敌敌畏,久效磷农药厂职工全血ChE活性水平及与临床症状关系调查

敌敌畏、久效磷农药厂职工全血ＣｈＥ活性水平及与临床症状关系调查安徽省蚌埠市职业病防治所（朝阳路，２３３０００）朱业仙张克梅本文调查了本市某生产敌敌畏、久效磷农药厂职工的全血胆碱酯酶（ＣｈＥ）活性水平，并初步探讨了ＣｈＥ抑制与临床症状之间的关系。对象与...     

锰对工人全血胆碱酯酶活性的影响

锰对工人全血胆碱酯酶活性的影响陈骥光据文献报道，锰是一种拟胆碱样物质，可影响胆碱酯酶（ＣｈＥ）的合成，使乙酰胆碱蓄积。目前，锰对工人全血ＣｈＥ活性影响的报道尚不多。为此，我们对接触不同空气中锰浓度的干电池制造工和电焊工进行全血ＣｈＥ活性测定，报道如下...     

乐果等中毒胆碱酯酶的老化和自动重活化

为了研究乐果中毒胆碱酯酶（ＣｈＥ）老化与乐果中毒难治间的关系，以人红细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）作为酶源，用氯磷定（２ＰＡＭ·Ｃｌ）能否重活化作为判断中毒酶老化的标准，测定了乐果、敌敌畏和对硫磷（Ｅ６０５）３种农药中毒酶的体外老化和自动重活化作用。结果发现乐果中毒ＡＣｈＥ体外无明显自动重活化作用；敌敌畏中毒ＡＣｈＥ早期有明显的自动重活化作用，３小时后作用消失；Ｅ６０５中毒ＡＣｈＥ活力随时间的延长明显增加，乐果、敌敌畏和Ｅ６０５抑制人红细胞ＡＣｈＥ的体外半老化时间分别是１１．４小时、４．２小时、１６．９小时，说明乐果中毒ＡＣｈＥ的老化并不快，临床乐果中毒难治与中毒酶老化速度无明显关系。     

有机磷杀虫剂中毒与标志酶

有机磷杀虫剂是我国目前使用最广泛的农业杀虫剂，其对人畜的急性毒性主要是对乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）的抑制，引起乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）积蓄，导致先兴奋后衰竭的一系列毒蕈碱样、烟碱样和中枢神经系统等症状，严重患者可因昏迷和呼吸衰竭而死亡。ＡＣｈＥ被认定为有机磷...     

血液胆碱酯酶活力测定方法的进一步研究Ⅱ．溶血样品全血胆碱酯酶活力测定研究

溶血样品胆碱酯酶活力的测定，可将硫代乙酰胆碱－联硫代双硝基苯甲酸比色法（ＡＳＣｈ－ＤＴＮＢ法）测定胆碱酯酶活力中的比色液，用无水乙醇沉淀蛋白质，离心后取上清液，再比色测定，并用同样方法作标准曲线。溶血样品胆碱酯酶活力（ｈ－ＣｈＥ）与未溶血样品的全血胆碱酯酶活力（ｂ１ＣｈＥ）相关，ｒ＝０．９１５，Ｐ＜０．０００１；ｈ－ＣｈＥ与ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ之比为０．８７７８：１。因溶血样品无法作红细胞计数，故用血红蛋白值（Ｈｂ）对ｈ－ＣｈＥ活力值进行较正，以减小个体间ｈ－ＣｈＥ活力的变异，消除男女性别间ｈ－ＣｈＥ的差异，制定更为灵敏和准确的生物接触限值，以利于实际应用。     

