普鲁卡因—安氟醚静吸复合全麻下硝酸甘油控制性降压对动脉血…

以９例ＡＳＡⅠ￣Ⅱ级、在普鲁卡因－安氟醚静吸复合全麻下择期手术的成人患者为对象，观察了硝酸甘油（ＮＴＧ）控制性降压（ＭＡＰ下降３０％）对动脉血气的影响。结果：与对照组相比，降压期间ＰａＯ２、ＢＥ明显下降，ＰａＣＯ２、Ｐａ－ｅｔＣＯ２明显升高。说明ＮＴＧ控制性降压可给血气带来不良影响。     

硝普钠控制性降压对普鲁卡因复合麻醉犬Pa—ETDCO2的影响

对硝普钠控制性降压前后犬血流动力学和ＰａＥＴＤＣＯ２变化同时作了观察，结果全程肺内分流率及肺泡死腔量比均不变（Ｐ〉０．０５）。降压３０％４５分内对照组ＰａＣＯ２、ＰＥＴＣＯ２上升，而降压组呈下降趋势，降压停止后回升。降压前、中、后ＰａＣＯ２与ＰＥＴＣＯ２均紧密相关，Ｐａ－ＥＴＣＯ２稳定在０．６５￣１．０ｋＰａ（４．９￣７．５ｍｍＨｇ，Ｐ〉０．０５）。提示硝普钠控制性降压时ＰＥＴＣＯ２与ＰａＣＯ２吻     

前列腺素E1控制性降压下行颅内动脉瘤夹闭术28例

目的：观察在前列腺素Ｅ１（ＰＧＥ１）控制性降压下实施颅内动脉瘤夹闭手术。方法：２８例病人在静吸复合麻醉下剥离和夹闭动脉瘤时，用微量输液泵分别输入ＰＧＥ１０．１μｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１和０．２μｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１后，监测降压程度及停药后血压恢复的情况。结果：输入ＰＧＥ１后，７．３２±３．２５分血压下降满意，停药后３５．６２±８．２５分血压恢复。降压期间ＨＲ、ＣＶＰ、ＰａＯ２、ＰａＣＯ２和ＥＣＧ描记均无明显异常。结论：在ＰＧＥ１控制性降压下进行颅内动脉瘤夹闭手术的降压效果确切，无明显副作用，也比较安全。     

美托洛尔复合硝酸甘油与单纯硝酸甘油降压效果比较

目的：比较美托洛尔复合硝酸甘油（ＮＴＧ）降压与单纯硝酸甘油降压效果。方法：３６例病人分为两组：美托洛尔复合ＮＴＧ组１８例、单纯ＮＴＧ组１８例，观察并比较两组降压时血气、血液动力学的变化。结果：美托洛尔能明显加快ＮＴＧ起效效率，ＮＴＧ用量减少５５．７％，并能抑制单纯ＮＴＧ降压时反射性心率增快；停止降压后血压平稳上升，ＲＰＰ值下降；ＰａＯ２、ＢＥ仅轻度下降。与单纯ＮＴＧ组比较有显著差异。结论：美托洛尔     

控制性降压对急性等容血液稀释安全性的影响

目的：通过观察犬急性等容血液稀释（ＨＤ）合并控制性降压（ＩＨ）时机体ＤＯ２、ＶＯ２及血乳酸浓度（ＬＡＣ）的变化，探讨ＩＨ对ＨＤ安全性的影响。方法：１２只健康成年杂种犬，静脉麻醉后气管内插管，探讨呼吸。分别进行ＨＤ至ＨｃｔＩＩＧＵＯ ０．３５、０．３０、０．２５、０．２０、０．１５、０．１０，以尼卡地平行控制性降压使ＭＡＰ下降３０％，测定血流动力学指标、动脉及混合静脉血气、血ＬＡＣ等，以观察不同Ｈｃ     

