United States life tables, 2004

This report presents period life tables for the United States based on age-specific death rates in 2004. Data used to prepare these life tables are 2004 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2004, population estimates based on the 2000 decennial census and data from the Medicare program. Presented are complete life tables by age, race, and sex. In 2004, the overall expectation of life at birth was 77.8 years, representing an increase of 0.4 year from life expectancy in 2003. Between 2003 and 2004, life expectancy increased for males and females, and for both the white and black populations. Life expectancy increased by 0.5 years (from 72.6 to 73.1) for the black population and by 0.4 year (from 77.9 to 78.3) for the white population. Both males and females in each race group experienced increases in life expectancy between 2003 and 2004. The greatest increase was experienced by black males with an increase of 0.6 year (from 68.9 to 69.5). Life expectancy increased by 0.4 year for black females (from 75.9 to 76.3), for white females (from 80.4 to 80.8), and for white males (from 75.3 to 75.7).     

United States life tables, 2002.

This report presents period life tables for the United States based on age-specific death rates in 2002. Data used to prepare these life tables are 2002 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2002, population estimates based on the 2000 decennial census and data from the Medicare program. Presented are complete life tables by age, race, and sex. In 2002 the overall expectation of life at birth was 77.3 years, representing an increase of 0.1 years from life expectancy in 2001. Between 2001 and 2002, life expectancy increased for both males and females. Life expectancy increased by 0.2 years for black males (from 68.6 to 68.8). It increased by 0.1 year for white males (from 75.0 to 75.1), for white females (from 80.2 to 80.3), and for black females (from 75.5 to 75.6).     

United States life tables, 1998.

The life tables in this report are current life tables for the United States based on age-specific death rates in 1998. Data used to prepare these life tables are 1998 final mortality statistics; July 1, 1998, population estimates; and data from the Medicare program. Presented are complete life tables by age, race, and sex. In 1998 the overall expectation of life at birth was 76.7 years, an increase of 0.2 years compared with life expectancy in 1997. Life expectancy increased from 1997 to 1998 for each of the four race-sex groups for which life expectancy is reported. Life expectancy increased for black males by 0.4 year (from 67.2 to 67.6), for black females by 0.1 year (from 74.7 to 74.8), for white males by 0.2 year (from 74.3 to 74.5), and for white females by 0.1 year (from 79.9 to 80.0).     

United States life tables, 2000.

This report presents period life tables for the United States based on age-specific death rates in 2000. Data used to prepare these life tables are 2000 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2000, population estimates based on the 1990 decennial census; and data from the Medicare program. Presented are complete life tables by age, race, and sex. In 2000 the overall expectation of life at birth was 76.9 years, representing an increase of 0.2 years from life expectancy in 1999. Between 1999 and 2000, life expectancy increased for both males and females and for both the white and black populations. Life expectancy increased by 0.4 years for black males (from 67.8 to 68.2) and by 0.2 years for white males (from 74.6 to 74.8). It increased by 0.2 years for black females (from 74.7 to 74.9) and by 0.1 year for white females (from 79.9 to 80.0).     

United States Life Tables, 2001.

This report presents period life tables for the United States based on age-specific death rates in 2001. Data used to prepare these life tables are 2001 final mortality statistics; July 1, 2001, population estimates based on the 2000 decennial census; and data from the Medicare program. Presented are complete life tables by age, race, and sex. In 2001 the overall expectation of life at birth was 77.2 years, representing an increase of 0.2 years from life expectancy in 2000. Between 2000 and 2001, life expectancy increased for both males and females and for both the white and black populations. Life expectancy increased by 0.3 years for black males (from 68.3 to 68.6) and black females (from 75.2 to 75.5). It increased by 0.1 year for white males (from 74.9 to 75.0) and white females (from 80.1 to 80.2).     