血液胆碱酯酶活力测定方法的进一步研究 Ⅰ.红细胞／全血…

应用硫代乙酰胆碱－联硫代双硝基苯甲酸（ＡＳＣｈ－ＤＴＮＢ）比色测定法，测定了４０名健康者及５名贫血者血样的全血胆碱酯酶（ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ）活力值、红细胞胆碱酯酶（ｅ－ＣｈＥ）活力值及血浆胆碱酯酶（ｐ－ＣｈＥ）活力值，探讨它们之间的比例关系并用红细胞计数值（ＲＢＣ）校正酶活力。结果表明：ｅ－ＣｈＥ与ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ之间关系密切（ｒ＝０．９４８，Ｐ＜０．００１），ｅ－ＣｈＥ稳定地占ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ的８４．９７％，     

血液胆碱酯酶活性测定三种方法的比较

目的：比较三种测定血液胆碱酯酶（ＣｈＥ）活性的方法。方法：用改良Ｅｌｌｍａｎ法（Ａ法）、携带式ＣｈＥ测定仪法（Ｂ法）和纸片法（Ｃ法）同时测定７４名健康人和急性农药中毒患者５８人次血液ＣｈＥ活性,统计和分析测定结果。结果：建立了三种方法血液ＣｈＥ活性的正常参比值,急性氨基甲酸酯、有机磷及有机磷与其他农药混配中毒患者血液ＣｈＥ活性均有不同程度下降。Ａ法中红细胞ＡＣｈＥ,全血和血浆ＣｈＥ以及Ｃ法中全血Ｃ     

血液胆碱酯酶活力测定方法的进一步研究Ⅰ．红细胞／全血胆碱酯酶活力比例及红细胞计数校正酶活力值的研究

应用硫代乙酰胆碱－联硫代双硝基苯甲酸（ＡＳＣｈ－ＤＴＮＢ）比色测定法，测定了４０名健康者及５名贫血者血样的全血胆碱酯酶（ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ）活力值、红细胞胆碱酯酶（ｅ－ＣｈＥ）活力值及血浆胆碱酯酶（ｐ－ＣｈＥ）活力值，探讨它们之间的比例关系并用红细胞计数值（ＲＢＣ）校正酶活力。结果表明：ｅ－ＣｈＥ与ｂ１－ＣｈＥ之间关系密切（ｒ＝０．９４８，Ｐ＜０．００１），ｅ－ＣｈＥ稳定地占ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ的８４．９７％，在质和量两方面验证了以ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ值表示ｅ－ＣｈＥ值的可靠性和可信程度，血液胆碱酯酶（ｂ１ＣｈＥ）活力主要取决于ｅ－ＣｈＥ活力，ＲＢＣ值的离散对ｅ－ＣｈＥ值有极大影响，故用ＲＢＣ值校正ｅ－ＣｈＥ活力，这样可缩小人群测定值的变异度，得到较难确的群体均值；消除男女之间测定值的差异，建立更合理和通用的临界参比值，极大地方便了使用，使血液胆碱酯酶（ＣＨＥ）活力测定法在防治有机磷农药中毒中的应用，更为敏感和特异。     

肟类药物抗敌敌畏对离体大鼠膈神经膈肌抑制的研究

目的研究ＨＩ－６、ＰＡＭ－Ｃｌ、ＰＡＭ－Ｉ和双复磷等肟类药物对抗敌敌畏抑制离体大鼠膈肌的作用机制。方法用２．５×１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ敌敌畏完全抑制大鼠离体膈神经膈肌传导，然后洗掉毒剂，加药对抗：用外加５．６×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）的方法来检验药物是以中毒酶的重活化作用为主，还是以直接生理对抗作用为主。结果ＨＩ－６抗敌敌畏作用主要是直接生理对抗作用，ＰＡＭ－Ｃｌ、ＰＡＭ－Ｉ和双复磷抗敌敌畏的作用主要是中毒酶的重活化作用；４种药物在１×１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的浓度下，总体药效无明显差异，方差分析：Ｐ＞０．０５。结论ＨＩ－６是一种较好的抗敌敌畏所致外周呼吸肌麻痹药物；其它３种药物也有一定的直接生理对抗作用。     

