含糖聚合物在生物医药领域的应用

介绍了含糖聚合物的制备合成进展，综述了近年来含糖聚合物在医药材料、生物材料等领域中的应用，重点介绍了在高分子药物、高分子载体材料、生物材料，分离提纯材料等方面的应用，展望了含糖聚合物的新应用。     

纳米载药系统在骨科假体感染防治中的应用

尽管围手术期抗生素的使用和无菌技术在不断改进,但骨科手术中假体感染仍不可避免,给手术带来巨大挑战。骨科假体表面的粗糙或多孔结构,为细菌黏附、增殖和生物膜形成提供了优良的场所,是导致感染的主要原因。传统的抗生素治疗和清创手术无法完全阻止感染复发。近年来,纳米技术在生物材料、药物输送等方面展现出明显的优势,纳米药物载体能够局部缓释药物或在特定刺激下智能控释药物,可有效实现局部抗菌治疗、预防手术感染,且降低了药物的毒副作用,其独特优势可为感染防治提供新的思路和选择。目前纳米载药系统在防治骨科手术假体感染中的应用主要为骨科假体材料中添加纳米载药材料、假体表面构建载药纳米涂层、可灌注型纳米抗菌药物载体以及刺激响应型药物控释系统。本文综述了目前骨科手术假体感染防治的方法,尤其是纳米载药系统在假体周围感染防治中的研究现状。     

含糖聚合物在生物医药领域的应用

介绍了含糖聚合物的制备合成进展 ,综述了近年来含糖聚合物在医药材料、生物材料等领域中的应用 ,重点介绍了在高分子药物、高分子载体材料、生物材料 ,分离提纯材料等方面的应用 ,展望了含糖聚合物的新应用     

骨内植入式药物缓释系统载体材料研究现状及进展

植入式药物缓释系统在治疗骨科感染、肿瘤等方面具有良好的作用。随着组织工程学的进展,研制了不同的材料作为骨内植入式药物缓释系统的载体,拟对骨内植入式药物缓释系统载体材料研究现况及进展进行综述。     

可降解生物材料在骨科内固定中的研究及应用进展

可降解生物材料在骨科内固定中的应用对骨折治疗有重大意义。文章在查阅大量文献的基础上,从骨科内固定材料的特征入手,对可降解生物材料的降解机制进行探讨,回顾总结了可降解生物材料在骨科内固定的应用进展,重点综述了常用的可降解骨科内固定生物材料的应用与研究进展,指出目前存在的问题并展望了应用于骨科内固定的可降解生物材料的发展前景。     

骨科生物材料专刊

再次经过大半年的筹备，在全国各地广大读者的积极响应和踊跃参与下，《生物骨科材料与临床研究》2013年骨科生物材料专刊终于和大家见面了。这是杂志继2011年脊柱专刊形式出刊后第二次以专刊的形式出刊。为了能集中的体现生物医用材料与骨科临床之间的联系与应用，我们特推出了本期专刊，主要集中体现了骨科生物材料研究的新技术、新方法以及新理念。     

抗骨肉瘤药物纳米载体的研究进展

骨肉痛是最常见的恶性骨肿瘤,病死率较高。而生物医用纳米材料是纳米材料和生物材料交叉的一个全新领域,在生物医学上有着十分诱人的、广泛的应用前景。本文对纳米无机生物材料、纳米高分子生物材料、纳米复合生物材料作为抗骨肉瘤药物载体的研究进展作了较全面的综述。     

表皮葡萄球菌生物膜形成与生物材料感染

随着各种生物材料的应用，慢性感染及医源性感染日益突出，凝固酶阴性球菌-表皮葡萄球菌成为首要病原体，它主要致病机制是生物膜形成，生物膜形成则成为生物材料感染难以控制的根源。细菌生物膜是具有高度组织化的多细胞群体结构，它们间相互通讯，有着精密的调控机制以适应不同的环境，能有效抵御机体的防御反应和抗生素治疗。随着对生物膜分子水平研究的不断深入，为临床防治生物膜相关性感染提供了更有效的靶点。     

