多巴酚丁胺负荷定量组织速度成像诊断老年冠心病的临床研究

目的 探讨多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图(DSE)与定量组织速度成像(QTVI)相结合诊断老年冠心病的临床价值.方法 98例疑似冠心病老年患者行DSE+QTVI检查,测定不同多巴酚丁胺负荷剂量时左室各节段室壁中段收缩期心肌运动峰值速度(Vpeak),2周内完成冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查.结果 与CAG相比,Vpeak诊断老年人冠心病的敏感性、特异性、精确性分别为82.4%、61.7%、72.4%,Vpeak在多巴酚丁胺20μg/(kg·min)负荷量时其诊断的敏感性和特异性最高,分别为80.4%、81.5%.对于3支冠脉血管的定位诊断均表现为高特异性.结论 多巴酚丁胺负荷定量组织速度成像是一项安全、有效、无创诊断老年冠心病的方法,具有较高的敏感性和特异性.     

组织速度显像技术结合多巴酚丁胺负荷试验对急性心梗患者存活心肌的评价

目的：探讨组织速度成像技术（TV I）结合多巴酚丁胺负荷试验（DSE）评价急性心梗存活心肌的价值。方法：40例AM I患者PC I术前、后接受TV I和DSE检查,测量梗死室壁收缩期峰值速度（VS）、基础状态射血分数（EF）、室壁运动记分指数（WM S I）及DSE中VS、EF及WM S I的变化。结果：以DSE中VS增加值,△VS≥2 cm/s为标准,检测存活心肌的敏感度、特异度和准确度为81%、80%、79%。结论：DSE中,△VS更准确评价心梗后存活心肌和缺血心肌。     

多普勒组织成像评价多巴酚丁胺负荷试验中左心室长轴局部心肌收缩功能

目的　探讨大剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷试验下脉冲多普勒组织成像技术 (PW DTI)评价左心室长轴局部心肌收缩功能的临床价值。方法　冠心病患者 3 0例 (至少 1支冠状动脉主支狭窄≥ 5 0 % ) ,对照组 2 5例 ,均行大剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷试验 ,分别于静息、峰值负荷下将PW DTI取样容积置于侧壁、室间隔、前壁、下壁心肌基底段、中段心内膜下心肌采样 ,获取各节段心肌运动速度曲线。PW DTI测量指标 :收缩期峰值运动速率 (Vs)、收缩期达峰时间 (timetopeakvelocity ,TPV)、收缩期速度时间积分 (velocity timeintegral,VTI)。 结果　根据多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图及冠状动脉造影结果将冠心病组患者心肌节段区分为正常节段与缺血节段。与对照组相应节段 (正常组 )比较 ,静息状态下 ,冠心病缺血节段组与正常组节段间Vs、TPV、VTI并无统计学差异 ;峰值负荷下冠心病缺血节段组各节段Vs、VTI明显减低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而TPV则显著延长 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　PW DTI能准确评价多巴酚丁胺负荷试验中左室长轴局部心肌收缩功能 ,从而准确无创检测冠心病缺血心肌。     

多巴酚丁胺负荷组织速度成像与心肌SPECT诊断老年冠心病的对比观察

目的 以CAG为金标准,与ATP负荷^99mTc-MIBI心肌SPECT对比,探讨多巴酚丁胺负荷定量组织速度成像(DSE+QTVI)诊断老年冠心病的临床价值。 方法 98例入选者接受DSE+QTVI,其中40例接受ATP负荷SPECT检查,并均在2周内接受CAG。在DSE+QTVI检查过程中测定不同多巴酚丁胺负荷剂量时各室壁中段收缩期心肌运动峰值速度(Vpeak)。 结果 Vpeak在多巴酚丁胺20 μg/(kg·min)负荷量时其诊断老年冠心病的敏感度和特异度最高,分别为80.43%、81.58%;在多巴酚丁胺40 μg/(kg·min)负荷剂量时,敏感度和特异度最低,分别为52.94%、69.57%。与ATP负荷SPECT相比,Vpeak诊断老年冠心病的敏感度、特异度略低。 结论 DSE+QTVI诊断老年冠心病是安全、有效、无创的方法。     