急性草甘膦中毒4例病例报告

目的报告4例急性草甘膦中毒病例并进行临床分析。方法分析4例病人临床症状、体征和全血胆碱酯酶（ChE）测定结果及治疗过程。结果根据有毒草碱样临床症状和全血ChE活力降低，连续观察ChE的活力均受到抑制，最低者为26．3U，一般在50U左右，确诊为急性草甘膦农药中毒。结论详细询问接触草甘膦者的临床表现特点及测定全血ChE活力，对诊断其是否中毒十分重要。     

Residential care and treatment of youths with conduct disorders: Conclusions of a Conference of Child Care Workers

The author presents the findings and recommendations of a child care staff conference on the care and treatment of youths with conduct disorders. The impact of these youth on the treatment milieu, the impact on child care staff as practitioners, various treatment strategies, and recommendations for program and policy changes are discussed.The author wishes to acknowledge both the directors of the facilities who sponsored this conference and the participants who contributed to the content of this report. They include: Mitch Anderson, Director, McGraw Center, Seattle Children;s Home, R. Simmons, N. Smith, and B. Taylor; Jack Bartleson, Director, Child Study & Treatment Center, D. Estes, and B. Ripley; Brian Carroll, Director, Mental Health Unit, Echo Glen Children's Center, D. Allison, and V. Steele; Tim Davis, Director, Tamarack Center, F. Cadwallader, I. Cameron, G. De-Chance, and G. Ostrander; Bill Dougherty, Director, Martin Center, Catholic Community Services Northwest, E. Gordon, M. Liljegren, and P. Tageant; Michael Laederick, Director, Pearl Street Center, S. Jenkins, J. Jorgenson, and R. Ott.     

Balance study of twenty trace elements during total parenteral nutrition in man.

1. Balances of twenty trace elements (silver, arsenic, gold, bromine, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, caesium, copper, iron, mercury, lanthanum, molybdenum, rubidium, antimony, scandium, selenium, samarium, tungsten and zinc) have been determined in four male patients during total parenteral nutrition incliding fat emulsion and a special solution for addition of Fe, Zn, manganese, Cu, fluorine and iodine, besides calcium and magnesium, to the infusion solutions. 2. The analyses for trace elements were made with the aid of an ion-exchange technique based on neutron activation, and combined with subsequent gamma spectrometry. 3. The intended intravenous supply of trace elements correspond approximately to the analysed supply. However, all the other trace elements determined were found to be unintentionally administered in small amounts. 4.There was a substantial retention of Fe. Other elements retained were Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, Sb, Sc, and W. 5. Particularly Br and Rb were lost by the patients, but negative balances were also found for As, Au, Cd, Cs, Mo, Se and Zn. However, Zn was retained by one patient with short bowel syndrome. 6. The serum concentrations of thirteen (Ag, Br, Co, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Rb, Sc, Se, W and Zn) of the trace elements were found to have some decrease during the period of total parenteral nutrition, mostly in accordance with the corresponding balance values, Fe, in particular, was found to have the derectional change in concentration. 7. The administration of trace elements is recommended in long-term total parenteral nutrition.     

常见致病真菌通用引物PCR检测技术研究

目的 建立常见致病真菌的通用引物PCR检测技术,为研究致病真菌的基因芯片检测技术打下基础.方法 以真菌的5.8S rRAN基因和28S rRAN基因为靶基因,利用其保守序列设计用于常见致病真菌检测的PCR通用引物,并观察检测方法的特异性及敏感性.结果 建立的常见致病真菌通用引物PCR检测方法可有效检测白色念珠菌、新生隐球菌、烟曲霉、黄曲霉、黑曲霉、构巢曲霉等20个种属的致病真菌,敏感性为15 pg/ml DNA,实际应用效果与标准菌株检测结果一致.结论 本研究建立的通用引物PCR可以用于常见致病真菌的检测.