生物材料细菌粘附的研究进展

细菌粘附于材料表面是生物材料相关感染的初始动因，阻断细菌粘附是防治与生物材料相关感染的关键环节之一。本文对于生物材料细菌粘附的机理、生物材料表面性能与细菌粘附的关系、宿主对生物材料细菌粘附的影响及防治生物材料细菌粘附的进展等问题作了综述，指出目前大多数生物材料粘附的研究仍停留在粘附现象的观察上，还没有找到一种准确、定量测定细菌粘附动态变化的方法，因此应进一步开展生物材料细菌粘附的机理及防治方法的研究。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及纤维蛋白胶在骨科的运用

背景：碱性成纤维细胞生长因子具有促进新生血管生成和结缔组织再生等多种生物学作用,但其在体内可被快速降解,而纤维蛋白胶作为载体则可通过缓释作用避免碱性成纤维细胞生长因子在体内的快速降解,从而更好的发挥其生物学作用,但目前二者的具体运用方式尚处于研究阶段。 目的：对碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及纤维蛋白胶在骨科领域的运用研究进展进行综述。 方法：由第一作者用计算机检索2000至2014年中国期刊全文数据库和Medline数据库相关文献,总结分析碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及纤维蛋白胶在骨科的运用情况。 结果与结论：最终纳入的64篇文献的整理分析结果提示,碱性成纤维细胞生长因子可以通过纤维蛋白胶的载体作用,达到促进促进创伤愈合与组织修复的目的,但多数研究尚处于实验阶段,其在骨科领域的临床应用还需要进一步的探索。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

Influence of IL17A polymorphisms on the aberrant methylation of DAPK and CDH1 in non-cancerous gastric mucosa

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: CpG island aberrant methylation is shown to be an important mechanism in gene silencing. The important role of IL-17 in inflammatory response to H. pylori colonization has been indicated. We investigated the influence of IL17A polymorphisms, -197 G > A (rs2275913) and *1249 C > T (rs3748067), on the methylation of DAPK and CDH1. METHODS: Gastric mucosal samples were obtained from 401 subjects without malignancies. Methylation status of gene was determined by MSP. The genotyping of IL17A was performed by PCRSSCP. RESULTS: Methylations of DAPK and CDH1 were seen in 196 and 149 of all 401 subjects, respectively. Overall, *1249 T carrier was associated with a decreased risk for DAPK methylation, whereas -197 G > A was not. In the subjects older than 60 years old, *1249 T carrier was more strongly associated with gene methylation and -197 A carrier tended to be associated with an increased risk for CDH1 methylation. When evaluating by inflammation promoting haplotype (-197 mutant carrier with *1249 homozygote), this haplotype had a more strongly increased risk for both DAPK and CDH1 methylations in comparatively older subjects. Both atrophy and metaplasia scores were significantly increased with age in -197 A carrier or *1249 cm3 homozygote, whereas were not in -197 GG homozygote or *1249 T carrier. PG I/II ratio was more significantly decreased in -197 A carrier than in GG homozygote under influence of H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS: In -197 A allele carrier with *1249 CC homozygote, the methylations of both DAPK and CDH1 may be increased gradually, but more rapidly than the other genotypes, with age and altered gastric mucosal structure induced by H. pylori infection.     

RNA转染的树突状细胞疫苗及其在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展

树突状细胞（DC）是目前发现的功能最强的专职抗原提呈细胞（APC）,是机体免疫应答的主要启动者,在免疫应答的诱导中发挥关键作用,已成为肿瘤免疫治疗的新载体。近年来,人们发现转染肿瘤细胞的RNA制备的DC疫苗具有很多独特的优点,在肿瘤的治疗中占有重要的地位。     

