非综合性唇腭裂危险因素的条件logistic回归分析

目的 探索非综合征性唇腭裂患儿孕母早期接触的环境危险因素对唇腭裂发生的影响。方法 采用1∶1配对病例对照研究,对母亲孕早期接触的环境危险因素做条件logistic回归。采用EpiData 3.0建立数据库,应用SPSS 19.0软件统计、分析数据。结果 共收集252份问卷,单因素logistic 回归分析得到22个因素有统计学意义。多因素条件logistic 回归分析得到7个因素有统计学意义:母亲孕龄（P = 0.04,OR = 0.92）,文化程度（P＜0.01,OR = 11.86）,孕早期叶酸补充史（P = 0.01,OR = 0.21）,孕期钙补充史（P＜0.01,OR = 0.15）,吸烟及被动吸烟史（P＜0.01,OR = 7.62）,居住房屋新装修（半年之内）史（P = 0.01,OR = 5.41）。结论 为预防非综合性唇腭裂孕妇尽量避免吸二手烟,孕前3个月定时定量补充叶酸、钙等,避免孕早期精神压力过大。     

200例非综合征性唇腭裂危险因素调查

目的 探讨非综合征性唇腭裂发病的危险因素.方法 以非综合征性唇腭裂患儿为病例组,另设对照组进行病例对照研究.结果 非综合征性唇腭裂的发生在不同孕母年龄和不同孕母学历、不同职业间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),多因素logistic回归分析显示母亲学历低、孕早期饮酒、被动吸烟、孕早期精神压力大和家族史是非综合征性唇腭裂发病的危险因素,孕早期补充叶酸是保护因素(P＜0.05).结论 影响非综合征性唇腭裂发生的因素较多,需采取综合性的预防控制措施.     

广东省0～18岁人群恶性肿瘤发病的危险因素分析

[目的]调查分析广东省0～18岁人群恶性肿瘤发病的危险因素,为该人群恶性肿瘤的防治提供方向和思路。[方法]收集2002年12月～2005年5月广东省0～18岁恶性肿瘤病例,以病例-对照方法,用SPSS15.0统计软件进行单因素分析,选择其中有意义的因素进行多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。[结果]多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,存在母亲孕期用药史、母亲职业有害暴露、母亲不良妊娠史、父亲饮酒年限﹥10年和住房装修史者,其OR值分别为2.853(P=0.032)、3.477(P=0.000)、10.644(P=0.034)、5.853(P=0.005)和5.896(P=0.015)。[结论]母亲孕期用药史、母亲职业有害暴露、母亲不良妊娠史、父亲饮酒年限﹥10年和住房装修史是儿童青少年恶性肿瘤发病的高危因素。     

儿童智力低下危险因素的病例对照研究

目的从可能引发儿童智力低下（MR）的因素中筛选出有意义的危险因素，评价各因素在该病发生中的相对重要性，以便为MR的预防和诊治提供科学的理论依据：方法采用1：1配比的病例对照研究设计，对72对病例和对照进行现场调查，将资料录入Excel 2000建立数据库。单因素条件Logistic回归筛选后进行多因素条件Logistic逐步回归分析。结果按照α=0.1水准进行单因素分析，共筛选出21个有统计意义的可疑因素，在sle=0．1和sls=0．1水平上进行多因素逐步回归，共筛选出7个主要的危险因素，并对变量进行交互作用分析和模型拟合优度检验。结论儿童窒息史、母孕期营养状况差、孕早期B超检查史及母亲自然流产次数是MR的危险因素，地址迁移、母亲学历高和知道孕周数是MR的保护因素。应避免各种危险因素，注重提高母亲文化素质和卫生保健常识。     

