黄芪注射液对大鼠扭转复位后睾丸组织的保护作用

目的:探讨黄芪注射液对雄性Wistar大鼠扭转复位后睾丸的保护作用。方法:30只大鼠随机分为假手术组(A组)、睾丸扭转复位组(B组)、黄芪注射液治疗组(C组),每组10只,Turner法建立单侧睾丸扭转复位模型,原位缺口末端标记法检测各组睾丸组织中生殖细胞凋亡,化学比色法测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:黄芪注射液治疗组与睾丸扭转复位组比较,SOD含量明显升高,MDA含量明显降低,生精细胞凋亡指数明显降低。睾丸扭转复位组、黄芪注射液治疗组与假手术对照组比较,SOD含量明显降低,MDA含量明显升高,生精细胞凋亡指数明显升高。结论:黄芪注射液可减少大鼠睾丸扭转复位后睾丸组织的双侧睾丸生殖细胞凋亡,对扭转复位后睾丸生殖细胞有保护作用。其机理可能与提高抗氧化酶活性及减少氧自由基的产生从而减轻大鼠睾丸扭转复位后的缺血再灌注损伤有关。     

灯盏花素对青春前期大鼠睾丸扭转复位双侧睾丸的保护作用

目的:探讨灯盏花素青春前期大鼠睾丸扭转复位双侧睾丸的远期保护作用。方法:对建立左侧睾丸扭转复位动物模型,将32只4周龄健康SD雄性大鼠随机分为4组:假手术组、生理盐水组(腹腔内注射生理盐水2 mg/kg)、灯盏花素单次给药组(睾丸复位前30 min,腹腔缓慢注入灯盏花素2 mg/kg,给药体积为0.5 ml/100 g体重)和灯盏花素连续给药组(在单次给药组的基础上,于术后每天注射同等剂量灯盏花素注射液1次,连续7 d),每组8只。术后6周处死大鼠,取双侧睾丸和附睾,检测睾丸组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性与丙二醛(MDA)含量,测定精子浓度、存活率和活动率,行睾丸组织病理学观察。结果:与同侧生理盐水组比较,两给药组双侧SOD、T-AOC、NOS活性、精子浓度、精子存活率和精子活动率均升高,MDA含量下降,其中各检测指标除单次给药组健侧T-AOC活性、精子浓度、精子活动率、双侧NOS活性及连续给药组健侧NOS活性外差异均显著(P0.05);与同侧单次给药组比较,连续给药组双侧SOD、T-AOC、NOS活性、精子浓度、精子存活率和精子活动率均升高,MDA含量下降,其中各项指标除健侧NOS活性外差异均显著(P0.05)。生理盐水组可见双侧生精小管退变,间质水肿,且患侧受损明显大于健侧;两给药组使双侧睾丸扭转复位后损伤的组织学改变明显改善。结论:灯盏花素可通过有效清除氧自由基,减轻脂质过氧化损伤,对青春前期大鼠睾丸扭转复位双侧睾丸有明显的保护作用,且连续给药明显优于单次给药。     

茶多酚对大鼠睾丸扭转/复位模型保护作用的研究

目的:探讨茶多酚对大鼠睾丸扭转/复位模型的保护作用。方法:将24只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为3组,每组8只。第Ⅰ组为假手术组(切开左侧阴囊游离睾丸,但不予扭转),第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组扭转左侧睾丸720°6h,分别于扭转复位前30min腹腔注射生理盐水和茶多酚,术后连续3d分别以低剂量维持。3组大鼠喂养至术后第5天处死,切取左侧扭转睾丸检测睾丸组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量;以原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测生精细胞凋亡指数(AI)。结果:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3组左侧扭转睾丸组织SOD活力分别为(285.00±22.51)、(242.00±17.62)、(261.00±10.01)nU/mg;MDA含量分别为(1.81±0.20)、(4.34±0.34)、(2.94±0.38)nmol/mg;3组之间比较均有显著性差异。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3组左侧扭转睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数(AI)分别为6.64±1.82、55.23±6.46、31.84±5.56,第Ⅲ组与第Ⅱ组相比,其生殖细胞凋亡明显减少(P<0.05)。结论:茶多酚对因睾丸扭转导致的缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