Hepatitis B and C: natural course of disease

Significant progress in the understanding of the natural history of hepatitis B and C has been made in recent years due to molecular diagnosis techniques. The most important biologic feature of hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) is their ability to cause chronic hepatitis. The natural course of HBV infection is variable, ranging from inactive HBsAg carrier state to progressive chronic hepatitis that can evolve into liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis is due to a naturally occurring HBV variant with mutations in the precore or basic core promoter regions. It accounts for the majority of cases in many European countries and is generally associated with a more severe liver disease. The morbidity and mortality in chronic hepatitis B are linked to the evolution to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The progression of fibrosis is strongly associated with persistent active viral replication When the diagnosis is made, the 5-year cumulative incidence of developing cirrhosis ranges from 8% to 20%. The 5-year cumulative incidence of hepatic decompensation is 20%. Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers worldwide, 75% of which are related to chronic HBV infection. Coinfection with hepatitis D virus can lead to a more progressive liver disease in a shorter period of time. Hepatitis C virus infection becomes chronic in 80% of infected persons resulting in different stages of chronic hepatitis, with 20%-30% progressing to cirrhosis within 20 years period. The progression of fibrosis determines the ultimate prognosis. The major factors known to be associated with fibrosis progression are older age, male gender and alcohol consumption. Viral load and genotype do not play a role in the disease progression. Progression to fibrosis is more rapid in immunocompromised patients.     

Significance of Salmonella typhi bacteriuria.

Bacteriuria due to Salmonella typhi usually occurs following recent typhoid fever or in chronic carrier states. Data from 18 patients with S. typhi bacteriuria, seen during 5 years, were analyzed. Fourteen patients had localized urinary tract infection due to S. typhi. Four others had bacteriuria, probably associated with typhoid fever. Localized abnormalities of the urinary tract and kidneys and also systemic diseases were found to predispose patients to S. typhi bacteriuria. Local abnormalities encountered included urolithiasis (n = 3), prostatic hypertrophy (n = 1), and tuberculosis (n = 1). One renal transplant recipient and another with lupus nephritis had S. typhi bacteriuria. One had associated strongyloidosis, and another was pregnant.     

Trends in invasive fungal infections, with emphasis on invasive aspergillosis

Patterns of invasive fungal infections are changing in many ways. Although yeast infections appear to have reached a stable incidence, the number of infections as a result of Aspergillus species appears to be increasing. Especially for mould infection, the diagnosis remains difficult and the detection and identification of clinically relevant isolates to the species level requires new validated techniques. Diagnostic tests are becoming more accurate, with biological markers such as PCR, galactomannan and 1,3 β- d -glucan undergoing clinical validation. This is of importance because an early diagnosis is associated with increased survival. Correct diagnosis and in vitro susceptibility testing are becoming imperative for guidance of therapy in the context of changing epidemiology and the emergence of acquired resistance to antifungal drugs, as is insight into host factors that increase susceptibility to invasive mould infection and into the risks associated with new treatment modalities of underlying diseases. Despite improvements in the survival rates of patients with invasive fungal infection in recent years, continued research is required to meet the challenges associated with changes in epidemiology and resistance development.     

Entecavir: a new treatment option for chronic hepatitis B.

Because of the slow kinetics of viral clearance and the spontaneous genetic variability of hepatitis B virus (HBV), antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B remains a clinical challenge. Despite the recent development of lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil and pegylated interferon alpha for the treatment of chronic HBV infection, there is still a major need for new antiviral compounds. Entecavir, a guanosine analog, has been recently approved in US for the therapy of chronic hepatitis B and its registration is expected soon in Europe. Extensive studies have been performed to characterize its antiviral activity in enzymatic and tissue culture models, as well as in animal models of HBV infection. In clinical trails, entecavir administration was associated with a significantly more potent viral suppression compared to lamivudine, and a significant advantage in terms of biochemical and histological improvement compared to lamivudine. Entecavir was tolerated as well as lamivudine in these phase III trials. No case of resistance was detected after two years of therapy in nucleoside naive patients. Treatment of patients with lamivudine failure requires a higher dosage of entecavir and induces a significant decline in viraemia levels. However, 10% of these patients developed entecavir resistance after two years of therapy. The availability of entecavir as a new treatment option is providing clinicians more choice to keep both viral replication and liver disease under control. This provides new hope for improved treatment concepts for chronic HBV infection.     

Community-based seroepidemiological survey of HCV infection in Catalonia, Spain.

