环境因素与肌萎缩侧索硬化相关性的研究进展

肌萎缩侧索硬化是一种常见的致死性神经系统退行性疾病，可分为家族型肌萎缩侧索硬 化和散发型肌萎缩侧索硬化。多项研究表明，许多环境和遗传风险因素共同导致了散发型肌萎缩侧索 硬化的发生。我国对遗传因素的研究处于起步阶段，且对环境因素的研究相对不足，需要进一步明确。 现将对与肌萎缩侧索硬化相关的环境风险因素的作用及机制进行综述。     

氧化应激在肌萎缩侧索硬化中的研究进展

肌萎缩侧索硬化是一种致命的神经退行性疾病，其特征在于脊髓、皮层和脑干运动神经 元的进行性退行性改变，导致肌肉无力、肌萎缩和痉挛。目前肌萎缩侧索硬化具体的机制不明，近年来， 氧化应激是相关研究热点。现对氧化应激机制与肌萎缩侧索硬化之间的关系进行综述。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化患者可发生四肢体感诱发电位的变化

观察52例肌萎缩侧索硬化患者和30例健康人正中神经和胫后神经体感诱发电位变化,判断肌萎缩侧索硬化患者深感觉传导通路的功能状况。肌萎缩侧索硬化患者中,54%（28/52）出现体感诱发电位异常,且皆有下肢体感诱发电位异常。与健康对照者比较,近场皮质电位N20、P2、N2及中枢传导时间延长,可伴有波幅降低或者波形完全消失。表明54%肌萎缩侧索硬化患者体感诱发电位中四肢的中枢起源电位均发生明显异常,证实肌萎缩侧索硬化患者可伴有深感觉通路尤其是中枢深感觉传导障碍。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化合并垂体腺瘤1例并文献复习

目的 通过1例肌萎缩侧索硬化合并垂体腺瘤病例报道并文献复习,探讨其发病的病理机制,以便找到针对病因的治疗方法.方法 分析我院收治的1例肌萎缩侧索硬化合并垂体腺瘤病例资料并查阅国内外文献.结果 肌萎缩侧索硬化发病机制可能与胰岛素样生长因子1有关.结论 肌萎缩侧索硬化的发病机制可能与胰岛素样生长因子1有关,具体发病机制需要进一步的研究.     

肌萎缩侧索硬化中锌指蛋白512B基因、颈屈肌肌力、体重指数的意义

肌萎缩侧索硬化是一种同时累及上、下运动神经元的进行性神经系统变性疾病。肌萎缩侧索硬化患者生存时间短,病死率高,其病因及发病机制不明确,目前尚无有效治疗方法,因此肌萎缩侧索硬化患者的预后评估成为近年来研究的热点。文中从基因水平、颈屈肌肌力、体重指数等方面进行探索,以期寻找影响预后的可靠指标,为提高肌萎缩侧索硬化患者的生活质量、延长生存时间及提供治疗方案寻找新对策。     

肌萎缩侧索硬化与氧化应激

肌萎缩侧索硬化（amyotrophic lateral sclerosis，ALS）是中枢神经系统常见的一种慢性进行性变性疾病，以脑和脊髓中选择性运动神经元变性为特征。根据其发病和遗传特点分为家族型肌萎缩侧索硬化（familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis，fALS）和散发型肌萎缩侧索硬化（sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis，sALS）。从临床和病理诊断标准上不能区分fALS和sALS，说明散发型和家族型可能具有相同的或共同的发病机制。目前的证据提示ALS运动神经元的丢失是由于一些复杂的相互作用的机制所致，     

兴奋毒性在肌萎缩侧索硬化的发病机制中具有重要作用

目的:分析比较肌萎缩侧索硬化病人和神经系统正常的受试者脑脊液中的谷氨酸水平,以明确由谷氨酸介导的“兴奋毒性”是否在ALS的发病机制中具有作用。方法:肌萎缩侧索硬化病人15例,神经系统正常的外科手术腰麻病人20例,采集脑脊液后用氨基酸自动分析仪进行检测。结果:肌萎缩侧索硬化病人脑脊液中谷氨酸水平与对照比较增高有极显著差异(两组分别为48.81±31.67μmol/L和15.85±6.70μmol/L)(P(0.01)。结论:由谷氨酸介导的“兴奋毒性”在肌萎缩侧索硬化的发病过程具有重要作用。     

脊髓型颈椎病和肌萎缩侧索硬化的鉴别

部分脊髓型颈椎病与肌萎缩侧索硬化容易混淆。为总结经验,兹将我们所见脊髓型颈椎病(下称髓型颈椎病)55例与肌萎缩侧索硬化(下称ALS)21例作一比较和分析。     

神经干细胞治疗运动神经元病的研究进展

运动神经元病（motor neuron disease，MND）包括肌萎缩侧索硬化（Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis，ALS）、原发性侧索硬化和进行性脊肌萎缩等，是运动神经元选择性变性导致进行性肌无力和死亡，目前尚无有效治疗方法。临床最常见的MND类型是ALS。对运动神经元损伤的细胞机制已经作了很多研究，但既然运动神经元已经变性死亡，一种可能的疗法就是用细胞移植的方法恢复其功能，其中包括基于人类神经于细胞的细胞替代治疗策略。     

连枷臂综合征:肌萎缩侧索硬化的临床变异型

目的 探讨连枷臂综合征的临床特点和诊断标准.方法 回顾分析172例的肌萎缩侧索硬化患者,其中14例临床特征为对称性双上肢近端显著萎缩和无力,而双下肢、球部功能保持相对完好.符合连枷臂综合征的诊断标准.对其临床特点进行统计分析.结果 依据Escorial诊断标准,14例连枷臂综合征患者均符合确诊或拟诊的肌萎缩侧索硬化.男女比例为6：1,显著高于经典肌萎缩侧索硬化组.结论 连枷臂综合征可能为肌萎缩侧索硬化的临床变异型,男性患者的显著高发提示其发病可能与男性基因异常相关.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Summary of legislation of 1941 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Asymmetry of on- and off-pathways of blue-sensitive cones of the retina of macaques

Macaque retinal ganglion cells whose receptive-field center recieves input from blue-sensitive cones show an overt asymmetry of the frequency of ON-center and OFF-center varieties, an asymmetry not present in ganglion cells whose center receives input from the other two cone types. A similar asymmetry of ON/OFF responses is found in the local electrotetinogram (d-wave) mediated by signals from blue-sensitive cones. ‘Blue-ON-center’ ganglion cells have larger receptive-field centers and shorter conduction latencies than other opponent-color varieties, suggesting an appreciable degree of receptor convergence and presumably large cell bodies. Intracellular stainings of these neurons with Procion Yellow show that they correspond to diffuse stratified (Parasol) ganglion cells whose flat-topped dendritic arborization stratifies in the sclerad half of the inner plexiform layer. In view of the known characteristics of macaque bipolar cells and of the ON/OFF asymmetry, it is proposed that these ganglion cells are postsynaptic to cone-specific flat bipolars possibly mediating sign-inverting synaptic contacts. The results also indicate a reversal, for the blue-cone pathway, of the ON/OFF lamination of the inner plexiform layer that has recently been described in other species.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.