丹血通注射液对大鼠睾丸扭转复位后的保护作用

目的:研究丹血通注射液对大鼠睾丸扭转复位后缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:将32只4周龄健康SD雄性大鼠,随机分为丹血通注射液单次给药组、丹血通注射液连续给药组、生理盐水组和假手术组,每组8只。建立单侧睾丸扭转复位动物模型(720°,2 h)。于术后6周处死大鼠,计算睾丸系数,测定精子计数和精子活动率,检测睾丸组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性与丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:丹血通注射液单次给药组、连续给药组手术侧睾丸系数(0.35±0.04、0.40±0.06)比同侧生理盐水组(0.11±0.03)均显著升高(P均0.05);精子计数[(1.44±0.50)、(3.00±1.28)×109/ml]和精子活动率[(39.63±5.04)%、(76.31±3.67)%]比同侧生理盐水组[(0.46±0.10)×109/ml、(13.63±14.04)%]均显著升高(P均0.05);两给药组SOD(116.25±8.83、133.20±13.84)、T-AOC(13.34±5.81、19.21±5.69)活性和MDA含量(20.94±5.65、15.02±1.03)比同侧生理盐水组SOD(72.76±5.58)、T-AOC(5.58±1.07)活性升高和MDA含量(42.38±8.94)显著降低(P均0.05)。且连续给药组手术侧与单次给药组睾丸系数、精子计数、精子活动率、SOD、MDA、T-AOC比较差异均有显著性(P均0.05)。结论:丹血通注射液可有效清除氧自由基,通过抗氧化作用可以提高精子的活动率和数量,对青春前期大鼠睾丸缺血再灌注损伤具有明显的保护作用,对其对侧睾丸亦有一定的保护作用,且连续给药效果明显优于单次给药。     

睾丸扭转复位后附睾MDA、TAC含量随时间的变化及意义

目的:探讨睾丸扭转复位后附睾丙二醛(Methylenedioxyamphetamine,MDA)、总抗氧化物(Totalantioxidants content,TAC)含量与时间变化及意义.方法:SD大鼠建立左侧睾丸扭转复位模型.48只大鼠分为对照组和实验组,实验组分为术后1、2、5、10和15天五组,每组各8只.硫代巴比妥法检测附睾MDA的含量,铁离子还原法检测TAC的含量.结果:扭转复位1天组扭转侧附睾组织MDA含量与对照组差异无统计学意义,2天、5天、10天组MDA含量较1天组显著升高,15天组MDA含量与1天组差异无统计学意义;1天组扭转侧附睾组织中TAC含量与对照组差异不显著,2天、5天、10天组TAC含量较1天组显著降低,15天组TAC含量与1天组差异不显著.结论:睾丸扭转复位后附睾组织中脂质过氧化反应先升后降,抗氧化物活力先降后升.提示氧自由基是引起附睾急性缺血再灌注损伤的重要因素之一.抗氧化物的使用对防止附睾发生缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用.     

地塞米松对大鼠睾丸扭转复位后保护作用的研究

目的探讨地塞米松对大鼠睾丸扭转复位后的保护作用.方法24只成年健康SD雄性大鼠随机分为3组A组为睾丸扭转复位加生理盐水组,B组为睾丸扭转复位加地塞米松组,C组为对照组.建立单侧睾丸扭转复位模型.术后24h取手术侧睾丸,化学比色法测定睾丸组织的SOD、CAT、MPO活性和MDA含量,光镜观察病理学变化.结果与A组相比,B组的MDA含量和MPO活性降低(P＜0.01),SOD和CAT的活性增高(P＜0.01),睾丸被膜下白细胞浸润减少,无间质水肿.结论地塞米松可减轻大鼠睾丸扭转复位后的再灌注损伤,对睾丸有保护作用.     