山东省围产儿出生缺陷危险因素的病例对照研究

【目的】探讨山东省围产儿出生缺陷的危险因素．为提高出生人口素质提供参考依据。【方法】采用以医院为基础的1：1配比的病例对照研究方法．以统一的调查表及调查方式对341例出生缺陷儿和对照的父母进行了调查．应用SAS软件对所有调查因素进行单因素及多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。【结果】出生缺陷的主要危险因素是：多次自然流产（OR=12．72）、有既往分娩畸胎儿史（OR=10．12）、妊娠异常反应史（OR=20．10）、母亲孕期饲养宠物（OR=25．14）、感冒并发烧〉38℃（OR=20．90）、服用镇静药（OR=7．16）、解热镇痛药（OR=26．13）、激素类药（OR=11．31）、接触有机溶剂（OR=13．01）、母亲孕期有不良精神刺激（OR=12．08）、父亲接触噪声（OR=6．74）、父亲接触有机溶剂（OR=6．27）。【结论】母亲孕期饲养宠物、感冒并发烧〉38℃、服用镇静药、解热镇痛药、激素类药、接触有机溶剂、母亲孕期有不良精神刺激、多次自然流产．母亲职业为工人、农民．有既往分娩畸胎儿史、妊娠异常反应史。父亲接触噪声、接触有机溶剂等是围产儿出生缺陷的危险因素。     

青岛地区儿童哮喘影响因素病例对照研究

目的探讨儿童哮喘的影响因素。方法应用1：1配对的病例一对照研究方法，采用问卷调查方式，调查300对病例和对照儿童，并分析有关的暴露因素。结果单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，有17个因素与儿童哮喘有关联，包括父亲呼吸系统疾病史、母亲呼吸系统疾病史、家庭收入情况、特应性体质、急性呼吸道感染史、食肉习惯、海产品摄入量、是否有泡沫制品、是否装修过、厨房排烟方式、排烟效果、是否饲养宠物、家族哮喘病史、家族过敏性鼻炎史、父母食物过敏史、父母粉尘过敏史、首次发病后是否经过系统治疗。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，7个因素进入主效应模型，其中父亲有呼吸系统疾病史（OR=3．771，95％CI：1．533～9．278）、家庭低收入（OR=I．503，95％CI：1．258～1．795）、特应性体质（OR=3．788，95％CI：2．368～6．058）、喜食肥肉（OR=2．042，95％CI：1．481～2．815）、家族哮喘病史（OR=I．710，95％CI：0．988～2．958）、家族过敏性鼻炎史（OR=I．991，95％CI：1．234～3.211）是儿童哮喘的危险因素，饲养宠物（OR=0．443，95％CI：0．265～0．739）是保护因素；回归系数分别为1．327，0．407，1．332，0．714，0．536，0．689，-0．814。结论儿童哮喘是遗传和环境双重因素共同作用导致的一种复杂疾病。     

新生儿唇腭裂危险因素的病例对照研究

目的探讨唇腭裂（CLP）的发病原因。方法采用1：1配对的方法,对90例唇腭裂患儿的母亲与非唇腭裂患儿的母亲进行了对照研究,调查范围包括母亲自身危险因素和环境中的危险因素两大方面。结果在所列的7种因素中,有6种因素表现出较高的危险度,依其危险度（OR值）大小排列为：孕期接触工业毒物（9．0）,孕期使用某些化学药物（8.0）,家中饲养猫、狗等宠物（6．0）,父母近亲结婚（6．0）,孕期内受病毒感染（4．5）和孕期内喷洒农药除草剂（4．0）。结论孕期内接触有害物质是CLP的重要致病因素。     

恶性血液病危险因素病例对照研究

目的了解恶性血液病患者发病的危险因素。方法采用1：1配对病例对照研究方法，对150例恶性血液病人及150例健康对照进行问卷调查，使用条件Logistic回归模型进行分析。结果居室装修3年及以上（OR=60．89）、住所临近繁忙交通要道（OR=5．172）或化工厂（OR=25．257）、化学胶接触史（OR=13．522）、汽油接触史（OR=7．486）、农药接触史（OR=4．421）、父亲生育前饮酒吸烟（OR=2．259）、母亲生育年龄30～35岁（OR=5．891）等因素与血液病发生的差异均有统计学意义。结论恶性血液病的发生与室内外空气污染、有害物质接触史、父亲生育前饮酒吸烟、母亲生育年龄高等因素有关，应积极控制危险因素，以减少恶性血液病的发病率。     