多普勒组织成像检测冠心病室壁运动及心肌活性的应用价值

本文报道了应用多普勒组织成像（ＤＴＩ）检测冠心病室壁运动异常，并配合小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图判断心肌活性。结果显示：冠心病室壁运动异常节段的收缩期，舒张期速度均低于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。应用小剂量多巴酚丁胺后，１００个异常节段中，３５个节段运动改善（心肌存活组，Ａ组），６５个节段无明显变化（坏死心肌组，Ｂ组）；ＤＴＩ检测Ａ组的收缩期速度Ｖｓ与速度增长率ＶＲ均明显高于Ｂ组。表明ＤＴＩ对心肌缺血及缺血心肌活性的判断有一定价值     

应变率显像结合多巴酚丁胺负荷试验检测心肌缺血的研究

目的探讨在多巴酚丁胺负荷试验下应用超声应变率显像技术(SRI)检测心肌缺血的临床价值。方法对临床可疑冠心病者50例全部行多巴酚丁胺负荷试验和冠状动脉造影检查,根据冠状动脉造影结果分为冠心病组和正常组,分别在静息状态、各级负荷状态下于心尖两腔及四腔观应用SRI技术测量左室前壁中段和侧壁中段的收缩期峰值应变率,并与冠状动脉造影结果相对照。结果正常组心肌各节段的收缩期峰值应变率随多巴酚丁胺剂量的增加而增加(P<0.05),峰值负荷时应变率达最大;冠心病组缺血节段心肌的收缩期应变率在小剂量时增加,峰值剂量40μg·kg-1·min-1时应变率明显降低(P<0.05)。应变率检测缺血节段的敏感性和特异性分别为90.0%和91.7%。结论应变率显示结合多巴酚丁胺负荷试验会提高心肌缺血的检出率。多巴酚丁胺负荷剂量为40μg·kg-1·min-1时,应变率对心肌缺血的检出最为敏感。     

多巴酚丁胺负荷试验中多普勒组织成像技术的应用价值

目的　静息状态与大剂量多巴酚丁胺 (Dob)负荷状态下 ,采用多普勒组织成像 (DTI)技术观察冠心病患者室壁运动 ,探讨大剂量 Dob负荷试验中 DTI检测冠心病的应用价值。方法　采用 DTI测量大剂量 Dob负荷试验中 32例冠心病患者 (至少 1支冠状动脉主支狭窄≥ 5 0 % )静息状态、峰值负荷下侧壁、后室间隔、前壁、下壁心肌基底段、中段心内膜下心肌运动频谱 ,对照组 2 5例相应节段作对照。 DTI分析指标 :收缩期峰值运动速度 (Vs)。结果　选择性冠状动脉造影结果将冠心病组患者心肌节段区分为正常节段与缺血节段。静息状态下 ,冠心病缺血节段(abnormal,A组 )与对照组相应正常节段 (normal,N组 )间 Vs无显著性差异 ;与 N组比较 ,峰值负荷下 A组各节段 Vs明显降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;以选择性冠状动脉造影为诊断冠心病的金标准 ,将峰值负荷下基底段心肌 Vs≤ 11.5 cm/ s,中段心肌 Vs≤ 9.5 cm/s为诊断冠状动脉狭窄的截断值 ,DTI结合大剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷试验诊断冠状动脉狭窄的敏感性、特异性、准确率分别为 85 .7%、84 .0 %、 84 .8% ;与常规多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图中室壁运动评分 (WMS)比较 ,DTI结合大剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷试验诊断冠状动脉狭窄的特异性与其并无显著差异 ;而敏感性、准确率显著增高 (P<0 .0 1)。结     

