电脑游戏成瘾与网络关系成瘾倾向相关因素比较

目的：旨在对电脑游戏成瘾和网络关系成瘾两种倾向的相关人格特质、情绪和认知因素进行考察.方法：采用问卷调查法,使用游戏成瘾量表、关系成瘾量表、感觉寻求问卷、成就动机量表、自尊问卷、大学生羞耻量表、贝克抑郁量表、艾森克人格问卷和自编认知问卷,对北京市184名大学生进行考察.结果：①电脑游戏成瘾的倾向与感觉寻求、成就动机、对人际交往中自我和环境的负性评价以及对个人才智的正性评价这五个方面具有显著的正相关（P＜0.001）,与羞耻之间的相关也达到了P＜0.05的显著性水平;②网络关系成瘾倾向与自尊、羞耻、外向性三个方面显示出显著的正相关（P＜0.01）,与神经质的人格特点显示出显著负相关（P＜0.01）.结论：两种成瘾倾向在成因和影响方面存在显著的差异.电脑游戏成瘾的病理性倾向更明显,对于大学生的功能损害更严重.     

大学生认知风格、人格因素与游戏成瘾的关系

目的探讨大学生认知风格、人格因素与电脑游戏成瘾的关系。方法采用大学生电脑游戏成瘾问卷、认知风格分析(CSA)和卡特尔16种人格因素测验(16PF)对296名大学生施测。结果大学生电脑游戏成瘾存在显著性别差异,男性高于女性(44.910±1.263/35.436±1.128,t=5.594,P0.01);年级差异不显著(F=1.248,P0.05)。成瘾与游戏时间和游戏年龄存在显著相关;整体—分析型认知风格与电脑游戏成瘾之间存在显著相关(r=0.145,P0.05)。乐群性等人格因素与电脑游戏成瘾存在显著相关。结论紧张性、怀疑性、有恒性和兴奋性人格因素以及整体分析型认知风格会影响大学生电脑游戏成瘾。     

大学生抑郁症状、问题解决能力与压力感知的关系分析

目的：探讨大学生抑郁症状、问题解决能力与压力感知的关系。方法：使用中文版知觉压力量表、流调用抑郁自评量表以及中文版问题解决评价问卷对275名一年级大学生进行了调查。结果：275名大学生中，52％存在健康危险性压力状况，55．3％存在抑郁症状。抑郁症状、压力感与问题解决能力评价总分及分量表之间存在显著相关(r=．262-．617)。路径分析提示，问题解决评价与抑郁症状和压力感知存在因果关系，特别是，问题解决评价分别可以预测抑郁症状与压力感知水平。结论：大学生目前抑郁症状与压力感知水平较高，个体问题解决评价是重要的相关影响因素。     

大学生电脑游戏成瘾对人际关系及孤独感的影响

目的 探讨大学生电脑游戏成瘾对大学生现实的人际关系和孤独感的影响.方法 采用电脑游戏成瘾量表、大学生人际关系综合诊断量表和UCLA孤独量表对394名大学生进行调查,并运用相关、回归、t检验来考察变量间的关系.结果 ①大学生电脑游戏成瘾不太严重,达到高度沉迷的只有0.25％,程度较轻;②大学生的电脑游戏成瘾对其人际关系有一定影响.电脑游戏成瘾的时间管理(t=3.492,P＜0.05)和强迫性因子(t＝3.054,P＜0.05)对人际关系的影响显著,其贡献率可达到13.8％;③大学生电脑游戏成瘾影响孤独感,其中电脑游戏成瘾的强迫性因子对孤独感的影响显著(t=3.261,P＜0.05),贡献率可达到5％.结论 大学生电脑游戏成瘾对人际关系及孤独感均有一定影响,其中对人际关系的影响比孤独感大.     

