百草枯中毒患者心肌酶活力变化及意义

目的观察百草枯（PQ）中毒患者血液心肌酶活力的变化，其中包括谷草转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶（α-HBDH）、肌酸激酶（CK）和肌酸激酶同功酶（CK—MB）。方法在患者入院第1天和第7天分别采静脉血进行诸项酶活力的测定，测定方法为动力学法。健康对照组选择门诊健康查体者，全部排除心、肝、肾、骨骼肌等器官可能引起心肌酶活力升高的相关疾病，检测方法同疾病组。结果PQ中毒患者检测心肌酶诸项酶活力均明显升高，与健康对照组比较，除入院第1天轻度中毒组LDH、α—HBDH、CK三项升高无统计学差异外，其余各项均差异显著（P〈0．05和P〈0．01），而且与中毒程度有关，中毒越重，酶活力越高，随病程的延长，心肌酶活力呈逐渐上升趋势，各中毒组中毒第7天都远较第1天为高，除a—HBDH一项外，其余各项两个时间比较，均差异显著（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）。轻度中毒组与中、重度中毒组相同天间比较，各项酶活力升高差异非常显著（均P〈0．01）。结论PQ中毒患者心肌酶活力明显升高，且与中毒程度有关，及时动态检测心肌酶活力变化，对了解中毒程度，观察心肌损伤状况，指导临床治疗有一定意义。     

中枢神经系统感染血清心肌酶的变化及其临床意义

目的研究成年人中枢神经系统感染时血清心肌酶的变化及其临床意义。方法收集病毒性脑炎（病脑组）45例和结核性脑膜炎（结脑组）22例,另有体检正常者40例为对照组。采用东芝全自动生化分析仪,以酶速率法测定所有患者的血清天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶心肌型同工酶（CK-MB）、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶（α-HBDH）水平。结果62.2％（28／45）病脑组血清心肌酶出现异常,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;18.2％（4／22）结脑组血清心肌酶出现异常,与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。病脑组患者血清中AST、LDH、CK水平及结脑组血清中AST、CK水平均明显高于对照组（P〈0.05或〈0.01）,病脑组CK-MB、α-HBDH水平及结脑组LDH、CK-MB和α-HBDH水平与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;结脑组CK水平明显低于病脑组（P〈0.05）。障碍组血清心肌酶水平均明显高于无障碍组（P〈0.05）。结论中枢神经系统感染常伴随心肌细胞损伤,血清心肌酶水平升高,对该类患者应常规行血清心肌酶测定。     

毒鼠强中毒患者心肌酶谱及肌钙蛋白的变化及临床意义

目的：探讨急性毒鼠强中毒患者病程中血清CK、CK-MB、LDH、AST、CTN—T等的变化水平及临床意义。方法：观察32例急性毒鼠强中毒者的心肌酶谱及肌钙蛋白、心电图;以30例健康体检者为正常对照组（A组）。结果：与A组比较,轻度中毒者（A1组）心肌酶谱及轻、中度中毒组（A2组）肌钙蛋白无显著差异（P〉0．05）;A2组心肌酶谱有显著差异性（P〈0．05）。32例急性毒鼠强中毒患者血清心肌酶在病程过程中均有不同程度的升高且病情好转后亦恢复正常。结论：毒鼠强中毒心肌酶谱升高与心电图异常并非心脏损害,可能与骨骼肌损伤及中枢神经系统受损等有关。血清酶活性增高与病情的轻重和转归有密切关系。     

急性毒鼠强中毒血清心肌酶学与肌钙蛋白T的变化

目的：探讨急性毒鼠强中毒是心肌酶学及心肌钙蛋白T的变化及原因。方法：测定51例急性毒鼠强中毒患者血清心肌酶谱值(CK、CK—MB、AST、LDH、α-HBDH)及心肌钙蛋白T，同时以健康人及急性心肌梗死患者作为时照。结果：中毒组患者血清心肌酶谱值均有不同程度升高，CK、CK—MB、LDH升高较为明显．而AST、α—HBDH升高不明显；而且心肌钙蛋白T阳性率中毒组明显低于心梗组。结论：急性毒鼠强中毒患者血清心肌酶谱值升高可能为骨骼肌损伤所致．而非心脏损害。     