The effect of revised populations on mortality statistics for the United States, 2000.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents revised mortality statistics for the year 2000 based on April 1, 2000, population figures from the 2000 census. Death rates are presented by race, Hispanic origin, sex, age, and cause of death. Life expectancies are presented by race (white and black), sex, and age. The revised statistics are compared with previously published statistics that used July 1, 2000, postcensal population estimates based on the 1990 census. METHODS: Data in this report are based on information from all death certificates filed in the 50 States and the District of Columbia. The statistics presented in this report are computed on the basis of two sets of population figures provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. The first set includes July 1, 2000, postcensal population estimates based on the 1990 decennial census. The second set includes April 1, 2000, populations from the 2000 decennial census bridged to single race categories. RESULTS: Crude death rates were lower for all groups using the April 1, 2000, populations. Age-specific death rates were generally lower for most age groups, except for infants and the very old for which death rates were higher. Age-specific death rates for males were lower for most age groups, except infants and those 75 years and over. For females, with the exception of infants, age-specific death rates were lower. Race-specific pattems by age for the white and black populations were similar to all races combined. For the American Indian population, age-specific death rates were substantially lower for ages under 75 years. For ages 75 years and over, American Indian death rates were dramatically higher. Age-specific death rates for the Asian or Pacific Islander (API) population were higher for ages under 15 years; lower for ages 15-84 years, especially for the 15-34 year age group; and higher for those 85 years and over. For the Hispanic population, age-specific death rates were substantially lower for those age 15-34 years and higher for those age 55 years and over, especially for those age 85 years and over. For the total white and total black populations, the age-adjusted death rate was somewhat higher for males and lower for females. For API the pattern was reversed. For the American Indian and Hispanic populations, age-adjusted death rates were higher for both males and females. For the 15 leading causes of death, age-adjusted death rates based on the April 1, 2000, population figures were lower for heart disease, cancer, chronic liver disease, septicemia, diabetes, chronic lower respiratory diseases, unintentional injuries, homicide, suicide, and hypertension. Age-adjusted death rates were higher for pneumonitis, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke. Rates were unchanged for influenza and pneumonia and nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis. Life expectancy at birth was higher for the entire population and both the white and black populations using the April 1, 2000, population figures. It was 0.1 year higher for the whole population as well as for the total white and total black populations. For the total male population, life expectancy at birth was 0.1 year higher while it was 0.2 years higher for the female population. The increase in life expectancy at birth was 0.1 year for both sexes within the white and black populations. This observed gain in life expectancy at birth based on the revised population figures is reversed for life expectancy at the oldest age groups for the whole population and for males. A similar pattern is observed for both white and black males; however, the magnitude of the decline in life expectancy at older ages is much greater among black males. Among females of both race groups and the total population, there is either no change or an increase in life expectancy in the oldest age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Revised death rates and life expectancies are, in many cases, significantly different from previously published mortality statistics calculated using 1990-based postcensal estimates for 2000. Thus, previously published mortality statistics for 2000 using the 1990-based populations will not be comparable to the corresponding statistics that will be published for 2001. The data in this report will provide comparable 2000 data. Efforts are also underway to revise previously published mortality tables for 2000 as well as previously published data for 1991-99.     

On the decrease in the life expentancy of black males in Michigan.

The 1970 census reported that there were slightly more than 1 million nonwhites among Michigan''s 8,875,000 residents. Ninety-five percent of these nonwhites are black, and 75 percent live within the city limits of Detroit, compared with 10 percent of the State''s white residents. Between 1959-61 and 1969-71, life expectancy at birth increased about 1 year for black and white females, essentially remained unchanged for white males, and decreased more than 3 years for black males. In 1969-71, life expectancy was 61 years for black males, 68 years for white males, 69 years for black females, and 75 years for white females. Much of this growing disparity noted resulted from a dramatic rise in deaths of black males in the 15-44 year age group. Two-thirds of this increase was caused by a major rise in mortality from two causes--accidents and homicides. While death rates for black males decreased for a number of other leading causes, these generally remained higher than similar figures for each of the other three race-sex groups. Given current rates, one of eight black males in Michigan ultimately will die from an accident or from homicide. This probability is 1 of 17 for white males, 1 of 30 for white females, and 1 of 26 for nonwhite females. Homicides reduced the life expectancy of black males by 2.3 years, compared with 0.2 year for white males, less than 0.005 year for white females, and 0.5 year for black females. More than three-quarters of all homicides of black males in Michigan in 1973 were caused by handguns.     