前列腺素E1控制性降压对普鲁卡因复合麻醉犬a—etdCO2的影响

对前列腺素Ｅ１控制性降压前后普鲁卡因复合麻醉犬血流动力学和动脉血－呼气末ＣＯ２分压差变化同时作了观察，结果降压中心指数下降 １２．５％～１３．３％（Ｐ＜０．０５），肺内分流率及肺泡死腔量与潮气量之比均不变，ＰａＣＯ２和ＰｅｔＣＯ２经时升高或有升高倾向而ａ－ｅｔｄＣＯ２基本不变（升高０．１７～０． ３８ｋＰａ，Ｐ＞０． ０５）。提示前列腺素 Ｅ１控制性降压不影响 ＰｅｔＣＯ２与 ＰａＣＯ２的良好吻合，无创连续监测呼气末ＣＯ２分压仍可准确评估动脉血ＣＯ２分压水平。     

重度蒸汽吸入性损伤后组织氧合的变化

采用蒸汽吸入造成实验犬急性肺损伤，探讨伤后心输出量（ＣＯ）、氧供量（ＤＯ_２）、氧耗量（ＶＯ_２）、氧摄取率（ＥＲＯ_２）、动脉和混合静脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ_２和ＰｖＯ_２）、动脉和混合静脉血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ_２和ＳｖＯ_２）、肺泡氧分压（Ｐ_ＡＯ_２）以及肺泡－动脉氧分压差（Ｐ_（Ａ－ａ）Ｏ_２）等变化。结果表明，蒸汽吸入４ｈ内，ＣＯ、Ｄ０_２、ＰａＯ_２、ＰｖＯ_２、ＳａＯ_２、ＳｖＯ_２、ＰＡＯ_２和ｐＨ值均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）、Ｐ_（Ａ－ａ）Ｏ_２、ＥＲＯ_２和ＰａＣＯ_２均显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１和０．０５），ＶＯ_２则无显著变化。提示，蒸汽吸入性损伤后２～４ｈ即可出现组织缺氧，其直接原因是组织灌注和供氧不足。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与循环呼吸功能变化

腹腔镜胆囊切除术循环功能变化是ＣＯ２气腹后即时ＣＩ降低。头高位对循环影响，ＭＡＰ，ＳＶＲ升高。呼吸功能变化的胞肺顺应性、ＦＲＣ降低，ＰａＯ２无明显变化，ＳｖＯ２下降，ＰａＣＯ２增高。可发生通气障碍，节段性肺不张。ＡＳＡⅢ－Ⅳ病人强调监测ＣＩ，ＳｖＯ２，吸气平台压，ＰａＣＯ２。     

前列腺素E1及硝酸甘油在离体肺保护中应用的实验研究

应用兔离体肺再灌注模型研究前列腺素Ｅ１（ＰＧＥ１）及硝酸甘油（ＮＴＧ）在离体肺保护中的作用。１８只兔随机平均分为两组，对照组以ＬＰＤ液进行肺灌洗及保存，用药组以ＰＧＥ１１００μｇＬ－１及ＮＴＧ１０ｍｇＬ－１加入ＬＰＤ液中进行肺灌洗及保存。每组再分为三小组（各含６个肺）分别保存２、４、８小时后进行再灌注，测定再灌注后肺血管阻力（ＰＶＲ），肺通气阻力（ＬＲ），肺含水量（ＬＷ）及动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）以了解肺保护效果。结果示：用药组再灌注后ＰＶＲ明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＬＲ、ＬＷ及ＰａＯ２两组无差别。说明ＰＧＥ１及ＮＴＧ在保护肺血管内皮细胞及降低再灌注后肺血管阻力方面明显优于对照组。ＰＧＥ１及ＮＴＧ作用机理可能是通过肺动脉扩张改善肺早期灌洗及抵制中性粒细胞，血小板在肺内聚集而减轻肺再灌注损伤     

