喉癌颈淋巴结临床检查方法的评价

喉癌 ,尤其是声门上型喉癌 ,经常转移至颈淋巴结 ,而颈淋巴结转移是最显著的独立的不良预后因素。本文比较了临床触诊、Ｂ超及ＣＴ检查对喉癌颈淋巴结诊断的差异 ,为临床术前正确评估有无颈淋巴结转移提供参考。1　资料和方法1996～ 2 0 0 1年我科喉癌住院患者 5 8例 75侧 ,男 4 5例 ,女 13例 ;年龄 38～ 78岁 ,平均 6 1岁。行单侧颈廓清术 4 1例 ,双侧颈廓清术 17例。术前全部经颈部触诊及Ｂ超检查 ,其中 31例 4 0侧还行颈部ＣＴ检查。2 　 结果在 75侧颈廓清术中 ,临床触诊与术中所见及病理结果一致者 32侧 ,包括无肿大淋巴结、淋巴结反应…     

喉癌颈淋巴结转移相关因素的多元逐步回归分析

报告对１４７例喉癌患者的１５项临床指标与颈淋巴结转移的关系进行多元逐步回归分析，找出影响颈淋巴结转移的５项主要相关因素为：喉癌分型、Ｔ分期、Ｎ分期、肿瘤细胞分化程度及肿瘤的生长方式，并导出预测颈淋巴结转移的多元回归方程，经组内验证，该方程准确率为７９．０％，假阳性率１３．０％，假阴性串８．０％；经组外验证，方程准确率为７６．６％，假阳性率１２．８％，假阴性率１０．６％。表明该方程在临床有一定实用价值。     

喉癌及下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的彩色多谱勒超声检查

目的应用彩色多谱勒超声对喉癌及下咽癌颈淋巴结转移进行研究,以指导临床治疗方式的选择。方法对354例喉癌及下咽癌病人行颈部彩超检查,通过与术前触诊检查、术中淋巴结探查及病理检测结果对比分析进行研究。结果应用彩超对喉癌及下咽癌病人颈部淋巴结检测能非常准确地发现触诊不易发现的小淋巴结,经病理证实这些未被触诊发现的淋巴结中存在转移癌;当彩超检查发现淋巴结大于1.5 cm时,淋巴结转移癌的可能性明显增加。当颈淋巴结包膜受侵或突破包膜,可以确诊为颈淋巴结转移癌。结论喉癌及下咽癌病人术前应常规行颈部淋巴结彩超检查。其结果可为制定颈部廓清治疗提供良好依据。对判断病人预后有着非常重要的意义。     

喉癌nm23,Cath—D和CD44表达与预后的相关因素分析

目的：探讨影响喉癌预后的相关因素。方法：采用免疫组化检测９６例喉鳞状细胞癌标本表达情况,并结合临床和病理资料分析喉癌预后因素。结果：ｎｍ２３、Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ和ＣＤ４４的阳性表达率分别为４５．７％（４３／９４）、５２．１％（５０／９６）和４１．７％（４０／９６）。喉癌部位、大小、分化程度、Ｔ分期及ｎｍ２３表达与喉癌颈淋巴结转移有关（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论：ｎｍ２３在喉癌中表达情况,对预测喉癌颈淋巴结转移     

喉癌颈部淋巴结触诊阳性对N分级的参考价值

目的：客观评价临床上颈部淋巴结触诊阳性对Ｎ分级的参考价值。方法：采用颈廓清透明 巴结摘出连续切片法,病理观察转移情况。结果：１００例中淋巴结触诊阳性１１４个,病理证实有转移者８１个,符合率为７１．１％,临床Ｎ分级与病理Ｎ分级对比,符合率分别为：Ｎ１ ３５．６％、Ｎ２ａ ２５．０％,Ｎ２ｂ ５８．３％,Ｎ２ｃ ７５．０％Ｎ３１００．０％。结论 临床上单靠触诊大小进行Ｎ分级尚有不足,术前应结合其它检查     