Global comparative assessments of life expectancy: the impact of migration with reference to Australia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of immigration on life expectancy in Australia for the period from 1981 to 2003, and to compare life expectancy of the Australian-born population with that of other countries in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). METHODS: Standard life-table methods using age-specific all-cause mortality and population data from 1981 to 2003 were used to calculate life expectancy at birth (e0) for the total Australian population (including migrants) and for people born in Australia (excluding migrants). Mean differences in life expectancy for each sex were compared using paired t-tests. Rankings of life expectancy among OECD countries were reassessed, and rank changes measured using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. FINDINGS: Life expectancy of males and females was significantly lower in the Australian-born group than in the total Australian population. During 1981 to 2003, there was a mean difference in life expectancy of 0.41 years (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.37-0.44; t(17) = 27.0; P < 0.0001) in males and 0.29 years (95% CI: 0.26-0.31; t(17) = 27.6; P < 0.0001) in females between the Australian-born and the total population. After excluding migrant groups, Australia no longer ranked among the top five OECD countries with the highest life expectancy in the two most recent years examined. CONCLUSION: While Australia has one of the highest life expectancies in the industrialized world, this is partly attributable to immigration of populations with low rates of mortality. This effect needs to be considered in international comparative assessments of mortality levels.     

Racial and social class gradients in life expectancy in contemporary California

Life expectancy, or the estimated average age of death, is among the most basic measures of a population's health. However, monitoring differences in life expectancy among sociodemographically defined populations has been challenging, at least in the United States (US), because death certification does not include collection of markers of socioeconomic status (SES). In order to understand how SES and race/ethnicity independently and jointly affected overall health in a contemporary US population, we assigned a small-area-based measure of SES to all 689,036 deaths occurring in California during a three-year period (1999–2001) overlapping the most recent US census. Residence at death was geocoded to the smallest census area available (block group) and assigned to a quintile of a multifactorial SES index. We constructed life tables using mortality rates calculated by age, sex, race/ethnicity and neighborhood SES quintile, and produced corresponding life expectancy estimates. We found a 19.6 (±0.6) year gap in life expectancy between the sociodemographic groups with the longest life expectancy (highest SES quintile of Asian females; 84.9 years) and the shortest (lowest SES quintile of African–American males; 65.3 years). A positive SES gradient in life expectancy was observed among whites and African–Americans but not Hispanics or Asians. Age-specific mortality disparities varied among groups. Race/ethnicity and neighborhood SES had substantial and independent influences on life expectancy, underscoring the importance of monitoring health outcomes simultaneously by these factors. African–American males living in the poorest 20% of California neighborhoods had life expectancy comparable to that reported for males living in developing countries. Neighborhood SES represents a readily-available metric for ongoing surveillance of health disparities in the US.     

Nutrition-related disease and death in Zhejiang Province?

In Zhejiang province economic development and changes in nutrition appear to have increased both life expectancy and nutrition-related chronic disease morbidity. Life expectancy is longer in urban populations than in rural and in both urban and rural females. From 1997 to 2002 urban females had an average life expectancy of 81.4 years. In 2002 the estimated incidence of ischaemic heart disease was higher in rural males and females whereas diabetes mellitus was higher in urban males and females. From 1990 to 2002 lung cancer had large increases in all groups, cancers of the oesophagus and stomach increased in rural males and females, and cancer of the large intestine increased 40 per cent in urban males. In 2002 deaths from cerebrovascular disease were much higher in rural males and females. Apart from differences in lifestyle factors between urban and rural, access to medical resources may also be relevant to the differences within the province in chronic disease rates and in life expectancy.     