低温联合地塞米松对大鼠睾丸扭转复位后eNOS表达及生精细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨低温联合地塞米松对睾丸扭转复位后的保护作用,以及对eNOS表达及生精细胞凋亡的影响。方法:将80只青春期SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组20只。4组大鼠分别扭转左侧睾丸720°2 h,建立单侧睾丸扭转模型,随后各组做如下处理,A组:常温+生理盐水、B组:低温+生理盐水、C组:低温+地塞米松、D组:常温+地塞米松;术后48 h采集睾丸,通过HE染色光镜观察睾丸组织病理学改变、免疫组化法检测eNOS表达、TUNEL法检测睾丸生精细胞凋亡。结果:HE染色光镜下见4组大鼠扭转侧睾丸组织均有不同程度损伤,其中A组睾丸损伤最明显,其余3组扭转侧睾丸得到不同程度保护;睾丸组织eNOS免疫组化检测结果:A组扭转侧(左侧)睾丸组织阳性细胞数及阳性细胞着色强度明显强于B、C、D 3组,差异具有显著性(P<0.05、P<0.01、P<0.01);凋亡细胞染色:细胞核呈深棕黄色或棕褐色,A组扭转侧(左侧)睾丸可见大量生精细胞凋亡,凋亡指数AI(31.12±4.68)明显高于B组(16.58±6.22)(P<0.05)及C(8.60±1.15)、D组(13.52±3.06)(P<0.01)。结论:睾丸扭转复位后的缺血再灌注损伤可导致生精细胞凋亡增加、睾丸生殖能力下降;应用低温联合地塞米松能显著增强睾丸组织的抗损伤能力,较好地保护了扭转复位后睾丸的生精功能。     

大鼠一侧睾丸扭转对侧睾丸改变的实验研究

目的 :研究一侧睾丸扭转 (UTT)后对侧睾丸组织学及生精细胞凋亡的改变 ,以明确UTT后对侧睾丸是否存在损伤。　方法 :SD雄性大鼠 6 0只 ,随机分为实验组 (n =4 8)及对照组 (n =12 )。实验组采用Turner方法建立左侧睾丸扭转模型 ,于扭转后 6h处死 4只 ,其余 4 4只再分为扭转睾丸复位及切除组 ,分别于术后 1d、1周、4周处死7～ 8只 ,取睾丸组织进行组织学及生精细胞凋亡的检测。　结果 :UTT复位后对侧睾丸组织学发生明显改变 ,生精细胞凋亡指数明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。扭转睾丸切除后对侧睾丸变化不明显。　结论 :UTT可引起对侧睾丸损伤 ,其机制可能与再灌注有关 ,扭转睾丸切除可防止或减轻对侧睾丸的损伤     

未成熟大鼠睾丸单侧扭转后对健侧血流和组织学的影响

目的:观察未成熟大鼠睾丸单侧扭转后对健侧睾丸血流供应和组织学的影响,并比较不同处理方法的疗效。方法:建立Wistar3周龄大鼠左侧睾丸扭转模型,分别建立对照组、扭转组、扭转复位组和扭转切除组,每组10只。彩色多普勒测量各组术前、术后8h(即扭转复位或切除术后2h)、12h、24h、72h右侧睾丸动脉收缩期最大血流速度,并于对照组和扭转组术后2h,扭转复位组和扭转切除组第1次术后12h各取2只大鼠右侧睾丸进行组织病理学观察。各组喂养至9周龄时分别取右侧睾丸进行组织学观察及检测各组大鼠右侧睾丸的生精小管直径(STD)、生精上皮细胞计数(CMSE)和睾丸活检评分(TBS)。结果:①未成熟睾丸左侧扭转后,右侧睾丸的血供呈持续性增加。②扭转组、扭转复位组和扭转切除组右侧睾丸均有不同程度的间质水肿和超微结构改变。③9周龄时扭转组、扭转切除组右侧睾丸重量均较对照组显著增加(P<0.01);各组大鼠STD、CMSE、TBS均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:未成熟大鼠睾丸单侧扭转后可引起对侧睾丸的血供增加和组织学改变,轻微损伤后扭转复位和睾丸切除预后效果相似。     

