经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术的研究现状

外科手术是低中危的二尖瓣反流(MR)患者的黄金标准治疗方法,但许多患者因围术期风险过大禁忌外科手术。近年来,MR在高龄高危手术风险患者中的患病率越来越高,多项临床研究证实了经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复为MR最重要、最广泛的治疗手段,具有较高的安全性、有效性以及耐久性。目前许多其他经导管二尖瓣修复技术正在研发中,并处于研究阶段,期待越来越多的经导管二尖瓣修复技术问世,给治疗MR带来新的选择。     

经导管二尖瓣置换治疗原发性二尖瓣反流的研究进展

二尖瓣反流(MR)是老龄化社会中最常见的心脏瓣膜疾病，由二尖瓣膜自身结构或功能改变引发的原发性MR是MR的一大类。体外循环下二尖瓣修复或置换是原发性MR的标准临床治疗方案，但其适应证窄、风险高且术后并发症多。经导管二尖瓣置换术(TMVR)很大程度上解决了药物治疗无效性和手术治疗高风险性的问题，成为原发性MR治疗的重要手段。TMVR设备大多处于早期安全性评估和可行性临床试验阶段，二尖瓣结构的复杂性也使TMVR治疗方法面临诸多挑战，人工二尖瓣的密封性、持久性以及左心室流出道阻塞和潜在血栓的形成均为TMVR技术难点。现综述目前用于原发性MR治疗的各类人工二尖瓣装置及相关研究进展。     

经导管介入治疗二尖瓣和三尖瓣反流的进展

二尖瓣反流和三尖瓣反流是常见的心脏瓣膜病,其患病率随着年龄的增加而不断升高,严重的二尖瓣反流和三尖瓣反流明显降低患者的生存率。手术治疗是解决瓣膜反流的主要方法,经导管治疗的出现为需要外科手术的患者提供了新的治疗选择。近年来经导管瓣膜介入治疗发展势头迅猛,本文将对经导管介入治疗二尖瓣反流和三尖瓣反流的进展进行系统综述。     

心脏瓣膜病治疗：经导管瓣膜治疗的适应人群——2020年ACC/AHA瓣膜病管理指南解读和思考

［摘要］　经导管瓣膜治疗以其“微创”优势,早期应用于外科手术禁忌或高风险患者。在随后与传统外科手术或当前最佳药物治疗对比的随机对照试验中,经导管瓣膜治疗的安全性和有效性逐步得到证实。近20年来,随着经导管瓣膜治疗的器械大量涌现,技术不断发展,经导管瓣膜治疗也逐渐开始挑战外科手术中低风险人群和解剖条件更为复杂瓣膜,并取得了不俗成绩。为此,该文结合国内外最新研究进展和2020年美国心脏病学会（ACC）/美国心脏协会（AHA）瓣膜病管理指南,主要就经导管瓣膜治疗适应人群进行探讨。     

主动脉瓣狭窄与二尖瓣反流——联合瓣膜病在介入时代的临床思考

重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者出现左室压力增大、左心室肥厚时,往往合并有不同程度的二尖瓣反流。外科主动脉瓣置换的同时,进行二尖瓣修复或置换,使手术风险增加。部分二尖瓣反流在主动脉瓣狭窄解除后有所改善,但术后仍存在中、重度二尖瓣反流的患者预后较差。经导管主动脉瓣置入术(TAVI)与经导管二尖瓣钳夹术(MitraClip)或经导管二尖瓣置入术(TMVI)为外科手术高危的重度主动脉瓣狭窄合并重度二尖瓣反流患者提供了一种侵入性更小的治疗手段。在心脏瓣膜病进入经导管介入治疗的时代,联合瓣膜病患者应如何选择适当的治疗策略值得深入探讨。     

经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术的研究新进展

二尖瓣关闭不全（mitral regurgitation,MR）是临床最常见的心脏瓣膜病之一,二尖瓣修复术是治疗MR最常用的手术方法。其中,经导管缘对缘二尖瓣修复术（transcatheter mitral valve edge-to-edge repair,TEER）是具有外科手术高危性的MR患者的一种重要治疗方法。随着研究的进展及科技的进步,TEER手术的适应证、禁忌证及手术器械等方面,都取得了一些新进展。本文主要就TEER的手术原理、适应证、禁忌证、手术器械研发及预后影响因素等方面进行综述。     

经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术的发展历史、应用现状和未来展望

二尖瓣反流(MR)是最常见的心脏瓣膜病变。目前, 经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术(TEER)已成为MR经导管治疗的重要方案, 为广大无法接受外科手术或外科手术风险高的MR患者提供了微创治疗方式。TEER的适应证已逐渐从退行性MR拓展到功能性MR, TEER相关器械也取得了长足的进步, 其代表产品MitraClip已经演变至第4代;在亚洲地区TEER器械的研发也在如火如荼地开展, 我国就有数十款TEER器械正在进行临床试验。TEER快速发展的同时也带来了相应的挑战, 如适应证的选择以及术者的培训等。该文对TEER的发展历史、应用现状和未来前景作一综述。     

经导管二尖瓣修复治疗二尖瓣反流所致心力衰竭的进展与展望

二尖瓣关闭不全主要是由于瓣膜的异常所导致的原发性或退化性的二尖瓣反流（mitral valve regurgitation,MR）,也可由继发性心肌病变引起功能性、继发性MR。药物治疗可以缓解相应症状,但却无法阻止病程进展。目前,尽管有明确的指南建议对伴有左心功能不全症状和体征的中至重度（NYHA分级超过Ⅲ级）MR患者进行手术,但由于种种客观与主观的原因大多数严重MR患者仍没有接受手术。随着经导管二尖瓣介入手术修复治疗的蓬勃发展,目前的经导管二尖瓣修复治疗的理念主要来源于外科修复技术,分别以缘对缘、人工腱索修复、人工瓣环成形等方式为代表,有不同种类的器械进入临床,取得了良好的效果。经导管介入治疗MR为二尖瓣手术高危患者提供了新的选择。本文将综述手术治疗MR所致心力衰竭的新进展。     