Life expectancy without chronic morbidity: trends in gender and socioeconomic disparities

OBJECTIVE: Life expectancy without chronic morbidity, or morbidity-free life expectancy (MFLE), was calculated to measure changes in population health status between 1989 and 2000 on the basis of gender and socioeconomic status. METHODS: Sullivan's method was used to calculate morbidity-free life expectancy. Prevalence rates for chronic morbidity were derived from the Netherlands Continuous Health Interview Survey. Four socioeconomic groups were distinguished on the basis of educational level. RESULTS: Between 1989 and 2000, total life expectancy increased for males and females and for all socioeconomic groups. Morbidity-free life expectancy decreased significantly for males (from 54.7 years to 53.9 years) and females (from 55.3 years to 51.0 years). The gap between males and females in MFLE has reversed, from 0.6 years in favor of females in 1989 to 2.9 years in favor of males in 2000. The gap between the upper and lower classes seems to have narrowed (for males from 11 years to 8.5 years and for females from 4.7 years to 4.0 years). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that morbidity-free life expectancy is falling for males and females and in all socioeconomic groups. Part of this decrease could be attributed to earlier diagnosis of chronic diseases. A widening gap in MFLE was observed between males and females in favor of males. The gap between the upper and lower socioeconomic groups seems to be narrowing.     

浙江省居民健康期望寿命分析

目的 分析浙江省居民1998、2003和2008年健康期望寿命以及年龄、性别和城乡之间的差异.方法 利用浙江省死因监测资料和浙江省卫生服务调查家庭户成员相关健康资料,采用Sullivan法计算健康期望寿命.结果 浙江省居民期望寿命、健康期望寿命和健康期望寿命比值,1998年为73.89岁、58.09岁和78.62%,2003年为75.91岁、57.76岁和76.08%,2008年为76.70岁、59.57岁和77.66%.浙江省居民期望寿命、健康期望寿命和健康期望寿命比值均随着年龄的上升而下降.女性期望寿命高于男性,男性健康期望寿命比值高于女性.城市居民期望寿命高于农村居民,但是农村居民健康期望寿命和健康期望寿命比值均高于城市居民.结论 浙江省居民期望寿命随着年份递增而递增,不同年龄、不同性别和不同地区的健康期望寿命存在差异,应采取不同卫生政策.     

Trends in dementia-free life expectancy among elderly members of a large health maintenance organization

BACKGROUND: This study examined the secular trends of life expectancy without dementia among elderly American members of a health maintenance organization, and observed if an increased life expectancy is accompanied by an increase in the duration of life with dementia. METHODS: The data derived from two chronological 9-year prospective cohort studies of members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California. The first and second cohorts included 2,702 and 2,926 people aged > or =65 years free from dementia at baseline. Life expectancy without dementia or dementia-free life expectancy (DemFLE) is defined as the average number of years a person is expected to live without dementia. Total life expectancy is equal to the sum of DemFLE and life expectancy with dementia. Estimations of DemFLE were based on mortality data and incidence of dementia, using double-decrement life tables. RESULTS: Between the first and second cohorts, all-cause mortality rates declined, while the incidence of dementia remained constant in both men and women. Among the males, total life expectancy increased at a higher rate than DemFLE. Consequently, the duration of life with dementia was extended in the second cohort. Conversely, among the females DemFLE increased at a higher rate than total life expectancy, thus the duration of life with dementia decreased in the second cohort. The median age of dementia onset was postponed by 2-3 years in the second cohort for females, and did not show any specific difference between the two cohorts in males. CONCLUSION: The trends of health expectancies suggest an extension of the duration of life with dementia for males and a compression of dementia for females. A decreased incidence of risk factors for dementia among females in the second cohort such as stroke may explain these trends.     