他达拉非对大鼠睾丸缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨5型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂他达拉非在大鼠睾丸缺血再灌注模型中的保护作用。方法:将84只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分成4组,A组:假手术组;B组:小剂量他达拉非组;C组:大剂量他达拉非组;D组:安慰剂组。每组21只,B、C、D组建立右侧睾丸扭转复位模型(720°,2 h)。术后立即予A、B组按他达拉非剂量为0.5 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,C组按他达拉非剂量为2 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,D组用等剂量的生理盐水灌胃,用药3、7、14 d后,取各组7只大鼠扭转侧睾丸,检测睾丸组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,并光镜检测睾丸组织病理学参数。结果:B组[3 d:(254.46±7.43)n U/mg prot;7 d:(278.49±8.33)n U/mg prot;14 d:(317.99±3.31)n U/mg prot]、C组[3 d:(277.12±8.80)n U/mg prot;7 d:(309.40±2.14)n U/mg prot;14 d:(320.39±4.72)n U/mg prot]SOD活性均显著高于同期D组[3 d:(223.21±4.65)n U/mg prot;7 d:(231.45±4.16)n U/mg prot;14 d:(248.28±5.74)n U/mg prot],MDA含量均显著低于同期D组。C组3、7 d的SOD活性显著高于同期B组(P0.01),而MDA含量显著低于同期B组(P0.01),14 d时的SOD与MDA两组间没有显著性差异(P0.05)。睾丸组织的病理学改变:A组睾丸组织未见明显损伤,B组3、7、14 d之间病理学参数(生精上皮层数、睾丸结构得分、生精小管直径)存在显著差异(P0.01),B组14 d时和C组7 d时测得的生精上皮层数、睾丸结构评分、生精小管直径与A组14 d时没有显著性差异。结论:他达拉非可明显改善睾丸扭转后的缺血再灌注损伤,改善程度与用药时间、用药剂量呈明显的相关性。     

单侧睾丸扭转对生殖细胞凋亡及黄芪保护作用的实验研究

目的观察大鼠单侧睾丸扭转／复位后患侧和对侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡情况,探讨单侧睾丸扭转／复位后生殖能力下降的机制以及黄芪注射液对其再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法将40只健康雄性Wistar大鼠分为4组,分别为假手术对照组（A组）,睾丸扭转／复位组（B组）,睾丸扭转／复位＋单次腹腔内注射黄芪注射液组（C组）及扭转／复位十连续腹腔内注射黄芪注射液组（D组）,每组10只。按Turner法建立睾丸扭转／复位模型,所有大鼠均在同等条件下喂养至术后7d处死,切取双侧睾丸后检测凋亡指数。结果扭转侧睾丸生殖细胞凋亡指数（AI）A组（5．82±1．21）与B组（36．18±8．40）、C组（20．39±3．57）、D组（11．61±5．12）相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,B组明显高于C组及D组（P〈0．05）,C组与D组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;B组对侧睾丸（12．95±3．06）与C组（9．45±1．71）、D组（7．56±1．06）两组对侧睾丸AI相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,C、D两组对侧睾丸AI差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论单侧睾丸扭转可致患侧和对侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡明显增加,黄芪注射液可明显减少双侧睾丸生殖细胞凋亡,连续应用黄芪注射液优于单次应用。     

The role of nitric oxide in testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury process in testes. METHODS: Fifty prepubertal male rats were divided into 5 groups each containing 10 rats. After 4-hour torsion and 4-hour detorsion, bilateral orchiectomies were performed for measurement of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) level and histopathologic examination. The results were compared statistically. The groups were labeled as group 1, basal values of biochemical parameters in testes; group 2 (control group), torsion plus detorsion; group 3, torsion plus N-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) plus detorsion; group 4, torsion plus L-arginine plus detorsion; group 5, sham operation. RESULTS: The highest MDA values were determined in the L-arginin group in ipsilateral testes. Group 3 and group 4 were statistically different from control group. Histological examination showed that specimens from group 4 had a significantly (P < .05) greater histological injury than group 3, and contralateral testes showed normal testicular architecture in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that NO plays an important role in damaging the testis with I/R. Although inhibition of NO synthesis with L-NMMA significantly improves I/R injury in testes, enhancing NO production by providing excess of L-arginine increases such damage. In the early periods of detorsion, there is no damage to contralateral testes after unilateral testicular torsion.     