头颈部恶性肿瘤转移淋巴结用超声引导穿刺活检的临床应用评价

利用自动弹射活检装置在超声引导下对２３例头颈部恶性肿瘤颈部淋巴结穿刺活检。以颈淋巴结清扫术或颈淋巴结探查术后对淋巴结检查的病理结果为标准,比较超声引导穿刺活检与临床触诊对淋巴结转移的诊断准确性,超声引导穿刺活检诊断符合率８６．９６％,较临床触诊６９．５７％高,假阴性率低,无假阳性,两种方法对诊断淋巴结转移的准确指数具有显著性差异。提示超声引导穿刺活检可以提高头颈部恶性肿瘤淋巴结转移诊断准确率,对于确定术式和预后估计显示了其较强的优势。因此头颈部恶性肿瘤应常规用超声检查颈部淋巴结,对可疑转移的淋巴结进行穿刺活检以确定病变性质     

下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的颈侧清扫探讨

目的 为了探讨颈侧清扫可否应用于临床Ｎ＋的下咽癌的颈部治疗。方法 对９３例下咽部颈清扫标本的转移性淋巴结在颈部的分布进行了回顾性分析。结果 颌下淋巴结转移占３．２％。Ｎ０,Ｎ１,Ｎ２ａ和Ｎ２ｂ～Ｎ３的颈后三角淋巴结转移率分别为：５．９％,７．０％,３７．５％和３６．０％。病理证实仅有颌下淋巴结转移或上、中颈深淋巴结转移,而无下颈深淋巴结转移时,颈后三角淋巴结转移率为４．０％,有下颈深淋巴结转移时,     

喉癌颈淋巴结转移相关因素的多元逐元回归分析

报告对１４７例喉癌患者的１５项临床指标与颈淋巴结转移的关系进行多元逐步回归分析，找出影响颈淋巴结转移的５项主要相关因素为：喉癌分型、Ｔ分期、Ｎ分期、肿瘤细胞分化程度及肿瘤的生长方式，并导出预测颈淋巴吉转移的多元回归方程。经组内验证，该方程准确率为７９．０％，假阳性率１３．０％，假阴性率８．０％；经组外验证，方程率为７６．６％，假阳性率１２．８％，假阴性率１０．６％。表明该方程在临床有一定实用价值。     

喉癌患者多药耐药相关蛋白基因的表达及其临床意义

目的：研究多药耐药相关蛋白基因（ＭＲＰ ｍＲＮＡ）的表达与喉癌患者临床病理特征之间的关系。方法：应用逆转录－多聚酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）技术，检测了３５例喉癌患者ＭＲＰ ｍＲＮＡ的表达。结果：喉癌组织中ＭＲＰ ｍＲＮＡ阳性表达率为４５．７％（１６／３５），其阳性表达强度在晚期肿瘤中明显增高（Ｐ〈０．０５），且与肿瘤颈淋巴结转移明显相关（Ｐ〈０．０１），结论：ＭＲＰ ｍＲＮＡ在喉癌中的表达，不仅提示     

分化型甲状腺癌的颈淋巴转移规律

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌颈部淋巴转移的规律及临床阳性淋巴结（cN＋）的颈部治疗模式；评价术前彩超在诊断甲状腺癌颈转移中的作用。方法回顾性分析我院2003年7月-2005年7月诊治93例（113侧）cN＋分化型甲状腺癌患者的临床资料，分为术前颈部淋巴结触诊阳性患者（64侧）和术前颈部触诊阴性，彩超诊断为颈淋巴转移患者（49侧）两组。记录术后颈清扫标本中转移淋巴结的数量及在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ区的分布。结果93例患者中双侧颈转移占21．5％（20／93），113侧颈清扫标本中92侧（81．4％）为多分区转移；转移淋巴结在颈部的分布以Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ区为主，分别为60．2％（68／113）、70．8％（80／113）、61．9％（70／113）、58．4％（66／113）；Ⅴ区较少分布22．1％（25／113），差异有统计学意义（χ^2=64．597，P〈0．001）。颈部触诊阳性患者颈清扫标本中转移淋巴结数量（10．1个），多于颈触诊阴性、彩超检查阳性患者（6．9个）；淋巴转移区域也多于后者（3．18区与2．61区）；术前彩超检查可以发现43．4％（49／113）的颈部触诊漏诊的颈部淋巴转移。结论分化型甲状腺癌的颈部淋巴转移为多分区分布，Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ区为主要的转移部位；彩超在甲状腺癌颈淋巴转移的诊断中具有重要的价值；对cN＋的分化型甲状腺癌患者，应进行包括Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ区的改良性颈清扫术。     