急性有机磷农药中毒患者血清肌红蛋白、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的水平变化及其意义

目的：探讨急性有机磷农药中毒（AOPP）患者肌红蛋白、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ水平变化及内在机制。方法：对35例AOPP患者发病后4、12、24小时及第3、5天取静脉血，用放射免疫法测定肌红蛋白及肌钙蛋白Ⅰ。结果：轻中度中毒组病后4、12、24小时血清肌红蛋白及病后24小时、病后3天肌钙蛋白Ⅰ测值高于正常对照组（P＜0．05－0．01）；重度中毒组及呼吸肌麻痹组病后4小时～病后3天肌红蛋白及病后12小时～病后5天肌钙蛋白Ⅰ测值显著高于正常对照组及轻中度中毒组（P＜0．01）；呼吸肌麻痹组病后12小时～病后5天肌红蛋白水平显著高于重度中毒组（P＜0．05－0．01）。结论：AOPP越重，肌红蛋白及肌钙蛋白Ⅰ升高越显著，反映心肌及骨骼肌损伤越严重。     

氯胺酮对感染性休克大鼠抗休克作用及其相关机制研究

目的探讨氯胺酮在感染性休克大鼠模型中的作用及其可能的机制。方法选择健康成年SD大鼠60只，随机均分为对照组、模型组和氯胺酮组。用腹腔注射脂多糖（LPS）20mg／kg制备大鼠感染性休克模型；对照组给予等量生理盐水；氯胺酮组于制模前腹腔给予氯胺酮80mg／kg，1h后追加半量。观察各组大鼠存活时间及存活率。用放射免疫分析法测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）含量及心肌环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）水平；用免疫组化法测定心肌组织热休克蛋白70（HSP70）阳性表达。结果模型组大鼠存活率（0）显著低于对照组（100％）及氯胺酮组（70％），差异均有显著性（P均〈0．05）；TNF—α显著高于对照组及氯胺酮组（P均〈0．01）；cAMP显著低于对照组及氯胺酮组（P均〈0．01）；HSP70阳性产物灰度值显著低于对照组，但显著高于氯胺酮组（P均〈0．01），而对照组和氯胺酮组TNF—α、cAMP比较差异均无显著性（P均〉0．05）。结论氯胺酮有抗感染性休克的作用，其机制可能为通过刺激HSP70表达来抑制LPS刺激的TNF—α释放，升高心肌cAMP含量，从而保护感染心肌。     

急性毒鼠强中毒血清心肌酶学及心肌钙蛋白T检测的临床意义

目的探讨急性毒鼠强中毒时血清心肌酶及心肌钙蛋白T(CTnT)的变化及临床意义。方法采用全自动生化分析仪检测40例急性毒鼠强中毒患者血清心肌酶学天冬氨酸转移酶(AST)、肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(α-HBDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)及CTnT,与健康者及急性心肌梗死患者(心梗组)各40例检测结果比较。结果急性毒鼠强中毒患者血清心肌酶明显高于健康者(P<0.05),CTnT阳性率明显低于心梗组(P<0.01)。结论急性毒鼠强中毒时血清心肌酶升高,与骨骼肌损伤、脑组织缺氧及心肌损伤有关,但不能作为心肌损伤的唯一判断指标。     

不同年龄段健康儿童心肌酶谱参考值的调查及分析

目的探究儿童三个年龄段心肌酶谱参考值范围及不同地域间的差异。方法对143名健康儿童采集静脉血,用速率法测定血清中的天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶（α-HBDH）、肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同功酶（CK—MB）含量,并对结果按年龄段进行统计学分析。结果①各年龄组血清中AST、LDH、α—HBDH、CK、CK-MB含量均较成人高,年龄越小,含量越高,随着年龄的增长逐渐接近成人;②三个年龄段的指标测值对比,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;③与苏州比较：婴幼儿组LDH、CK-MB（0．01〉P〉0．005,P〈0．001）;学龄前组LDH、α-HBDH、CK—MB为（P〈0．001）,CK（0．05〉P〉0．02）;学龄组LDH、CK（0．02〉P〉0．01）,CK-MB（P〈0．001）均具有统计学意义。结论在诊断心肌病时宜参考本地区儿童心肌酶谱的正常值。     