Abstract：

Objective To develop the detection method of common fungal pathogens by general primer PCR.Methods The primers were designed from the target genes of 5.8S rDNA and 28S rDNA of fungi,and the specificity and sensitivity were observed.Results The general primer PCR can be used to detected C.albicans,C.parapsilosis,C.krusei,C.glabrata,C.tropicalis,C.neoformans,A.fumigatus,A.flavus,A.nidulans,A.niger,C.carrionii,P.verrucosa,Sschenckii,F.pedrosoi,T.rubrum,T.mentagrophytes,M.gypseum,M.canis,E.floccosum,M.racemosus,the sensitivity was 15 pg/ml of DNA.Conclusion The general primer PCR can be used to detect common fungal pathogens.     

黑水县居民医疗需要和卫生服务利用研究

目的：了解黑水县居民医疗卫生需要量、门诊和住院服务利用的基本情况和特点。方法：通过分层整群抽样访谈调查黑水县１５岁及以上的居民１４８３人，结果：慢性病患病率是全国农村平均水平的２．１倍，两周患病率是全国农村平均水平的１．９８倍，不同人群医疗需要量有所不同。影响黑水县居民健康最重要的疾病是消化系统疾病，呼吸系统疾病、传染病和寄生虫疾病。两周就诊率只有全国农村的１／２，未就诊率是全国农村的２倍，多数系     

青海省人群和环境硒水平分布的调查研究

为了解青海省人群和环境中硒含量与分布及对健康的影响，在２３个县、市的９１个采样点内，采集人体的发、血、尿及环境的水、土、食物样品３０３５份，用荧光法进行硒含量测定。结果表明：人群生物硒含量总体水平与低硒国家相近，呈低水平。环境硒贫乏。全省有６９．５７％的地区属于低硒、缺硒和严重缺硒地区，有８４．７３％的人群血硒含量低于正常值。植物性食物硒与人体血硒间相关密切，证实外环境低硒通过食物链而致人体内环境呈缺硒状态。７种地区及６个民族人群生物硒含量各自间有差异性。提示人群硒水平与经济发展、硒摄入量、地理环境、生活习俗等因素有关，而与海拔高度无关。     

烟包健康警示图展板展览效果及居民对其上烟包接受度分析

目的了解烟包健康警示图对提高人群烟草危害知识知晓度的效果及居民对烟草包装使用烟包警示图的接受度。方法在烟包展览宣传烟草危害现场,通过拦截开展问卷调查,对民众参观前后对烟草危害的认识差异进行统计分析。结果调查对象吸烟率达到48．30％;观看展览前后对吸烟导致心脏病、皮肤衰老、口腔疾病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、失明、阳痿的认知率分别从56．41％、49．38％、62．81％、64．67％、23．55％、21．69％提高到80．79％、65．70％、76．03％、70．87％、57．85％、55．17％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;观看展览前后对二手烟导致成人心脏病、成人肺癌、新生儿猝死综合征、儿童肺部疾病、儿童中耳疾病、低出生体重的认知率从55．79％、63．84％、51．03％、57．02％、30．99％、29．55％提高至82．23％、72．11％、71．49％、74．17％、62．81％、64．05％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;女性、60岁以上人群、15—34岁人群对在烟包上放置警示图片的支持度更高,OR值分别为2．81、2．76和1．58。结论烟包警示图可以提高人们对吸烟及二手烟危害的认识,女性和60岁以上人群更支持在烟包上放置烟包警示图。     