超声检查对头颈部恶性肿瘤颈部淋巴结转移的诊断价值

探讨超声检查诊断颈淋巴结转移的准确性及对颈部隐戒性淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法应用双盲法对５５例行颈廓清术患者的术前触诊,超声检查及术后病理检查进行对比分析 。     

99m锝-右旋糖酐颈淋巴显像对喉癌和下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的：探讨乳突区皮下注射^99m锝-右旋糖酐（^99mTc-DX105）单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）颈淋巴显像对喉癌和下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法：对30例喉癌和下咽癌患者术前经双侧乳突区皮下注射^99mTc-DX105 SPECT颈淋巴显像与颈廓清标本病理检查进行对比研究。结果：30例患者53侧颈部SPECT，显像阳性24侧，其中3侧为假阳性；阴性29侧，其中1侧为假阴性。53侧SPECT颈淋巴显像的敏感性、特异性及准确率分别为95．5％（21／22）、90．3％（28／31）和92．5％（49／53）。8侧隐匿性转移淋巴结中SPECT显像检出7侧，检出率为87．5％（7／8）。结论：乳突区皮下注射^99mTc-DX105 SPECT颈淋巴显像对指导喉癌和下咽癌的临床分期及颈淋巴结清扫，具有一定的临床意义。     

脱氧葡萄糖-正电子发射计算机断层显像对颈淋巴结转移癌的诊断价值

目的：探讨脱氧葡萄糖-正电子发射计算机断层[^18F-FDG-PET／CT（PET／CT）]融合显像对颈淋巴结转移癌的诊断价值。方法：对照颈淋巴结清扫术后病理结果,回顾性对比分析20例头颈癌患者颈部正电子发射断层（PET）、CT及PET／CT资料。结果：PET对颈淋巴结转移癌的诊断敏感性、特异性及准确度分别为92.3％、85.7％、90.0％,CT分别为77.0％、57.1％、70.0％,PET／CT分别为92.3％、100.0％、95.0％,PET／CT的诊断准确度显著高于CT（P〈0．05）、略优于PET。13例鼻咽癌放疗后患者,CT诊断正确7例,PET／CT诊断正确12例。7例N。患者颈淋巴结清扫术后病理证实4例存在颈淋巴结转移,术前PET／CT均诊断正确。结论：PET／CT融合显像对颈淋巴结转移癌的诊断价值优于单独的PET及CT,尤其对于治疗后的患者,其诊断优势更加突出,有望作为是否需行颈淋巴结清扫术的指征。     

The value of elective neck dissection in treatment of cancer of the tongue

PURPOSE: The "adequate" therapy of tongue cancer has not yet been determined. The authors report their experience with 58 N(0) patients to elucidate the role of elective neck dissection in surgical treatment of cancer of the tongue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The files of 58 N(0) patients with tongue cancer were evaluated retrospectively. In every patient, partial glossectomy continuous with neck dissection was the mainstay of the treatment. TNM staging, intraoperative N staging, pathologically confirmed cervical lymph node metastases and their levels, and clinical outcomes (local and regional recurrences) were recorded. The sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative staging was determined. RESULTS: Fifty-four percent (31/58) of the patients presented as T(1), and 26% (15/58) as T(2). The overall occult metastasis rate was 29.3% (17/58). The occult metastasis rate for T(1) and T(2) lesions was 19.4% (6/31) and 26.7% (4/15), respectively. The sensitivity of intraoperative staging was 76.5%, and the specificity was 51.2%. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of occult metastasis to the neck is too high in all tongue cancer cases to take the risk of regional recurrence, and the surgeon can not solely depend on neck palpation for determination of neck metastasis. Radiologic investigations and fine-needle aspiration decrease, but never reduce to zero the rate of false-negative examination. There is an obvious indication for neck dissection, even in early cases.     