有机磷中毒时心肌酶及心电图变化

目的 研究急性有机磷中毒患者心肌酶及心电图变化的临床意义。方法 所有患者入院后均予清除毒物、应用解毒刑和阿托品及其它治疗，入院第2天抽取静脉血测定血清天冬氨酸转氨酶（AbT）、乳酸睨氢酶（LDH）、肌酸磷酸激酶（CK）、羟丁酸脱氢酶（HBDH），监测心电图；并于同期测定当地40名健康人心肌酶及心电图作为对照组。结果 心肌酶学指标，轻度中毒组与对照组均无显著差异（P〉0．05），中度中毒组与轻度中毒组差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），重度中毒死亡组与中度中毒组（AST、LDH、HBDH）差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05），重度中毒死亡组与重度中毒治愈组HBDH差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）；重度中毒组严重室性心律失常（室速、室颤）较其它组高（P〈0．01），结论 心肌酶及心电图变化可用于判断病情的发展趋势和预后，在治疗上具有指导意义。     

血清cTnI定量检测在手足口病心肌损害中的诊断意义

目的：探讨定量cTnI水平检测在手足口病（HFMD）心肌损害中的诊断意义。方法：检测96例HFMD患儿血清肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、血清磷酸肌酸激酶（CK）、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶（α-HBDH）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、谷草转氨酶（AST）水平,同时选择40例健康儿童做对照组。结果：HFMD患儿血清cTnI、CK、α-HBDH水平明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）;血清cTnI阳性率高达72%,LDH、AST水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论：HFMD患儿存在心肌损害,血清cTnI水平对HFMD的心肌损害有诊断价值。     

Thickness of the middle trapezius muscle measured by rehabilitative ultrasound imaging: description of the technique and reliability study

A technique is described for measuring the thickness of the middle trapezius muscle using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI). A test–retest study was employed to investigate the reliability of the technique in a convenience sample of 16 asymptomatic participants aged 20–41 (12 women). The middle trapezius muscle was imaged using RUSI with participants in a standardized sitting position. The principal investigator took measurements on two consecutive days to examine intra‐rater reliability, and two additional investigators took measurements on the second day to investigate inter‐rater reliability of the measurement technique. Reliability was examined using intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and Bland and Altman plots. The results demonstrated that inter‐rater reliability was good between raters (ICC_2,3 = 0·81, SEM = 0·94 mm) and was moderate for the same rater between days (ICC_3,2 = 0·67, SEM = 1·0 mm). This study demonstrates that RUSI can be used reliably to measure muscle thickness of the middle trapezius muscle following the procedure described.     

Isotonic dynamometry for the assessment of power and fatigue in the knee extensor muscles of females

Impairments in muscle power production and recovery following short‐duration intense activity could lead to decreased performance and risk of injury. We developed a power test for the knee extensor muscles using torque–velocity testing and moderate isotonic loads. Twenty‐eight female volunteers performed three maximal efforts at each of four isotonic loads (27·1, 40·6, 54·2 and 67·8 N · m). If the calculated regression line for the torque–velocity data had an r² ≥ 0·95 (i.e. an acceptable test), maximal power (408 ± 56 W) was computed from the data. Immediately after torque–velocity testing, the subjects repeated maximal effort knee extensions with 33·9 N · m for three bouts of 15 repetitions with 15 s of rest to produce muscle fatigue, defined as a decrease in power output during isotonic exercise. After a 4 min rest, the torque–velocity test was repeated and power calculated (345 ± 48 W). For the group, the recovery of maximal power after the fatigue protocol was 85%. The extremes were represented by one subject who recovered only 70% of her maximal power and another who recovered completely (>98%). Physiological differences in muscle power following repeated exercise could have an impact on the outcome of therapeutic interventions for sports injuries, fatigue syndromes and occupational over‐use conditions.     