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against the hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) and the associated risk factors in a representative sample of the population of Catalonia, Spain. Serum samples from 2,142 subjects aged between 5 and 70 years, selected at random from urban and rural habitats, were studied. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine variables associated independently with the presence of HCV antibodies. The age and gender standardized prevalence of anti-HCV was 2.5% (95% confidence interval, 1.8-3.2). Prevalence increased significantly with age (P < 0.001), but no other sociodemographic variables were associated with HCV infection. Tattoos (OR: 6.2), blood transfusions (OR: 5.0) intravenous drug use (OR: 4.9) and antecedents of hospitalization (OR: 2.3) were variables associated independently with infection. HCV infection affects mainly elderly people in Spain and spares children and adolescents. This suggests that major exposure to HCV may have occurred many years ago, when infection was more widespread than in recent years.     

Human herpesvirus-6 infections in infants admitted to hospital

The development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is very closely associated with chronic liver disease. In the present study, the prevalence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection as a causative role in the development of HCC was analysed in 253 patients with HCC, who were admitted to our hospital during 1976–90. Among these patients, 68 (27%) were positive for HBsAg but negative for anti-HCV antibody (group I); in contrast, 147 (58%) were negative for HBsAg but positive for anti-HCV antibody (group II), 19 (7.5%) were both positive (group Ill), and 19 (7.5%) were both negative (group IV). To evaluate the serial changes in the prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody, changes in the number of patients were compared between group I and group II. The number of group I patients reached a peak during 1982–84 and was thereafter followed by a decreasing trend, whereas the number of group ll patients steadlly increased and reached a plateau over 6 recent years. These results suggest that HCV infection recently seems to play a more important role in the development of HCC than chronic HBV infection, even in the Nagasaki Prefecture, where the HBV carrier rate is higher than elsewhere in Japan. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir with or without ribavirin in elderly patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is considered as a major public health problem that, worldwide, chronically affects 170 million people. Elderly patients are more likely than younger patients to have increased duration of infection, increased rate of disease progression, and subsequently increased incidence of advanced liver disease. Natural history models predicted that the prevalence of HCV infection and its chronic sequelae as well as extrahepatic manifestations will eventually increase through the next decade and will mostly affect those who are greater than 60 years of age. Moreover, polytherapy and polypharmacy are frequent in elderly patients due to associated comorbidities. As advanced age is associated with increasing risk of development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, elderly patients are in special need of safe and effective antiviral therapies. Achievement of sustained viral responses (SVR) is associated with reduced liver-related complications and overall mortality in such patients with the advanced liver disease. With the recent introduction of interferon-free direct-acting antivirals, successful treatment for chronic HCV infection had dramatically improved, with overall cure rates that exceed 90% SVR. In our study, we aimed to study the efficacy and safety of combined sofosbuvir and daclatasvir, with or without ribavirin, in management of chronically infected HCV elderly patients who are more than 60 years old.     

HIV and the Kidney: A status report after 20 years

The first association between HIV-1 infection and kidney disease was made in 1984 and much has been learned over the past 20 years. In recent years, more effective therapies for HIV-1 infection and its associated opportunistic infections have led to improved patient survival. However, with prolonged survival, morbidity associated with renal disease has also increased. Among the multiple glomerulopathies that can affect patients with HIV, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is most common and frequently leads to end-stage renal disease. Although the precise mechanisms of HIV-associated FSGS remain to be elucidated, it appears that host genetic susceptibility, direct infection of the renal epithelium, and toxicity of one or more viral accessory protein contribute. Therapy for HIV-associated FSGS includes control of blood pressure and the use of angiotensin antagonist therapy. A randomized trial of angiotensin receptor blocker will be initiated shortly. Drug-related nephropathies are also common, manifesting as acute renal failure, nephrolithiasis, and interstitial nephritis. Tenofovir, a newer nucleoside analogue, has recently been implicated in causing tubular toxicity, although the incidence is low. Appropriate screening for renal dysfunction can minimize the likelihood of progressive renal injury in all patients with HIV-1 infection.