Years off Your Life? The Effects of Homicide on Life Expectancy by Neighborhood and Race/Ethnicity in Los Angeles County

Homicide is one of the leading causes of death in Los Angeles County and is known to be elevated in low-income urban neighborhoods and in black males. However, because homicide occurs primarily among young adults, mortality rate statistics may underrepresent its importance. We estimated the impact of homicide on life expectancy by demographic group and geographic area in Los Angeles County, 2001–2006. Life expectancy estimates were calculated using mortality records and population estimates for Los Angeles County. Cause elimination techniques were used to estimate the impact of homicide on life expectancy. Homicide was estimated to reduce life expectancy by 0.4 years for Los Angeles County residents and by 2.1 years for black males. The impact of homicide on life expectancy was higher in low-income neighborhoods. In some low-income urban neighborhoods, homicide was estimated to decrease life expectancy in black males by nearly 5 years. Homicide causes substantial reductions in life expectancy in Los Angeles County. Its impact is magnified among black males and in low-income urban areas, underscoring the need for homicide reduction in urban centers.     

广州市越秀区和荔湾区居民平均寿命及去死因寿命分析

目的了解2012年广州市户籍居民的平均寿命及主要死因的去死因寿命。方法2012年广州市越秀区和荔湾区户籍人口信息和死亡监测资料分别从2个区的疾病预防控制中心获得。死因分类按照国际疾病分类（ICD-10）进行编码。简略寿命表和去死因寿命表的编制按照蒋庆琅建立的方法进行计算。结果共分析越秀区和荔湾区户籍人口1882888人,其中男性941876人（占50．02％）,女性941012人（占49．98％）。共发生死亡13460例,其中男性7616例（占56．6％）,女性5844例（占43．4％）。总人群死因顺位前8位的分别为恶性肿瘤（死亡率为203．94／10万）、心血管疾病（165．49／10万）、呼吸系统疾病（147．22／10万）、脑血管疾病（89．54／10万）、损伤和中毒（22．99／10万）、消化道疾病（21．88／10万）、内分泌、营养和代谢性疾病（20．29／10万）以及感染性疾病（8．13／10万）。总人群的平均寿命为81．80岁,男性和女性的平均寿命分别为79．24、84．49岁。男性中主要去死因寿命损失顺位为恶性肿瘤（3．82岁）、呼吸系统疾病（2．58岁）、心血管疾病（2．42岁）、脑血管疾病（1．17岁）、损伤和中毒（O．46岁）、消化道疾病（0．32岁）、内分泌、营养和代谢性疾病（0．25岁）以及感染性疾病（0．22岁）。女性中的主要去死因寿命损失顺位为心血管疾病（2．97岁）、恶性肿瘤（2．63岁）、呼吸系统疾病（2．05岁）、脑血管疾病（1．28岁）、损伤和中毒（0．40岁）、内分泌、营养和代谢性疾病（0．33岁）、消化道疾病（0．30岁）和感染性疾病（O．08岁）。结论广州市居民的平均寿命呈增加趋势,女性平均寿命高于男性。慢性非传染性疾病是影响居民寿命的主要因素。     

Life expectancy at birth: impact of variation in mortality by age group and cause of death in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil

This study investigated the impact of variation in mortality by age group and cause of death on gains in life expectancy at birth in the city of Campinas, S?o Paulo State, Brazil, in 1991, 2000, and 2005. Life tables were constructed. Pollard's method was used to estimate the contributions by age group and cause of death on gains in life expectancy. In 1991-2000, the age group that most contributed was 0-1 year (31.1% for males and 22.9% for females). In 2000-2005, 79% of the gain for males was the result of mortality improvements in the 15-44-year bracket. Cardiovascular diseases made the largest contribution in 1991-2000 (66.1% for males and 43.5% for females). A loss in longevity was seen in men (1.1 year) resulting from increased mortality from external causes. In 2000-2005, the substantial gain (2.3 year) in male life expectancy was due to a reduction in mortality from external causes. Neoplasms had a negative effect on the gain (0.11 year for males and 0.15 for females). These findings should help support public health policies to reduce mortality risks and increase life expectancy.     