儿童腹股沟疝发病危险因素的配对病例-对照研究

目的探讨儿童腹股沟疝发生的主要危险因素。方法采用l：1配对病例一对照研究方法，对201例0-6岁腹股沟疝患儿与对照儿童的父母进行问卷调查，采用条件Logistic回归对所收集资料进行单因素及多因素分析．计算OR值及0R值的95％CI。结果多因素分析结果表明，儿童便秘史（OR=3．520，95％CI：1．238。10．015）、啼哭不安史（OR：6．532．95％CI：2．651～16．091）、母亲孕前1个月和孕期前3个月腌制品摄入史（彻=2．529，95％CI：1．271．5．031）及贫血史（DR：6．809，95％CI：2．530~18．322）、儿童腹股沟疝家族史（OR=11．250，95％CI：4．766～26．553）与儿童腹股沟疝的发病存在显著联系。结论儿童便秘史、儿童啼哭不安史、腹股沟疝家族史、母亲孕前1个月和孕期前3个月贫血史及腌制品摄人史是儿童腹股沟疝发生的危险因素。     

婴幼儿贫血相关因素分析

目的：探讨母亲孕期盆血及婴幼儿饮食情况等对幼儿贫血的影响。方法：采用病例对照研究的方法，筛选出0－3岁贫血患儿77例为贫血组，另按年龄分层随机抽取同地区非贫血婴儿77例作为对照组，获取两组婴幼儿系统保健资料，同时回顾性追踪其母亲孕期保健资料。所得资料应用t检验，χ^2检验和Logistic回归进行分析。结果：单因素分析显示婴幼儿辅食添加种类、断乳后食品种类、既往贫血史、既往铁剂治疗史、现头围、母孕晚期血红蛋白浓度及红细胞计数与婴幼儿贫血有关。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示母亲孕晚期红细胞计数和居住地与婴幼儿贫血相关（P＜0．05）。结论：孕母晚期贫血及婴幼儿饮食结构的不合理，是婴幼儿贫血的重要影响因素。     

非综合征性唇腭裂环境危险因素病例对照研究

目的分析非综合征性唇腭裂(nsCL/P)与孕早期环境暴露因素之间的关系。方法选择在贵阳医学院附属医院和广西百色市人民医院就诊的212例nsCL/P患者作为病例组,221例外伤病人和骨折病人作为对照组。采用自行设计的调查表,通过面对面询问433例研究对象的父母亲获取问卷资料,运用单因素及多因素非条件Logis-tic回归模型分析环境危险因素与非综合征性唇腭裂的关联性。结果病例组父亲和母亲具有高中及以上文化程度的比例(37.7%,27.4%)明显低于对照组(60.6%,57.0%);病例组父亲和母亲为农民的比例(77.4%,77.8%)明显高于对照组(52.5%,52.5%);在调整了父母的文化程度和职业分布影响后,多因素分析结果显示,母亲孕早期被动吸烟(OR=1.643)、母亲孕早期感染史(OR=2.741)、父亲知晓怀孕前饮酒(OR=1.793)明显增加nsCL/P的发病风险。结论怀孕夫妇在孕早期应避免烟酒等不良嗜好并注意防止感染的发生,以减少后代患唇腭裂的风险。     