多巴酚丁胺负荷定量组织追踪技术诊断老年冠心病的临床研究

目的探讨多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图(DSE)与定量组织追踪技术(TT)相结合诊断老年冠心病的临床价值。方法 98例疑似冠心病老年患者行DSE+TT检查,测定不同多巴酚丁胺负荷剂量时各室壁中段收缩期心肌峰值位移(Dpeak),2周内行冠状动脉造影后将所有患者分成冠心病组与正常组,并将两组Dpeak进行比较研究。结果冠心病组在10、20μg·kg-1·min-1这两个负荷剂量时前壁、前间隔、侧壁、后壁Dpeak小于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而两组下壁Dpeak在其他任何负荷剂量时差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);与冠状动脉造影比较,Dpeak诊断老年人冠心病的敏感度、特异度、准确性分别为82.4%、61.7%、72.4%,Dpeak在多巴酚丁胺40μg·kg-1·min-1负荷剂量时其诊断的敏感度和特异度最高,分别为88.2%、69.5%。结论多巴酚丁胺负荷定量组织追踪成像是一项安全、有效、无创诊断老年冠心病的方法。     

定量组织速度成像技术—多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图对室壁运动异常的评价

目的 通过定量组织速度成像技术（QTVI）结合多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图（DSE）诱导的室壁运动异常与冠状动脉造影结果相对照，分析室壁运动异常与冠脉血供的关系。方法 对68例临床疑诊为冠心病的患者进行定量组织速度成像技术一多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图及冠状动脉造影（CAG）检查，判定室壁运动异常的部位、范围及病变血管。结果 本组68例患者中以冠状动脉造影为标准，定量组织速度成像技术—多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图诊断冠心病的敏感性85．7％，特异性89．4％，准确性86．7％。结论 应用定量组织速度成像技术—多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图能较准确的评价室壁运动异常及对应血供关系，是诊断冠心病的一种安全、简单、经济的有效方法。     

组织速度成像与应变率成像技术在多巴酚丁胺负荷试验中应用价值的对比研究

目的比较定量组织速度成像(QTVI)技术与应变率成像(SRI)技术在大剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷试验(DSE)中诊断心肌缺血的应用价值。方法49例疑诊冠心病患者,分别于静息、10、20、30、40μg.kg-1.min-1多巴酚丁胺负荷下获取心尖两腔、四腔观清晰组织速度成像图。脱机分析侧壁、室间隔、前壁、下壁心肌基底段、中段心内膜下心肌QTVI与SRI曲线,QTVI测量参数为收缩期峰值运动速度(VS)和舒张早期峰值运动速度(VE),SRI测量参数为收缩期峰值应变率(SRSYS)和最大应变(εMAX)。结果根据常规HDDSE与冠状动脉造影结果,将冠心病组患者心肌节段区分为正常节段与缺血节段(缺血组);与对照组正常节段(正常组)比较,静息状态下,缺血组与正常组节段间VS、VE、SRSYS、εMAX差异无统计学意义;峰值负荷时,与正常组各节段比较,缺血组各节段VS、VE、SRSYS、εMAX明显减低(P<0.05)。以选择性冠状动脉造影为诊断冠心病的金标准,将峰值负荷下基底段心肌VS≤9.6cm/s,中段心肌VS≤8.3cm/s,SRSYS≤-2.6s-1为诊断冠状动脉狭窄的截断值,DSE中QTVI诊断心肌缺血的敏感性、特异性分别为80.8%、80.4%;DSE中SRI诊断心肌缺血的敏感性、特异性分别为83.6%、85.7%。与QTVI比较,DSE中SRI诊断心肌缺血的敏感性与特异性显著增高(P<0.01)。结论DSE中QTVI与SRI技术均能准确、无创检测冠心病缺血心肌,SRI技术敏感性、特异性更高。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."