Ultrasound imaging of the serratus anterior muscle at rest and during contraction

The purpose of this study is to describe a clinically feasible method for measuring the thickness of the serratus anterior (SA) muscle using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) and to determine the reliability of repeated measures of that method. An exploratory clinical measurement study using a test–retest methodology was utilized to determine the reliability of the measurements in a sample of 20 healthy subjects. While sitting with the arm flexed 120°, the SA of each subject was imaged at rest, during an active hold and while holding a three pound weight. On Day 1, images were repeated three times for each condition by the same examiner. On Day 2, Examiner 1 and Examiner 2 repeated the scans. Images were examined offline by Examiner 1 with SA thickness measured superior to the most distal rib in the image. Reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland–Altman plots. The intra‐examiner reliability (same day) during rest, active hold and active hold with resistance was ICC_3,3 = 0·892; ICC_3,3 = 0·951; and ICC_3,3 = 0·869–0·971, respectively. Intra‐examiner reliability between days ranged from ICC_3,2 = 0·613 at rest to ICC_3,2 = 0·736 during active hold with resistance. Interexaminer reliability was moderate during active hold (ICC_2,2 = 0·526) and active hold with resistance (ICC_2,2 = 0·535) and poor during rest (ICC_2,2 = 0·425). This study demonstrates that SA thickness can be measured reliably using RUSI by the same examiner and suggests that active movements may increase that reliability.     

Measurement reliability and cooperative movement of the pelvic floor and transverse abdominal muscles

[Purpose] This study examined the measurement reliability and cooperative movement of the pelvic floor and transverse abdominal muscles. [Participants and Methods] The participants were seven healthy adult females. Transverse abdominal muscle thickness and bladder floor elevation were measured under the following conditions during active exercise and during resistance exercise: the resting state, maximum contraction of the transverse abdominal muscle, maximum contraction of the pelvic floor muscle, and maximum co-contraction of the transverse abdominal and pelvic floor muscles. Measurements were taken at rest and under each exercise condition. [Results] The intraclass correlation coefficients of transverse abdominal muscle thickness and bladder floor elevation showed high reproducibility under all conditions. The maximum contraction of the pelvic floor muscle showed a high correlation with the maximum co-contraction of the transverse abdominal muscle and pelvic floor muscle during resistance exercise. A significant regression line was found between transverse abdominal muscle thickness and bladder floor elevation under all conditions. The regression equation was as follows: transverse abdominal muscle thickness=0.113 bladder floor elevation+0.377 (r²=0.21). [Conclusion] This study demonstrated that the measurement reliability of the transverse abdominal and pelvic floor muscles is high, and that both muscles exhibit cooperative movement.     

Comparisons of muscle substrate levels,muscle enzyme activities and muscle morphology in arm and leg muscles in normal subjects and in patients operated upon for coarctation of the aorta in childhood

Muscle biopsies from the upper and the lower part of the body (m. deltoideus dx and m. vastus lat dx) were taken in young men, 17—28 years of age, who had been operated upon for coarctation of the aorta in childhood. Significant differences regarding SDH-activity and some muscle substrate levels were found, with higher values in the leg muscle. The same differences were found in ten healthy controls. It is concluded that arm and leg muscle differ in these respects but that the haemodynamic difference remaining after coarctectomy does not seem to influence this situation.     

Sonographic appearance of a partial rupture of the supinator muscle

We report the case of a 51-year-old woman who experienced pain and swelling in the right forearm after spinning cotton. History taking and physical examinations helped identify a tear of the supinator muscle, which was confirmed via sonographic examination. To our knowledge, this article is the first report of a supinator muscle tear diagnosed with sonography.     