The protective effect of darbepoetin alfa on experimental testicular torsion and detorsion injury

AIM: Testicular torsion is a serious urological emergency, usually involving newborns, children, and adolescents which can lead to subfertility and infertility. Prevention of testicular damage caused by torsion is still a clinical and experimental problem. So far many chemicals and drugs have been investigated for decreasing ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in experimental animals. The possible protective effect of darbepoetin alfa, a novel erythropoietic protein, on testicular tissue after I/R injury was examined in this study. METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into three groups: sham operation, torsion/detorsion, and torsion/detorsion plus darbepoetin alfa groups. After torsion (2 hours) and detorsion (4 hours), bilateral orchiectomy was performed. Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and glutathione levels were determined in testicular tissue. RESULTS: Administration of darbepoetin alfa caused a decrease of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and an increase in glutathione levels compared with the torsion/detorsion group. In addition, histological injury scores were significantly decreased in the treatment group more than the torsion/detorsion group. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that darbepoetin alfa may be a potential protective agent for preventing testicular injury caused by testis torsion.     

The effect of testicular torsion on the contralateral testis and the value of various types of treatment

In an attempt to investigate the effect of testicular torsion and various forms of treatment on the contralateral testis, an experimental study on rats was undertaken. The first group comprised control animals. In the second group the left testes were twisted 720 degrees and the right testes were removed 4 weeks later for histopathological examination. In the third group the rats were subjected to a left detorsion procedure 24 h after torsion, while in the fourth group cortisone treatment was added to the above procedure. The fifth group consisted of rats which had undergone left orchiectomy 24 h after torsion and the sixth group had cortisone treatment plus orchiectomy after torsion. Cortisone treatment was started 24 h after testicular torsion and continued for 4 weeks. Histopathological examination of the contralateral testes which were removed 4 weeks later showed that either orchiectomy plus cortisone or detorsion plus cortisone was more successful than other forms of treatment.     

大鼠睾丸扭转复位后附睾上皮细胞凋亡及肉碱变化

目的:探讨大鼠睾丸扭转复位后,附睾上皮细胞凋亡与肉碱分泌的关系。方法:24只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机均分为:对照(扭转0 h)、A组(扭转2 h)和B组(扭转5 h),建立左侧睾丸扭转复位模型。TUNEL法检测附睾上皮细胞凋亡,DTNB法检测扭转侧附睾肉碱的含量。结果:睾丸扭转2 h复位后24 h,扭转侧附睾上皮细胞凋亡指数与对照组相比,上升不明显(P>0.05),肉碱含量改变不明显(P>0.05);扭转5 h复位后24 h,扭转侧附睾上皮细胞凋亡指数与对照组相比,上升极显著(P<0.01),肉碱含量明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:睾丸扭转2 h复位后24 h,附睾上皮细胞凋亡增加无显著性,其浓缩分泌肉碱的功能不受影响;扭转5 h复位后24 h,附睾上皮细胞凋亡严重,其浓缩分泌肉碱的功能下降。     

The preventive effects of thiopental and propofol on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND: Testicular torsion is a urological emergency that requires immediate surgical intervention to prevent testicular damage. The aim of the study was to investigate the preventive effects of thiopental and propofol as anesthetics on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS: Forty male Wistar Albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 rats each. During 5 h, anesthesia was induced and maintained with thiopental in groups 1 and 2 and with propofol in groups 3 and 4. Groups 2 and 4 received left testicular ischemia (torsion) during 1 h and reperfusion (detorsion) during 4 h. Groups 1 and 3 (control groups) had no testicular torsion and detorsion. At the end of 5 h, animals were killed and both ipsilateral and contralateral testes were removed for histopathologic examination and measurement of tissue MDA (malondialdehyde) and NO (nitric oxide) levels. RESULTS: In the contralateral testes of all the groups, MDA and NO measurements were not different from ipsilateral testes of the control groups. Between the groups 1 and 3, there were no differences in MDA and NO levels. Although torsion/detorsion of testes in group 4 caused significantly increased levels of tissue MDA and NO values compared with group 3, ischemia-reperfusion in group 2 caused a further increase in these levels compared with group 4. The ipsilateral testes in the control groups did not show any morphological changes. Testicular torsion/detorsion in rats with thiopental anesthesia (group 2) caused significantly greater histopathologic injury levels than rats with propofol anesthesia (group 4). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that propofol as an anesthetic agent may prevent testicular damage by scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in an animal model of testicular torsion and detorsion.     