Parent's age and the risk of oral clefts

BACKGROUND: Some malformations are clearly associated with older maternal age, but the effect of older age of the father is less certain. The aim of this study is to determine the degree to which maternal age and paternal age independently influence the risk of having a child with oral clefts. METHODS: Among the 1,489,014 live births in Denmark during 1973-1996, there were 1920 children with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and 956 children with nonsyndromic cleft palate. We used logistic regression to assess the impact of parental age on the occurrence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate. Interaction between mother's and father's age was included in the analysis. RESULTS: Separate analyses of mother's and father's age showed that older age was associated with increased risk of both cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate only. In a joint analysis, both maternal and paternal ages were associated with the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate, but the contribution of each was dependent on the age of the other parent. In the analysis of cleft palate only, the effect of maternal age disappeared, leaving only paternal age as a risk factor. CONCLUSION: Both high maternal age and high paternal age were associated with cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Higher paternal age but not maternal age increased the risk of cleft palate only.     

A case-control study of nonsyndromic oral clefts in Maryland.

PURPOSE: Isolated, nonsyndromic oral clefts cases (n = 171) and unaffected controls (n = 182) were used to identify both genetic and environmental risk factors. METHODS: Infants born in Maryland between 1992 to 1998 with an isolated, nonsyndromic oral cleft [cleft lip (CL), cleft lip and palate (CLP), or cleft palate (CP)] were recruited and exposure plus family history data were collected. Controls were unaffected infants. DNA was collected from all cases and their parents, plus controls. RESULTS: No statistically significant association was found between any of the following: maternal smoking, vitamin use, urinary tract infection, or recreational drug use in either univariate analysis or after adjusting for maternal age and education. More control mothers reported alcohol use during the critical time period of pregnancy (one month before conception through the first trimester) as compared to case mothers. There was a 10-fold increase in risk to siblings of cases as compared to siblings of controls. Markers at four candidate genes were examined: transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF beta 3), MSX1, and BCL3. Only MSX1 showed significant differences in allele frequencies between CP cases and controls. MSX1 also showed significant evidence of linkage disequilibrium with a susceptibility gene controlling risk for CP. CONCLUSION: Most environmental risk factors examined here gave little evidence of association with risk to isolated, nonsyndromic oral clefts, although any alcohol consumption seemed protective. MSX1 showed evidence of linkage disequilibrium in both case-control and case-parent trio analysis.     

产前不同时期三维超声筛查胎儿唇裂的效果比较

目的 探讨产前不同时期三维超声筛查胎儿唇裂畸形的效果。方法 选择2007年8月至2014年6月在衡阳市第一人民医院进行产前检查并确诊胎儿为唇裂的孕妇31例,对其二维图像及三维成像进行对比,研究三维成像对胎儿唇裂的显示率及最佳显示时间。结果 31例唇裂中,孕14～19周5例,面部三维成像满意者3例,唇部结构清晰显示者2例（唇裂的三维超声显示率40．0％）;孕20～27周17例,面部三维成像满意或基本满意者15例,唇部结构清晰显示者15例（三维超声显示率88．2％）;孕28～34周6例,面部三维成像满意或基本满意者3例,唇部结构清晰显示者2例（三维超声显示率33．3％）;孕35周～39周3例,仅1例羊水过多患者面部三维成像满意,唇部结构显示清晰（三维超声显示率33．3％）。孕20～27周胎儿唇裂三维成像显示率明显高于孕14～19周（χ^2=5．119,P＝0．024）、28～34周（χ^2=6．933,P＝0．008）和35～39周（χ^2=4．804,P＝0．028）,差异均有统计学意义。三维成像满意显示的唇裂中Ⅰ度唇裂3例（15．0％）,Ⅱ度唇裂4例（20．0％）,Ⅲ度唇裂7例（35．0％）,唇裂合并上牙槽突裂3例（15．0％）,唇裂合并腭裂3例（15．0％）。结论 三维超声诊断胎儿唇裂存在明显的时限性,最佳时间为孕20～27周。     

Evaluation of two putative susceptibility loci for oral clefts in the Danish population