重度蒸汽吸入性损伤后组织氧合的变化

采用蒸汽吸入造成实验犬急性肺损伤，探讨伤后心输出量、氧供量、氧耗量、氧摄取率、动脉和混合静脉血氧分压、动脉和混合静脉血氧饱和度、肺泡氧分压以及肺泡－动脉氧分压关等变化。结果表明，蒸汽吸入４ｈ内，ＣＯ、ＤＯ２、ＰａＯ２、ＰｖＯ２、ＳａＯ２、ＳｖＯ２、ＰＡＯ２和ＰＨ值均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）、Ｐ（Ａ－ａ）Ｏ２、ＥＲＯ２和ＰａＣＯ２均显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１和０．０５），ＶＯ２则无显著变化。提示，蒸汽吸     

Effects of controlled hypotension with sevoflurane anaesthesia on hepatic function of surgical patients

The effects of controlled hypotension induced with trimethaphan (TMP), nitroglycerin (TNG) or prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) during sevoflurane anaesthesia on hepatic function were studied in 28 patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery. Patients were randomly divided into three groups to receive TMP (group A, n = 10), TNG (group B, n = 10) or PGE1 (group C, n = 8). Anaesthesia was maintained with N2O and sevoflurane. The mean arterial blood pressure was maintained at 60 mmHg for 90 min. Measurements included arterial ketone body ratio (AKBR-acetoacetate/3-hydroxybutyrate), SGOT, SGPT, LDH, blood glucose and blood gases were made. Measurements were taken before hypotension, 60 min and 90 min after starting hypotension, 60 min after recovery from hypotension and on the post-operative day. AKBR showed no significant change. SGOT, SGPT and LDH were within normal limits. Controlled hypotension induced with TMP, TNG or PGE1 under sevoflurane anaesthesia in surgical patients did not cause hepatocellular damage.     

靶控输注瑞芬太尼联合七氟烷用于腰椎手术控制性降压的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的 观察靶控输注(target controlled infusion,TCI)瑞芬太尼联合七氟烷控制性降压应用于腰椎手术的安全性和有效性.方法 2009年12月-2011年8月,ASA I～Ⅱ级择期行腰椎减压内固定手术60例,随机分为硝酸甘油组和瑞芬太尼组,每组30例.手术切皮前15 min开始实施控制性降压,硝酸...     

Cardiovascular Effects of Nitroglycerin as a Hypotensive Agent in Cerebral Aneurysm Surgery

The cardiovascular effects of nitroglycerin (TNG) were studied in 20 patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm clipping under controlled hypotension. Total oxygen consumption was also calculated in 15 patients. Mean arterial blood pressure was reduced by 36% from 91 to 58 mmHg (12.1 to 7.7 kPa) by TNG due to decrease in both total peripheral resistance (16%) and cardiac output (24%). Right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were reduced during hypotension, indicating a decrease in venous return to the heart. There were no significant changes in total oxygen consumption. It is concluded that the fall in cardiac output results from a reduction in central blood volume due to venous pooling of blood, and that TNG has no major overall metabolic effects.     

Comparison of intravenous nitroprusside, nitroprusside-captopril, and nitroglycerin for deliberate hypotension during posterior spine fusion in adults

Three techniques for deliberate hypotension (mean arterial pressure, 60 to 70 mmHg) were prospectively compared in adults undergoing posterior spine fusion. Patients received either IV sodium nitroprusside, sodium nitroprusside with oral captopril pretreatment, or IV nitroglycerin. Patient groups were comparable in age, sex, weight, baseline hemodynamic and laboratory parameters, duration of surgery, and duration of hypotension. Absolute blood loss was significantly less in the group receiving nitroglycerin; however, there were no differences between groups when corrected for operative exposure (milliliter per spine segment exposed). Nitroprusside was effective in producing target blood pressure in all patients. Nitroglycerin was ineffective in two patients and two other patients required greater than 20 micrograms/kg/min. Both groups receiving nitroprusside developed significant postinfusion increases in arterial pressure. Blood pressure fell significantly after induction of anesthesia in patients receiving captopril. Cardiac index, heart rate, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, intrapulmonary shunt, and arterial blood gases were comparable and did not change significantly in any group. Systemic vascular resistance fell during infusion in all groups and remained depressed after infusion in patients receiving nitroglycerin. Plasma renin activity was significantly increased in the group receiving captopril due to loss of feedback inhibition of renin release and rose significantly during infusion in those patients receiving nitroprusside alone. There were no complications. Nitroprusside with and without captopril pretreatment was associated with postoperative increases in arterial pressure, although not to hypertensive levels, probably due to loss of captopril activity after single-dose administration. The use of nitroglycerin was limited by lack of potency. There was no demonstrable clinical advantage for any of the three techniques.     