Testicular nitric oxide levels after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion in rats pretreated with caffeic acid phenethyl ester

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in modulating blood flow in normal and in several pathological conditions, and its levels seem to change with ischemia–reperfusion injuries. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis, exhibits antioxidant properties. This experimental study was designed to determine the changes in NO levels and the effect of CAPE on NO levels after testicular torsion/detorsion in rats. Thirty-five adult male albino rats were divided into four groups: sham operation (n=8), torsion (n=9), saline/detorsion (n=9), and CAPE/detorsion (n=9). Rats in the sham operation group were killed after the testes were handled without torsion. Rats in the torsion group were killed after 720° clockwise testicular torsion for 2 h. CAPE was administered 30 min before detorsion in the CAPE/detorsion group and saline was administered in the saline/detorsion group. After 4 h of testicular detorsion in both of these groups, the rats were killed and bilateral orchiectomy was performed to determine the tissue levels of NO. The level of NO in the torsion group (113.77 ± 33.18 nmol/g protein) was significantly higher than that of the sham operation group (64.53 ± 29.64 nmol/g protein). In the saline/detorsion group, the NO level (31.26 ± 12.58 nmol/g protein) was significantly lower than in the torsion and sham operation groups. CAPE administration in the CAPE/detorsion group seemed to raise the NO level (72.63 ± 23.87 nmol/g protein) above the level of the sham operation group. Contralateral testes were not affected by the torsion/detorsion processes performed on the ipsilateral testes. These results show that NO levels increase with torsion and decrease with detorsion. CAPE administration seems to increase tissue NO levels and this may be important for protecting the testes from torsion/detorsion injuries. Received: 30 December 1999 / Accepted: 8 September 2000     

Effects of hypothermia and pentoxifylline on the adnexal torsion/detorsion injuries in a rat testis model

This study was designed to investigate the effects of separate and combined administration of hypothermia and pentoxifylline to preserve the effects on the testicles in an experimental model of testicular torsion/ detorsion injuries in rats. Forty male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups, control, torsion/detorsion (TD), torsion/detorsion/hypothermia (TD+ICE), torsion/detorsion received of pentoxifylline (40mg/kg, ip) (TD+PTX) and torsion/detorsion/hypothermia/PTX (TD+ICE+PTX). Left testicular torsion (TT) was performed for 4 and half hours, and ice fragments have been used at the beginning of torsion. After the reperfusion period (a week), oxidative maker's serum levels, testosterone hormone, sperm parameters, and histopathological and gene expression evaluations have been performed. Significant adverse changes were observed in the TD group for histological variables, sperm count, oxidative marker, testosterone hormone, Bax, BCL2 and caspase-3 expression. The parameters studied in the group receiving PTX improved in comparison with the TD group, while macroscopical parameters of both the hypothermia and PTX+ICE groups were not different compared with the TD group. The results revealed that PTX, as an antioxidant component, was protective against testicular torsion, while hypothermia and hypothermia plus PTX did not exhibit this property, which may have been due to the duration of hypothermia (4 hr) or reperfusion period.     

Dose‐dependent protective effect of baicalin against testicular torsion–detorsion in rats

Testicular torsion/detorsion induces oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation and apoptosis of testicular tissues. Baicalin exerts antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. This study investigated the possible protective effect of baicalin against testicular torsion–detorsion injury in rats. Surgical testicular torsion was induced for 2 h, followed by detorsion which was continued for 24 h. Baicalin was administered in three different doses (25, 50 and 100 mg kg^?1, by intraperitoneal injection). Each dose was given twice, the first 30 min before and the second 12 h after testicular detorsion. Baicalin, in a dose‐dependent manner, decreased the torsion/detorsion‐induced elevations of testicular malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor‐α, BCL2‐associated X protein (Bax), cytosolic cytochrome c and caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 activities. Baicalin, dose dependently, attenuated the reductions of B‐cell leucemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2), and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in testicular tissues resulted from torsion/detorsion. In addition, baicalin ameliorated the histopathological testicular tissue damage and reduced the expression of Fas ligand in rat testes exposed to torsion/detorsion in a dose‐dependent manner. It was concluded that baicalin, dose dependently, ameliorated testicular injury induced by torsion/detorsion via its antioxidant, antinitrosative, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic effects.