2型糖尿病患者血清16种矿物元素分析

目的了解2型糖尿病患者与健康人血清中16种矿物元素的含量。方法血清样品经恒压湿法消解处理,采用全反射X射线荧光分析法（TXRF）同时测定2型糖尿病患者和健康人群血清中K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Rb、Sr、Pb等16种矿物元素,并对这些元素含量进行对比分析。结果2型糖尿病患者和健康人各检测100名,两组血清中Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、Se、Sr、Pb含量的差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05或0．01）,2型糖尿病患者血清中这7种元素的含量分别为（rag／L）（0．053±0．002）、（0．011±0．002）、（1．19±0．04）、（0．75±0．04）、（0．066±0．002）、（0．041±0．002）、（0．035±0．004）,健康人群中这7种元素含量分别为（rag／L）（O．100±0．010）、（O．009±0．001）、（0．78±0．02）、（0．96±0．01）、（0．114±0．002）、（0．044±0．001）、（0．021±0．001）,K、Ca、Ti、V、Fe、Co、Ni、As、Rb含量差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论2型糖尿病患者血清中Zn,Cr,Se和Cu的含量与健康人群的有较大差异,2型糖尿病可能会导致患者体内部分微量元素失衡,可据此适当补充Zn,Cr,Se等微量元素,减少Cu的摄入量,调节体内电解质的平衡,在一定程度上缓解2型糖尿病的症状。     

Study of sand flies (Diptera,Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in the urban area of Campo Grande,Mato Grosso do Sul State,Brazil, from 1999 to 2000

From February 1999 to February 2000, sand flies were captured weekly with CDC light traps at five sites in the urban area of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Traps were placed in 11 different ecotopes in the environment (ground level, tree canopies, and forest edge) and the peridomicile (chicken coops and banana trees). A total of 1,245 sand flies were captured, belonging to 28 species: 4 species from genus Brumptomyia Fran a & Parrot, 1921 and 24 from genus Lutzomyia Fran a, 1924. The species were: B. avellari, B. brumpti, B. galindoi, B. pintoi, L. aragaoi, L. bourrouli, L. campograndensis, L. cerradincola, L. christenseni, L. claustrei, L. cortelezzii, L. corumbaensis, L. cruzi, L. damascenoi, L. flaviscutellata, L. hermanlenti, L. lenti, L. longipalpis, L. longipennis, L. migonei, L. punctigeniculata, L. quinquefer, L. renei, L. shannoni, L. sordellii, L. teratodes, L. termitophila, and L. whitmani. L. longipalpis and L. cruzi, vectors of visceral leishmaniasis, and L. whitmani, L. flaviscutellata and L. migonei, vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis, were captured in the urban area. The most frequent species were L. termitophila, L. aragaoi, L. lenti, L. longipennis, and L. longipalpis.     

Prospective study showing that dietary vitamin C reduced the risk of age-related cataracts in a middle-aged Japanese population