Morphological and functional relationships with ultrasound measured muscle thickness of the upper extremity and trunk

Unless a subject’s muscle is relatively small, a single image from a standard ultrasound can only measure muscle thickness (MT). Thus, it is important to know whether MT is related to morphological and functional characteristics of individual muscles of the extremity and trunk. In this review, we summarize previously published articles in the upper extremity and trunk demonstrating the relationships between ultrasound-measured MT and muscle morphology (cross-sectional area, CSA and muscle volume, MV) and muscular or respiratory function. The linear relationship between MT and muscle CSA or MV has been observed in biceps brachii, triceps brachii, pectoralis major, psoas major, and supraspinatus muscles. Previous studies suggest that MT in the upper arm and trunk may reflect muscle CSA and MV for the individual muscles. Unfortunately, few studies exist regarding the functional relationship with ultrasound MT in the upper extremity and trunk. Future research is needed to investigate these findings further.     

The reliability of assessing sternocleidomastoid muscle length and strength in adults with and without mild neck pain

Background: The sternocleidomastoid (SCM) is an important cervical spine muscle. Weakness of the SCM muscle has been implicated with cervical problems. No studies have examined the reliability of assessing the SCM muscle length or strength. Also no studies exist that have looked to see if imbalances in SCM muscle length or strength exists between the left and right sides in those with and without neck pain. Objective: To determine the reliability of assessing the SCM muscle for length and strength and to see if SCM length could predict SCM strength in those with and without neck pain. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Fifty-one subjects with and without mild neck pain. Analysis: Intratester reliability was assessed for SCM muscle length and SCM muscle strength. Differences in SCM length and strength were examined in those with and without neck pain. Results: Intratester reliability was shown to be excellent (ICC (2,2) > 0.90) for the left and right SCM when assessing muscle length and muscle strength for those with and without neck pain. No differences were noted when comparing left to right SCM between those with and without neck pain regarding muscle length or muscle strength. Neither regression models were able to predict SCM muscle strength from SCM muscle length. Conclusion: SCM muscle length and SCM strength can be reliably assessed using a bubble goniometer and HHD. No differences were found when comparing left to right SCM muscle length or strength in those with or without mild neck pain.     

胃平滑肌肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的探讨胃平滑肌肿瘤(GSMT)的临床表现、诊断与合理的手术治疗.方法回顾分析32例胃平滑肌肿瘤(GSMT)的临床治疗及随访资料.结果胃平滑肌瘤17例均手术局部切除;平滑肌肉瘤14例,其中8例行胃大部切除,2例行全胃切除,2例姑息切除.2例探查造瘘,1例上皮样平滑肌瘤行胃大部切除.首发症状表现为上消化道出血.术前内镜GI、CT等联合检查,阳性诊断率为84.61%,手术切除率为93.8%.胃平滑肌恶性肿瘤为非淋巴途径转移,5年生存率64.3%.结论胃平滑肌肿瘤直径＞5 cm多为恶性,且对放化疗均不敏感,术前胃镜、CT检查具有较强特异性.手术切除为唯一有效治疗手段,对转移和复发灶也应积极手术并定期长期随访.     

Variation and reliability of ultrasonographic quantification of the architecture of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in young children

The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of ultrasonography for the quantification of gastrocnemius muscle architecture in healthy young children. The variation and reliability of measurement of muscle thickness, pennation angle and fibre length of the medial gastrocnemius were determined, using stationary and portable ultrasound machines, in 13 boys and eight girls aged 4–10. Ultrasound images were obtained from each leg, in duplicate, with the ankle at 90°, then at maximal plantar flexion, with the two machines within the same session. The same set of 16 scans was repeated in four children 4–6 weeks later. The mean muscle thickness, pennation angle and fibre length differed between ankle positions and between legs. Measurements obtained using the two machines established similar values with no significant differences in absolute values and coefficients of variation (CV). For duplicate images taken during the same session for the same leg, ankle position and machine, the CV and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranged, respectively, from 2·1% to 3·1% and 0·94–0·98 for muscle thickness, from 4·1% to 6·0% and 0·85–0·96 for pennation angle and from 4·5% to 6·3% and 0·87–0·96 for fibre length. Corresponding values for variables for the same child measured on two separate occasions were within the same ranges, all being similar to reliability data reported previously for adult muscle. Muscle thickness, pennation angle and fibre length of the medial gastrocnemius can therefore be quantified reliably, using either a stationary or portable ultrasound machine, in healthy young children.