Palpation and CT to evaluate the cervical adenopathies in head and neck tumours

Lymphatic metastasis is an important prognostic factor in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Diagnostic evaluation and treatment of this adenopathies is very important. We can use physical examination, computered tomography (CT), magnetic resonance, ultrasound... but none of these give us a 100% security. This study evaluates the accuracy of physical examination and CT in detecting cervical lymph nodes. 120 neck dissections were performed after palpation and CT of 72 patients with head and neck carcinoma. Sensitivity of palpation was 51.7 and specificity 96.7. CTs sensitivity was 65 and specificity 86.7. Both, physical examination and palpation have a high number of mistakes evaluating cervical nodes. N0 necks are still a problem for Head and Neck Surgeons.     

Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for the assessment of cervical metastases

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of ultrasonography (US) combined with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology for the investigation of lymph node metastases in patients with head and neck cancer. DESIGN: Comparison of clinical examination (palpation) and preoperative US-FNA examination results of cervical nodes in a sample of patients with head and neck cancer. The histological features of the neck dissection specimens are used to validate these 2 variables. SETTING: A head and neck oncology service in a tertiary referral hospital. PATIENTS: A consecutive sample of 56 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, first seen between April 1, 1996, and July 30, 1998, who had neck dissections performed after the US-FNA examination. INTERVENTION: Cervical US-FNA preoperatively, followed by elective or therapeutic radical modified or selective neck dissection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The histological examination results of subsequent neck dissection specimens are used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of US-FNA for individual nodes. Second, the results of node staging by clinical examination and US-FNA examination are compared. RESULTS: The sensitivity was 89.2%; specificity, 98.1%; and accuracy, 94.5%. Correct node stages were obtained in 52 (93%) of the patients using US-FNA compared with 34 (61%) using palpation. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography combined with FNA is a highly accurate technique for the investigation of cervical lymph node metastases. A more accurate diagnosis may result in more appropriate treatment, particularly in a setting with limited resources. Retropharyngeal nodes, micrometastases, and lymph nodes smaller than 4 mm are limitations of US-FNA. Ultrasonography combined with FNA is a useful technique for the staging of head and neck cancer.     

Computed tomography and ultrasonographic evaluation of metastatic cervical lymph nodes with surgicoclinicopathologic correlation

The detection of cervical lymph nodal metastasis and carotid artery invasion by metastatic lymph nodes is an important issue in the management of head and neck malignancies. This study compared the evaluation of metastasis by palpation, ultrasonography (USG) and computed tomography (CT) in patients with known head and neck malignancies. Twenty-five consecutive patients with head and neck malignancy were prospectively evaluated for the presence of cervical lymphadenopathy and carotid artery invasion. All patients underwent clinical examination (palpation), USG and CT examination. A modified CT criteria was employed which yielded acceptable results for the detection of metastatic nodes. Radical neck dissection was performed for 26 neck sides, and the results of pre-operative evaluation were confirmed by the surgical and histopathological findings. Palpation, ultrasound and CT have comparable sensitivity in the determination of metastasis involving cervical lymph nodes. Thus palpation should be employed as the primary method of assessment of secondaries in the neck. However, palpation is less sensitive than CT and USG in the detection of carotid artery involvement, hence the clinical suspicion of arterial invasion should be confirmed by either CT or USG which have similar accuracy in the detection of carotid artery invasion.     