高中生电脑游戏成瘾倾向与父母教养方式的关系

目的：研究网络成瘾的一个特定子类型——电脑游戏成瘾与父母教养方式的关系。方法：使用电脑游戏成瘾量表（CGAI）和家庭教养方式量表（EMBU），对747名高中生施测，根据在成瘾问卷各维度上的总分是否超过1．5个标准差来区分成瘾倾向组和非成瘾倾向组，然后再分别对这两组的父母教养方式得分进行MANOVA检验。最后对CGAI和EMBU的各维度进行典型相关分析。结果：成瘾倾向组与非成瘾倾向组在性别分布上存在差异．成瘾倾向组与非成瘾倾向组的父母教养方式差异显著。专制型的父母教养方式下，孩子的成瘾倾向更严重。结论：在青少年中．男性比女性更易电脑游戏成瘾；不良的父母教养方式与电脑游戏成瘾倾向关系密切。     

大学生网络成瘾影响因素分析

目的探讨大学生网络成瘾的原因。方法采用中文网络成瘾量表、自尊量表、孤独量表、大学生日常生活压力调查表、自编大学生网络使用行为调查问卷，对1450名大学生进行了调查，回收有效问卷1038份。结果对大学生网络成瘾的现状、网络使用特征及心理特征进行调查，建立大学生网络成瘾影响因素模型。结论①大学生网络成瘾呈轻度、重度两种水平，这两种水平总流行率达到14．84％；②网络使用时间、娱乐上网、交易上网、人际上网与网络成瘾存在着显著正相关关系；③自尊、孤独、大学生日常生活压力对网络成瘾有很好的预测作用；④网络成瘾是特定的个体心理特征与特定的网络使用行为、外部环境交互作用的结果。     

青少年网络游戏成瘾量表的修订和应用

目的：修订青少年网络游戏成瘾量表，并考察中学生自我效能感与网络游戏成瘾的关系。方法：对1299名初高中学生进行青少年网络电脑游戏成瘾量表和自我效能感呈表评定。结果：青少年网络游戏成瘾最表通过探索性因素分析得到4个因素：成瘾行为．情绪唤起、羞耻不满和功能损害。修订后整体量表内部一致性为0．93；而分量表的内部一致性在0．70—0．92之间：除了“情绪唤起”分量表外，其他三个分量表及整体量表都和自我效能感水平呈显著负相关。结论：青少年网络游戏成瘾量表具有很好的信效度．并与中学生的自我效能感之间有显著的相关。     

生活事件及应对方式对网络成瘾大学生心理健康的影响研究

目的探讨生活事件与应对方式对网络成瘾大学生心理健康的影响。方法应用症状自评量表、青少年生活事件量表、特质应对方式问卷对127例网络成瘾大学生进行测查。结果网络成瘾大学生在躯体化、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对分上显著高于全国青年常模；人际关系、学习压力和健康适应事件与心理健康各因子都存在中等程度的显著或极显著相关；心理健康各因子分与积极应对方式呈现负相关，与消极应对方式呈正相关。结论网络成瘾大学生心理健康存在一定问题，受到生活事件与应对方式的影响。     

大学生网络成瘾者心理行为特点的在线研究

目的：了解大学生的网络成瘾行为及与人格特征和网络使用状况的相互关系。方法：使用《网络使用调查问卷》、《网络成瘾诊断问卷》和《艾森克人格问卷简式量表》对北京高校的811名大学生进行了在线调查。结果：①网络成瘾者比率为12．9％，男生成瘾比例稍高于女生；②成瘾者的每天上网时间显著多于非成瘾者，上网目的与非成瘾者不同，同时表现出性别差异；③成瘾者EPQ神经质得分显著高于非成瘾者，说谎得分显著低；男性成瘾者在外向性上的得分显著低于非成瘾者。结论：网络成瘾者的成瘾行为与其人格特征相关．并且有性别差异。     

大学生疫情压力感知、心理灵活性对抑郁的影响：有调节的中介作用

目的:考察新冠肺炎疫情时期大学生对疫情的压力感知与抑郁的关系,以及心理灵活性和控制点在其中的作用机制。方法:采用疫情压力感知问卷、认知融合问卷、接纳行动问卷、内控性量表和抑郁自评量表对614名大学生进行调查。结果:①大学生的疫情压力感知与抑郁相关显著;②认知融合和经验性回避能够中介疫情压力感知对抑郁的影响;③控制点在上述中介路径的前半段起调节作用。结论:心理灵活性在大学生疫情压力感知与抑郁之间起中介作用;内控型大学生的心理灵活性更容易受到疫情压力感知的影响。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.