Previous studies suggest that the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL+/-P) and isolated cleft palate (CP) is influenced by genetic variation at several loci and that the relation between specific genetic variants and disease risk may be modified by environmental factors. The present study evaluated potential associations between CL+/-P and CP and two putative clefting susceptibility loci, MSX1 and TGFB3, using data from a nationwide case-control study conducted in Denmark from 1991 to 1994. The potential effects of interactions between these genes and two common environmental exposures, first trimester exposure to maternal cigarette smoke and alcohol intake, were also examined. Analyses of these data provide evidence of an association between the risk of CP and variation at the TGFB3 locus. However, there is no evidence that the risk of CL+/-P or CP is influenced by gene-environment interactions involving MSX1 or TGFB3 and either first trimester exposure to maternal cigarette smoke or alcohol consumption.     

Maternal reproductive history and the risk of isolated congenital malformations

We examined the relationship between maternal reproductive history and the newborn's risk of isolated congenital malformations in a large case-control cohort from the Polish Registry of Congenital Malformations. Congenital malformations were classified into four categories: isolated congenital heart defects (n=1673), isolated cleft palate (n=255), cleft lip with or without cleft palate (n=448) and renal agenesis (n=103). The case groups were compared with a shared group of 2068 controls recruited in the same time period and geographic area. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the risk associated with maternal gravidity and of previous miscarriages after accounting for maternal age and other potential risk factors. In unadjusted analyses, maternal gravidity was significantly associated with increased risk of all four classes of congenital malformations. After adjustment, a significant association persisted for congenital heart defects [odds ratio (OR)=1.22, [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09, 1.36], P=0.0007] and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (OR=1.21, [95% CI 1.09, 1.36], P=0.0005). A similar trend existed for isolated cleft palate (OR=1.18, [95% CI 1.02, 1.37], P=0.03). There was no appreciable increase in the risk of congenital malformations associated with a maternal history of miscarriages, but a trend for a protective effect on the occurrence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate was observed (OR=0.72, [95% CI 0.52, 0.99], P=0.045). Based on our data, maternal gravidity represents a significant risk factor for congenital heart defects and cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the newborn infant. Our data do not support an increase in risk because of past history of miscarriages.     

The contribution of maternal epilepsy and its treatment to the etiology of oral clefts: A population based case-control study

The associations between maternal epilepsy and anticonvulsant drug therapy with the risk of oral clefts in the offspring were investigated using data from a population-based case-control study. Cases included 238 infants with cleft lip ± cleft palate (CLP) and 107 infants with cleft palate (CP) ascertained through the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) between 1968 and 1980. Controls included 3029 population-based normal infants. Histories of maternal epilepsy and drug therapy during pregnancy were compared between cases and controls using maternal interviews and reviews of hospital medical records. Maternal epilepsy was associated with increased risk of nonsyndromic CLP (OR = 3.78, 95% C.I. 1.65–7.88), and less with CP (OR = 1.75, 95% C.I. 0.20–6.99). Therapy during pregnancy was associated with the greatest excess risk (CLP OR = 7.77, C.I. 2.02–26.0; CP OR = 3.61, C.I. 0.08–26.5). The use of polytherapy was associated with the highest risk (CLP OR = 10.5, C.I. 1.52–59.9). Adjustment for potential confounding variables in the study did not change these findings. In this well-defined population, maternal epilepsy and its treatment account for a small proportion of nonsyndromic oral clefts (attributable fraction CLP = 3.3%, CP = 0.9%). © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and risk of oral clefts in newborns.