中国肢体残疾人口预期寿命研究

目的 估算中国肢体残疾人口预期寿命.方法 基于2007-2010年监测肢体残疾人口平均死亡率,使用生命表方法 估算不同特征人口预期寿命及其标准误(s-x).结果 (1)肢体残疾人口女性预期寿命高于男性,女性和男性0岁预期寿命分别是63岁(s-x=2.6)和55岁(s-x=3.1);(2)35～50岁人口预期寿命城镇高于农村;(3)轻度肢体残疾人口预期寿命高于重度残疾人口,0岁预期寿命分别为62.5岁(s-x=2.4)和42岁(s-x=5.4);(4)肢体残疾人口预期寿命低于中国普通人群,男性和女性0岁预期寿命差距分别为17.1岁和12.7岁.结论 中国肢体残疾人口死亡水平较高,需要采取措施提高其预期寿命.

Abstract：

Objective To estimate the life expectancy of persons with physical disabilities in China based on data related to representative national disability.Methods Life table technique was used to estimate the life expectancy and its standard error by various characteristics on the basis of average mortality rates from the monitoring cases during 2007-2010.Results (1)Females were expected to live longer than males.The life expectancy at birth for females was 63 years with standard error(SE)=2.6 while for males it was 55 years(SE=3.1).(2)Persons aged 35-50 in urban areas had higher life expectancy than those in rural areas.(3)Life expectancy of persons with mild disability [62.5 years(SE=2.4)] was higher than that of persons with severe disability[42 years(SE=5.4)].(4)Life expectancies of persons with physical disability were much lower than that of the Chinese general population.Gaps of male and female life expectancy at birth were 17.1 years and 12.7 years,respectively.Conclusion Persons with physical disability had higher mortality and actions should be taken to improve their life expectancy,accordingly.     

Stratification of Fat‐Free Mass Index Percentiles for Body Composition Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Bioelectric Impedance Data

Background: Loss of protein mass and lower fat‐free mass index (FFMI) are associated with longer length of stay, postsurgical complications, and other poor outcomes in hospitalized patients. Normative data for FFMI of U.S. populations do not exist. This work aims to create a stratified FFMI percentile table for the U.S. population using the large bioelectric impedance analysis data obtained from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Methods: Fat‐free mass (FFM) was calculated from the NHANES III bioelectric impedance analysis and anthropometric data for males and females ages 12 to >90 years for 3 race/ethnicities (non‐Hispanic white, non‐Hispanic black, and Mexican American). FFM was normalized by subject height to create an FFMI distribution table for the U.S. population. Selected percentiles were obtained by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Data were collapsed by race/ethnicity before and after removing obese and underweight participants to create an FFMI decile table for males and females 12 years and older for the healthy‐weight U.S. population. Results: FFMI increased during adolescent growth but stabilized in the early 20s. The FFMI deciles were similar by race/ethnicity, with age group remaining relatively stable between ages 25 and 80 years. The FFMI deciles for males and females were significantly different. Conclusions: After eliminating the obese and extremely thin, FFMI percentiles remain stable during adult years allowing creation of age‐ and race/ethnicity‐independent decile tables for males and females. These tables allow stratification of individuals for nutrition intervention trials to depict changing nutrition status during medical, surgical, and nutrition interventions.     

Improving the health of Australians

By international standards, Australians enjoy good health. Life expectancy in Australia is among the highest in the world, and has increased significantly over the past 20 years. Between 1983 and 2003, the health of Australian males had increased by 6 years, to 78 years, and the life expectancy of Australian females had increased by 4 years, to 83 years.