基于ARM7的新型开放式多功能医用信号仪的研制

目的现有的常用信号发生器或生理信号发生器不能同时输出常用信号和模拟生理信号,本文提出一种新型开放式多功能医用信号仪,用于检测各种生理信号,听取不同频率、不同信号的声音及输出常用信号等。方法该仪器以STM32F103RF和高性能集成芯片MAX038为核心。此医用信号仪包括硬件和软件两部分,其中硬件含有ARM7单片机控制单元、按钮组输入单元、数据存储单元等12个单元,软件用C语言编写,并采用keil C进行编译。结果该仪器不仅能输出常用的正弦、方波、三角波、锯齿、矩形信号,还能输出医学中常用的多种生理信号如心电、脉搏波等,且信号波形频率、幅度、类型、波形均采用直观的LCD液晶显示。此外,该仪器具有一个高驱动能力的接口,可直接驱动耳机等,以方便对人耳频率特性和人体阻抗特性的研究和教学。同时,为了便于使用一般示波器能观察各种生理信号,对同一种生理信号可输出不同的频率。结论本仪器使用方便,可广泛应用于科研、教学、测试和仪器维修等。     

双道高精度数控医用信号仪的研制

目的:研制出一种以单片机和高性能芯片为核心研制的医用信号仪。方法:主要利用单片机控制两片高精度数控频率和位相的IC(AD9833)和D/A转换IC(AD558)等,并利用LCD显示信号的相关参数。结果:该仪器可输出双道高精度频率和位相的正弦、三角、方波信号及各种生理信号。可用于人耳频率特性和人体阻抗特性的研究和教学;利用同时输出的两道位相差可数控的正弦信号,可方便地演示医学物理等教学中两简谐振动在不同频率、不同相位差、不同方向等情况下的合成,如拍频、李萨如图形等。结论:该智能仪器可广泛用于实验教学、临床测试和医疗仪器维修。     

1—14 具有自适应功能的A/D接口的研制

模一数转换(A/D)器件的转换精度由该转换器的位数决定。对于常用的8位A/D转换器来说,理论上能分辨的最小信号为满量程的1/256。这对于精度为百分之几的仪器系统来说,精度裕量不是很充足的。生物医学信号的有效动态范围往往很宽,要使8位A/D转换器能在整个测量范围内均能以足够的精度实现转换,就必须考虑接口和信号的动态范围相匹配的问题。这个问题在采用同一A/D转换器来实现多路信号采集的仪器     

多通道经颅交流电刺激仪的设计

目的:电信号不同,对生物进行电刺激产生的生物效应也不相同。医疗领域已经研究出了许多有效成熟的电刺激治疗模式,市场上已有很多具有简单模式的电刺激仪,它们一般都只有特定的治疗模式,功能比较单一。为了满足多模式联合治疗和医学实验的需要,我们研发了一款具有多种治疗模式的交流电刺激仪。方法:该交流经颅电刺激仪选用TI的低功耗MSP430F413单片机作为主控芯片,控制以MAX038作为信号发生芯片的波形发生电路。因为MAX038能够产生0.1 Hz-20 MHz可调的正弦波、方波、三角波,可以实现两个独立控制波形的耦合输出,因此能够形成多种刺激模式。通过软件编程,使该电刺激仪具有丰富的参数设置与显示功能。结果:研制出的电刺激仪具有内置多种常用治疗模式(其中有2个为多治疗模式定时自动转换的可循环模式),利用6个中断按键作为控制键,可以方便快捷地进行模式选择和参数设置。通过配备不同的电极,可以进行电流与电场治疗模式切换:导电电极用于电流治疗,绝缘电极用于电场治疗。结论:经过多次调试和验证,该电刺激仪的输出电压Vp-p为5 V,可按需要外接医用功率放大设备进行放大,输出频率可调范围为0.1 Hz-5 MHz,调节精度为±2%,可以输出噪声较低的方波,三角波,正弦波及其调制波形,具有良好的稳定性和可靠性,同时满足国际电工委员会颁布的医疗设备安全标准,达到了最初的设计要求。     