Blood pressure measurement by arterial tonometry in controlled hypotension

A newly developed arterial tonometer enabled us to measure the blood pressure waveforms in addition to determining systolic and diastolic pressures noninvasively and continuously. Twenty-eight adult patients undergoing orthopedic surgery under controlled hypotension were studied. Systolic blood pressure was reduced to two-thirds of baseline values with an infusion of nitroglycerin during nitrous oxide/enflurane anesthesia. Intraarterial blood pressures were simultaneously measured in either the right or the left radial artery with a cannula and a Gould P23XL calibrated transducer; tonometric monitoring was performed on the contralateral radial artery using a Colin CBM-3000 instrument. The outputs of the two blood pressure measurement instruments were recorded for later data analysis. The shape of the tonometric pressure waveform was nearly identical to the waveform recorded intraarterially even during controlled hypotension. Regression analyses of 2039 paired tonometric and intraarterial blood pressure values during the hypotensive period showed good correlations (r = 0.78 for systolic, r = 0.81 for mean, and r = 0.70 for diastolic pressures). The accuracy of systolic, mean, and diastolic readings was from 4 to 7 mm Hg with negligible bias and did not differ significantly among six systolic, four mean, and four diastolic pressure groups. Our results indicate that arterial tonometry can provide accurate, reliable, and real-time monitoring of blood pressure even during controlled hypotension.     

Hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism under deliberate hypotension. An experimental study in dogs

Coronary blood flow, cardiac work and metabolism were studied in dogs under sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and trimetaphan (TMP) deliberate hypotension (20% and 40% mean pressure decrease from baseline). Regarding the effects of drug-induced hypotension on coronary blood flow, aortic and coronary sinus metabolic data (pH, pO2, pCO2) we could confirm that nitroprusside hypotension could be safely used to 30% mean blood pressure decrease from control, trimetaphan hypotension to 20% mean blood pressure decrease. Cardiac work was significantly reduced during SNP hypotension. Myocardial O2 consumption and O2 availability were directly dependent on the coronary perfusion. Careful invasive monitoring of the blood pressure, blood gases and of the ECG ST-T segment is mandatory.     

Renin Release during Controlled Hypotension with Sodium Nitroprusside, Nitroglycerin and Adenosine: A Comparative Study in the Dog

The haemodynamic effects of i.v. infusions of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), nitroglycerin (TNG), and adenosine were studied in dogs in parallel with quantitative determinations of plasma renin activity (PRA) by radioimmunoassay. The drugs were given for controlled hypotension, and the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was decreased to approximately 50 mmHg (6.7 kPa). Arterial blood samples for PRA were collected at 10-min intervals. During the last interval the dogs were subjected to haemorrhagic shock. SNP-induced hypotension could be maintained only with a stepwise increase in infusion rate, from 11.8 to 16.0 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 (P less than 0.05). TNG could not produce the desired blood pressure level, but gradually increasing doses induced a gradually decreasing MABP (80-60 mmHg) (10.7-8.0 kPa). During adenosine-induced hypotension, a perfectly stable blood pressure level was maintained without dose adjustments. Both SNP and TNG induced blood pressure-dependent increases in PRA, while no changes in PRA were seen during adenosine-induced hypotension. Nor could haemorrhagic shock, which induced further increases in PRA during SNP- and TNG-induced hypotension, alter PRA during adenosine infusions. We conclude that adenosine differs markedly from conventional hypotensive drugs such as SNP and TNG with respect to stability of action and dose requirements, and that this stability is related to an inhibited increase in renin release.     

瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚复合七氟烷控制性降压在颅颌面正颌手术中的应用

目的探讨瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚复合七氟烷控制性降压,在颅颌面正颌手术中的麻醉效果和安全性。方法选择择期术中需行控制性降压的颅颌面正颌手术患者210例,随机分为两组,分别应用瑞芬太尼（R组）和硝酸甘油（A组）,联合丙泊酚、七氟烷进行控制性降压,每组105例。麻醉前（TO）、麻醉诱导后（T1）、降压开始5min（T2）、10min（T3）、20min（T4）和30min（T5）,记录心率、动脉收缩压、动脉舒张压、动脉平均压。结果两组患者在T2、T3、T4的MBP均有明显下降,与基础值比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;R组T2、T3时间点的HR较A组明显减慢（P〈0．01）;R组停止降压后血压回升较缓慢,而A组停止降压后血压回升较快。结论瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚复合七氟烷能有效平稳地降低血压．是颅颌面正颌手术中安全、有效的降压方法。     

Effect of nitroglycerin and nicardipine on ICG excretion during halothane anesthesia

We evaluated the effect of nitroglycerin and nicardipine on ICG excretion during halothane anesthesia in man. Induced hypotension with nitroglycerin during halothane anesthesia produced a significant prolongation in ICG excretion. No such significant prolongation occurred in the patients who received nicardipine. The results suggest that a reduction in hepatic blood flow during anesthesia may be much less in patients who receive halothane with nicardipine than in those who receive halothane with nitroglycerin.     

Vasodilators during cerebral aneurysm surgery

The objective of this review is to review the anaesthetic implications of vasoactive compounds particularly with regard to the cerebral circulation and their clinical importance for the practicing anaesthetist. Material was selected on the basis of validity and application to clinical practice and animal studies were selected only if human studies were lacking. Hypotensive drugs have been used to induce hypotension and in the treatment of intraoperative hypertension during cerebral aneurysm surgery. After subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebral blood flow is reduced and cerebral vasoreactivity is disturbed which may lead to brain ischaemia. Also, cerebral arterial vasospasm decreases cerebral blood flow, and may lead to delayed ischaemic brain damage which is a major problem after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Recently, the use of induced hypotension has decreased although it is still useful in patients with intraoperative aneurysm rupture, giant cerebral aneurysm, fragile aneurysms and multiple cerebral aneurysms. In this review, a variety of vasodilating agents, prostaglandin E₁ sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin,’ trimetaphan, adenosine, calcium antagonists, and inhalational anaesthetics, are discussed for their clinical usefulness. Sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin and isoflurane are the drugs of choice for induced hypotension. Prostaglandin E₁, nicardipine and nitroglycerin have the advantage that they do not alter carbon dioxide reactivity. Local cerebral blood flow is increased with nitroglycerin, decreased with trimetaphan and unchanged with prostaglandin E₁. Intraoperative hypertension is a dangerous complication occurring during cerebral aneurysm surgery, but its treatment in association with subarachnoid haemorrhage is complicated in cases of cerebral arterial vasospasm because fluctuations in cerebral blood flow may be exacerbated. Hypertension should be treated immediately to reduce the risk of rebleeding and intraoperative aneurysmal rupture and the choice of drugs is discussed. Although the use of induced hypotension has declined, the control of arterial blood pressure with vasoactive drugs to reduce the risk of intraoperative cerebral aneurysm rupture is a useful technique. Intraoperative hypertension should be treated immediately but the cerebral vascular effects of each vasodilator should be understood before their use as hypotensive agents.