Background In Western countries, many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that specific dietary nutrients are associated with the risk of developing age-related cataracts. These reports have suggested that dietary antioxidant vitamins, in particular vitamin C, can play a role in preventing the onset or progression of age-related visual impairment. However, few prospective studies have examined this relationship in a general Asian population. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether dietary vitamin C was associated with a lower incidence of age-related cataracts by performing a 5-year prospective population-based analysis using data from a cohort of over 30,000 Japanese residents recruited to the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC Study) cohort I. Aim of the study We carried out a prospective analysis of the association between vitamin C intake and age-related cataracts among middle-aged Japanese, to study the effects of dietary antioxidants in an Asian population. Methods This 5-year population-based study included 16,415 men and 18,771 women (aged 45–64 years), who were recruited onto the JPHC Study and had not reported cataracts in baseline surveys. Vitamin C was calculated from the nutrient intake assessed by self-administered food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ). Self-reported questionnaires were used to assess two endpoints: diagnosis or extraction of cataracts. Results At follow-up, 216 men and 551 women reported new diagnoses, and 110 men and 187 women reported extractions of cataracts. For both endpoints, a higher vitamin C intake was associated with a reduced incidence of cataracts in both sexes. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the multivariate odds ratios (ORs) for men and women in the highest quintiles of energy-adjusted vitamin C intake, relative to the lowest quintiles, were 0.65 (95% CI, 0.42–0.97) and 0.59 (95% CI, 0.43–0.89) for cataract diagnoses, and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.44–1.20) and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.41–0.94) for cataract extractions, respectively. Conclusions Dietary vitamin C intake might lower the risk of age-related cataracts among middle-aged Japanese. Study Group Members: Members of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group are: S. Tsugane, M. Inoue, T. Sobue, T. Hanaoka, National Cancer Center, Tokyo; J. Ogata, S. Baba, T. Mannami, A. Okayama, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita; K. Miyakawa, F. Saito, A. Koizumi, Y. Sano, I. Hashimoto, Iwate Prefectural Ninohe Public Health Center, Ninohe; Y. Miyajima, N. Suzuki, S. Nagasawa, Y. Furusugi, Akita Prefectural Yokote Public Health Center, Yokote; H. Sanada, Y. Hatayama, F. Kobayashi, H. Uchino, Y. Shirai, T. Kondo, R. Sasaki, Y. Watanabe, Y. Miyagawa, Nagano Prefectural Saku Public Health Center, Saku; Y. Kishimoto, E. Takara, T. Fukuyama, M. Kinjo, M. Irei, H. Sakiyama, Okinawa Prefectural Chubu Public Health Center, Okinawa; K. Imoto, H. Yazawa, T. Seo, A. Seiko, F. Ito, F. Shoji, Katsushika Public Health Center, Tokyo; A. Murata, K. Minato, K. Motegi, T. Fujieda, Ibaraki Prefectural Mito Public Health Center, Mito; K. Matsui, T. Abe, M. Katagiri, M. Suzuki, Niigata Prefectural Kashiwazki and Nagaoka Public Health Center, Kashiwazaki and Nagaoka; M. Doi, A. Terao, Y. Ishikawa, Kochi Prefectural Chuo-higashi Public Health Center, Tosayamada; H. Sueta, H. Doi, M. Urata, N. Okamoto, F. Ide, Nagasaki Prefectural Kamigoto Public Health Center, Arikawa; H. Sakiyama, N. Onga, H. Takaesu, Okinawa Prefectural Miyako Public Health Center, Hirara; F. Horii, I. Asano, H. Yamaguchi, K. Aoki, S. Maruyama, M. Ichii, Osaka Prefectural Suita Public Health Center, Suita; S. Matsushima, S. Natsukawa, Saku General Hospital, Usuda; M. Akabane, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo; M. Konishi, K. Okada, Ehime University, Matsuyama; H. Iso, Y. Honda, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba; H. Sugimura, Hamamatsu University, Hamamatsu; Y. Tsubono, Tohoku University, Sendai; M. Kabuto, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba; S. Tominaga, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya; M. Iida, W. Ajiki, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, Osaka; S. Sato, Osaka Medical Center for Health Science and Promotion, Osaka; N. Yasuda, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku; S. Kono, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; K. Suzuki, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels Akita, Akita; Y. Takashima, Kyorin University, Mitaka; E. Maruyama, Kobe University, Kobe; the late M. Yamaguchi, Y. Matsumura, S. Sasaki, S. Watanabe, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo; and T. Kadowaki, Tokyo University, Tokyo.     

Review Article: Missing bodies – towards a sociology of embodiment

C. Herzlich and J. Pierret, Illness and Self in Society , Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, 1987, £20.50 (cloth), xvi + 271 pp., translated by E. Forster.
W. Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and gender from the Greeks to Freud , Cambridge, Mass, and London: Harvard University Press, 1990, £19.95 (cloth), x + 313 pp.
D. Leder, The Absent Body , Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1990, £27.95 and £11.95, x + 218 pp.
I. Löwy, The Polish School of Philosophy of Medicine. From Tytus Chalubinski (1820–1889) to Ludwig Fleck ( 1896–1961 ), Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic publishers, 1990, $78.00 and £44.00, vii + 287 pp., translated by I. Löwy.
E. Martin, The Woman in the Body, a cultural analysis of reproduction , Milton Keynes, the Open University Press, 1989, £25.00 and £7.99, ix + 276 pp.
M-C. Pouchelle, The Body and Surgery in the Middle Ages , New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press and Oxford: Polity Press, 1990, $40.00 and £35.00, vii + 276 pp., translated by R. Morris.