基于混沌信号的经皮神经电刺激仪的设计

传统的电刺激仪器都是采用三角波、方波与非对称波等信号作为刺激信号源,或是将一些特定的信号先进行存储、然后再输出作为信号源,这些信号都呈现出周期性,作用于人体时容易使人产生适应性,随着刺激次数的增多而使效果逐渐变差,论文设计了一个基于混沌模型的非周期信号的电刺激系统。首先是在MATLAB软件的Simulink平台下构建出混沌模型,然后借助于DSP Builder软件将混沌模型转换为FPGA的工程文件,通过Simulink平台的模型仿真及Modelsim软件的行为级仿真,仿真无误后将工程文件在Altera公司的开发平台Quartus软件下进行编译、综合,最后生成可执行文件,下载到FPGA芯片即产生了混沌信号;将信号进行电压放大,功率放大,接入电极,实现了基于混沌信号的电刺激系统。所设计的系统获得了新型的电刺激效果,通过改变混沌方程的参数以及改变信号的输出频率,可以改变刺激时的直观感觉,由于人体的生物信号本身具有复杂的混沌特性,用它作用于人体所具有的更深层次的生物效应还需更多的探索研究。     

中药电熨治疗仪的程控系统

中药电熨治疗是一种集中药热敷、中频调制波电刺激和中药离子导入的综合性理疗方法。治疗仪的程控系统具有处方存贮、选择调用、D/A转换、波形放大、输出电压幅度的数字化设定和调节、电极中药包温度设定和恒温控制等功能。本文介绍了中药电熨治疗仪程控系统的硬件结构、设计原理、部分软件流程和程序设计技巧。这种程控系统性能可靠、工作稳定,不仅提高了中药电熨治疗的疗效,也可作为其他医疗仪器智能化改进和自动控制系统的借鉴。     

一种新的电外科仪器输出参数测量系统

对电外科仪器输出的高压和大电流参数进行准确检测是研制反馈式电外科仪器的基础。为此,本文研制基于PC机的输出参数测量系统,对电外科仪器输出的高压和大电流信号进行隔离感应、放大、滤波、差分信号变单端信号、有效值转换,最后通过DAQ采集卡进行模数转换,数据送入PC机中使用Labview软件进行过采样、显示和存储等处理。实验结果表明,该系统能够对电外科仪器的输出参数进行稳定测量,结果准确。因此,该系统的研制是成功的,在此基础上开发嵌入式的输出参数测量系统,能够为智能式的电外科仪器开发提供准确的反馈信息。     

一种心音信号微机检测系统的设计

本文介绍了一种宽频带多通道心音和正交三导联高频心电信号微机采集系统的设计方法。本采样系统硬件采用高性能的心音传感器、A/D 转换卡、新型高性能芯片组成及合理布线的信号放大器和滤波器,在临床使用中效果良好。     

医学院校“示波器实验”的改进与实践

目的：示波器不仅可以定量测量信号的幅值、频率、相位差等,还可以直接观察输入信号的波形,因此示波器成为医学实验、诊断、监护和科研等方面广泛使用的、不可缺少的电子测量仪器。现有的示波器实验更适合于理工大学的学生。因此,以物理实验教学要求为出发点,结合医学高等院校特点,我们设计了一个全新的与医学专业密切相关的“示波器实验”。方法：新设计的“示波器实验”与生物信号波相结合。该实验系统的生物信号测量、记录部分由压电传感器、生物信号放大器和数字存储示波器构成．各构成部分的设计要求和工作原理在文中进行了较为详细的介绍。结果：改进后的“示波器实验”大大提高了学生进行医学物理学实验的兴趣。学生不仅体会到了传感器技术和电子技术在医学领域中的应用,也认识到了物理学与现代医学是互相渗透发展的。结论：以实践说明医学院校的物理实验应直接体现物理学和医疗技术学的关系,也从一个侧面论述了医学院校改进“示波器实验”教学的必要性和可行性。     

基于CPLD的双CCD驱动时序设计

用双电荷耦合器件（charge coupled devices,CCD）代替传统胶片作为光接收器,对CCD输出的信号经过A／D转换、数据传输及显示等处理,以实现齿科成像系统的数字化。本文提出了基于CPLD来实现CCD驱动脉冲产生的方法,借助QuartusⅡ开发软件,运用Verilog HDL硬件描述语言编程实现了CCD的驱动时序电路的设计。仿真时序结果表明本设计可行,能够产生稳定的驱动脉冲。最后经下载调试实际产生了对双TCD1251 UD型号的正常驱动信号。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.