高频超声诊断下咽鳞癌淋巴结转移的临床研究

目的 探讨高频超声在诊断下咽鳞癌颈淋巴结转移的应用价值。 方法 收集于耳鼻咽喉科接受颈淋巴结清扫术的47例下咽鳞状细胞癌患者的临床资料,以病理检查结果为金标准,对颈部触诊、颈部强化CT、高频超声检查结果,以kappa值反映三种方法结果与金标准的一致程度,以灵敏度、特异度评价三种检查方法的诊断效果;用Pearson χ2检验比较三种方法的灵敏度和特异度。 结果 研究纳入下咽癌患者47例,所有患者均无远处转移病灶。三种检查方法,超声检查与病理检查的一致性最好(Kappa=0.718)。以术后病理检查结果为准,对于下咽癌颈淋巴结转移,超声诊断的灵敏度最高(91.9%)、高于触诊,差异有统计学意义;超声灵敏度也有高于强化CT(78.9%)的趋势,但差异无统计学意义。在特异度方面,触诊最高(94.74%)、超声(78.95%)次之、强化CT(61.11%)最低,三者的差异均无统计学意义。 结论 对于诊断下咽癌颈淋巴结转移,高频超声检查具有较高的灵敏度及特异度,可为临床诊断及所采用的手术方式提供重要信息,因其无创、便携、可重复等优点,可作为监测下咽癌颈部淋巴结转移的重要辅助手段。     

Assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis with different imaging methods in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictive value of different imaging methods,-computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography (US), and single-photon emission tomography (SPECT),-for cervical node metastasis. DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. SETTING: An academic otolaryngology department. METHODS: Twenty-three consecutive patients with head and neck malignancy were prospectively evaluated for the presence of cervical lymphadenopathy. All patients underwent clinical, CT, MRI, US, and SPECT examinations. Neck dissection was performed for 31 neck sides, and the results of the preoperative evaluation were confirmed by the surgical and histopathologic findings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated for each method and a comparison of the methods was done. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of CT, MRI, US, and SPECT were 77.7%, 85.7%, 91.3%, 66.6%, and 80.4%; 59.2%, 92.8%, 94.1%, 54.1%, and 70.7%; 81.4%, 64.2%, 81.4%, 64.2%, and 75.6%; 55.5%, 92.8%, 93.7%, 52.0%, and 68.2%, respectively. Both CT and US were found to be superior to clinical examination. There was no statistically significant difference between US and CT. US was found to be superior to MRI and SPECT in detecting cervical node metastasis. CT was also superior to SPECT. CONCLUSION: Our data show that, despite high specificity rates, especially with SPECT, none of the currently available imaging methods are reliable in evaluating the occult regional metastasis because the negative predictive values of all of these methods are rather low.     

树突状细胞表型抗原在喉咽癌颈部淋巴结中的表达

目的：探讨喉咽癌颈部淋巴结中树突状细胞（Dc）表型抗原的表达与喉咽癌转移及预后的关系。方法：对37例喉咽癌144枚淋巴结DC的表型抗原S-100、CD1a、CD83的表达用Envision HIS的方法检测,并观察CD45RO^＋T细胞与DC的关系。结果：S-100^＋DC、CD1a^＋DC、CD83^＋DC在转移组淋巴结中的数目较非转移组淋巴结中减少,差异有统计学意义。CD83^＋DC在转移淋巴结的癌巢中的数目较癌旁中的少,差异有统计学意义。在生存组淋巴结中的浸润数目较死亡组多,差异有统计学意义。CD45RO^＋T细胞主要分布在CD83^＋DC的周围。结论：表达不同表型抗原的DC具有不同的功能,CD83^＋DCs被认为是成熟DC分布在癌旁与其激活T细胞的抗原提呈功能有关,对于肿瘤免疫防御机制的建立起着重要作用。DC在淋巴结中的浸润程度及表型抗原的表达情况是反映宿主肿瘤免疫状况的重要指标,也是预测喉咽癌转移和预后的一项重要指标。