an amputation, aggressive fluid resuscitation prevented further kidney injury and metabolic derangement.

Conclusions

Early, aggressive resuscitation in the prehospital setting, before extrication if possible, is recommended to reduce the complications of crush syndrome. Providers must be aware of the risk of hyperkalemia shortly after extrication. Ongoing resuscitation with i.v. fluids is the mainstay of treatment. Compartment syndrome is a common complication, and prompt fasciotomies should be performed when compartment syndrome is present.     

Occupational Intoxication and Long-Term Persistence of Phencyclidine (PCP) in Law Enforcement Personnel

Abstract

By utilizing a glass capillary gas chromatographic nitrogen detector (GC²-N) method specific for phencyclidine (PCP) and sensitive to pg/mL in blood or urine samples, we have demonstrated occupational intoxication of law enforcement personnel charged with handling confiscated illegal PCP preparations. Further, we have demonstrated persistence of PCP in blood and urine for at least 6 months after the last known occupational exposure in one officer. Some aspects of the PCP problem are outlined, and possible mechanisms of the occupational intoxication are discussed.     

Effects of Oral Doses of Carbaryl on Man

Abstract

A comatose and hypotensive patient was successfully treated with hemodialysis after ingesting 480 mL of isopropyl alcohol. Removal of isopropyl alcohol and its major metabolite acetone was measured in urine, blood, and dialysate. According to dialysate measurements, approximately 19?g of isopropyl alcohol and 7?g of acetone were removed per hour using a standard 1 m² dialyzer. The average dialysance of isopropyl alcohol and acetone were 137 and 165 mL/min, respectively. Removal of isopropyl alcohol was 52 times and acetone 40 times more efficient through hemodialysis than through urinary excretion. Since coma and hypotension portend a bad prognosis and since urinary excretion is slow relative to hemodialysis removal, hemodialysis may be considered lifesaving in patients comatose from isopropyl alcohol poisoning.

There have been two previous reports of hemodialysis used for treatment of isopropyl alcohol intoxication [1, 2]. Neither of these reports describes the kinetics of isopropyl alcohol removal. This paper reports a third patient treated with hemodialysis who afforded us the opportunity to study blood, urine, and dialysate levels of isopropyl alcohol and its chief metabolite, acetone. By utilizing these results a comparison was made of urine excretion to dialysis removal of these compounds to compare their respective efficacy. In addition, the estimated removal by dialysance calculations was compared to estimated removal by measurement of dialysate volumes and concentrations.     

Efferent therapy in the combined treatment of sepsis]

Efferent therapy (hemosplenosorption, plasmapheresis, autologous blood radiation) was used in multimodality treatment of 45 patients with sepsis. The therapy exerted a beneficial effect on the disease, favoured the elimination of or minimized intoxication, normalized hemostasis and immunity. Indications for use of hemosplenosorption, plasmapheresis and autologous blood radiation are provided.