The results of previous epidemiologic research on the possible association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of oral clefts in offspring have been inconsistent. This may be due in part to methodological limitations, including imprecise measurement of tobacco use, failure to consider etiologic heterogeneity among types of oral clefts, and confounding. This analysis, based on a large case-control study, further evaluated the effect of first trimester maternal smoking on oral facial cleft risk by examining the dose-response relationship according to specific cleft type and according to whether or not additional malformations were present. A number of factors, including dietary and supplemental folate intake and family history of clefts, were evaluated as potential confounders and effect modifiers. Data on 3,774 mothers interviewed between 1976 and 1992 by the Slone Epidemiology Unit Birth Defects Study were used. Study subjects were actively ascertained from sites in areas around Boston, Massachusetts and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the state of Iowa; and southeastern Ontario, Canada. Cases were infants with isolated defects--cleft lip alone (n = 334), cleft lip and palate (n = 494), or cleft palate alone (n = 244)--and infants with clefts plus (+) additional malformations: cleft lip+ (n = 58), cleft lip and palate+ (n = 140), or cleft palate+ (n = 209). Controls were infants with defects other than clefts, excluding defects possibly associated with maternal cigarette use. There were no associations with maternal smoking for any oral cleft group, except for a positive dose response among infants with cleft lip and palate+ (for light smokers, odds ratio (OR) = 1.09 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6, 1.9); for moderate smokers, OR = 1.84 (95% CI: 1.2, 2.9); and for heavy smokers, OR = 1.85 (95% CI: 1.0, 3.5), relative to nonsmokers). This finding may be related to the additional malformations rather than to the cleft itself.     

如皋市出生缺陷病因与死亡原因分析

目的评估如皋市现阶段出生缺陷主要病因及死亡原因。方法对如皋市2007年至2012年出生缺陷监测资料进行回顾性分析与阶段性比较。结果2007年至2012年出生缺陷发生率为6．04％。年平均下降0．21‰。出生缺陷前10位病因为唇裂和腭裂、多指及并指（趾）、心间隔先天畸形、马蹄内翻足、大肠先天性缺如闭锁和狭窄、先天性（外）耳道缺如闭锁和狭窄、小耳、先天性脑积水、尿道下裂、脊柱裂等,占出生缺陷总数的79．14％,其中以肌肉骨骼系统和消化系统的体表缺陷为主。出生缺陷前10位死亡原因为心间隔先天畸形、唇裂和腭裂、心脏的其他先天畸形、先天性脑积水、大肠先天性缺如、闭锁和狭窄、脑及其他短缺畸形、先天性膈疝、先天性肾盂积水、腹裂、脊柱裂等,占出生缺陷死亡数的76．58％,占出生缺陷总数的20．38％,其中以循环系统和神经系统疾病为主。出生缺陷围产期死亡率为1．45‰,婴儿期死亡率为0．74‰。叶酸增补项目对如皋市神经管畸形发生率下降作用并不明显（χ2=0．21,P〉0．05）。男孩出生缺陷发生率高于女孩（χ2=6．12,P〈0．05）,孕母年龄≥30岁出生缺陷发生率较高（χ2=6．87,P〈0．05）。结论出生缺陷发生率逐年增长的现象得到纠正,综合干预措施发挥了一定作用。建议推广应用神经系统和循环系统出生缺陷监测的方法,探索当地孕母叶酸水平等影响因素与出生缺陷的关系,并进一步落实出生缺陷三级干预措施。     

1988—1992年中国非综合征性唇腭裂发生率的动态变化

目的：了解我国1988－1992年非综合征性唇腭裂发生率的动态变化趋势及流行病学特征。方法：在1988－1992年期间,采用以医院为单位的整群抽样方法,对全国500多所医院孕28周至产后7天的4349例非综合征性唇腭裂病例进行回顾性分析。结果：我国5年非综合征性唇腭裂发生率无显著性差异,城乡发生率也无显著性差异。男性发生率为14．9／万,女性发生率为11．7/万,差异有显著性,非综合征性唇腭裂的性别比为1．3：1。三类非综合征性唇腭裂各自的发生率为：唇裂合并腭裂：7．8／万,单纯性唇裂：3．8／万,单纯性腭裂：1．8/万。结论：我国非综合征性唇腭裂发生率无变化趋势,城乡无差异。男性高于女性,唇裂合并腭裂为最常见类型。