经导管主动脉瓣置入手术在主动脉瓣狭窄合并二尖瓣反流治疗中的疗效分析

目的:分析经导管主动脉瓣置入术在主动脉瓣狭窄合并二尖瓣反流(MR)的疗效。方法:选取我院就诊的主动脉瓣狭窄合并MR流患者31例,所有患者均行经导管主动脉瓣置入术,按照患者的MR流严重程度分为A组(轻度)和B组(中度、重度)。比较两组的并发症发生率、术后1个月的LVEF、LVEDD、MR和NYHA分级,比较两组在术后1个月、3个月时的死亡率和生活质量。结果:两组的各并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组在术后1个月时的LVEF和日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分均明显高于B组(P<0.05);A组在术后1个月时的死亡率、LVEDD、MR和NYHA分级明显低于B组(P<0.05);两组患者在术后3个月时的死亡率和ADL评分均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:经导管主动脉瓣置入手术可用于主动脉瓣狭窄合并不同程度MR流患者的治疗中,反流的严重程度对患者远期死亡率和生活质量恢复的影响较小。     

国产JensClip经导管修复系统治疗退行性二尖瓣反流1例

二尖瓣反流（MR）是我国常见的心脏瓣膜疾病,其患病率随着年龄的增长而增加,大多数患者伴有心脏或非心脏的合并症。经导管二尖瓣缘对缘修复术（TEER）已成为指南推荐的、安全有效的治疗方案,用于治疗严重的原发性或继发性MR患者。随着我国TEER技术的快速发展和成熟,相关器械已得到研发并获批开展临床试验,其中包括我国自主设计和制造的JensClip系统,其独特的滑块锁定设计实现了二尖瓣夹锁定模式的创新。现报道JensClip用于治疗退行性MR(DMR)患者1例。     

Papillary muscle rupture after transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Catheter-induced mitral regurgitation (MR) caused by mitral papillary muscle rupture can be a fatal complication of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). We report a case involving an 89-year-old man who presented with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. In addition, preoperative echocardiography showed accessory mitral valve tissue. Although moderate MR developed immediately after TAVI, severe MR caused by anterolateral papillary muscle rupture occurred 3 months after TAVI. As only a few case series have been published, our case report adds to the evidence base for this treatment strategy.     

Short-Term Results of Transapical Transcatheter Mitral Valve Implantation for Mitral Regurgitation

Background

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most common valvular heart disease, and mitral valve surgery is the gold standard therapy for severe MR. Many patients with severe MR are not referred for surgery because of old age, comorbidities, or severe left ventricular dysfunction. Transcatheter mitral valve implantation may be a better therapeutic option for these high-risk patients with severe symptomatic MR.

Objectives

This study sought to describe the first-in-man series of transapical mitral valve implantation for mitral regurgitation with the TIARA device.

Methods

Extensive preclinical ex vivo and animal studies were conducted with the transapical mitral valve implantation of the Tiara system. The first 2 cases of human implantation were successfully performed in a 73-year-old man and a 61-year-old woman with severe functional MR. Both patients were in New York Heart Association class IV heart failure with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction, pulmonary hypertension, and additional comorbidities.

Results

The valve was implanted uneventfully in both patients. General anesthesia and transapical access were used. Patients were hemodynamically stable with no need for cardiopulmonary bypass. Immediately after implantation, systemic arterial pressure and stroke volume increased and pulmonary pressure decreased dramatically. There were no intraoperative complications, and both patients were extubated in the operating room. Post-procedural echocardiograms at 48 h, 1 month, and 2 months demonstrated excellent prosthetic valve function with a low transvalvular gradient and no left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. There was a trivial paravalvular leak in the first patient at 48 h, which was completely resolved at subsequent studies; no paravalvular leak occurred in the second patient.

Conclusions

Transapical transcatheter mitral valve implantation is technically feasible and can be performed safely. Early hemodynamic performance of the prosthesis was excellent. Transcatheter mitral valve implantation may become an important treatment option for patients with severe MR who are at high operative risk.     

Percutaneous Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement: First-in-Human Experience With a New Transseptal System

Background

Severe mitral regurgitation (MR) conveys significant morbidity and mortality, and surgical repair or replacement may not be a desirable option.

Thrombotic Risk and Antithrombotic Strategies After Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement

Severe mitral regurgitation (MR) is fairly common in the general population and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although surgical mitral valve (MV) repair and replacement are well established treatment options for MV disease, as much as one-half of patients with severe, symptomatic MR are not referred for surgery due to prohibitive procedural risk. Novel transcatheter alternatives are therefore being developed to provide an alternative treatment for these patients. A growing experience with transcatheter MV replacement (TMVR) strategies is accumulating and promising early results have been reported. However, the risk of transcatheter heart valve (THV) thrombosis seems to be relevant after TMVR, potentially higher than that observed after transcatheter aortic valve replacement, and routine anticoagulant therapy appears to be necessary to mitigate this risk. Hereafter, the authors: 1) review available evidence on thrombotic risk after TMVR (including new dedicated THVs for native MV, valve-in-valve, valve-in-ring, and valve-in-mitral annular calcification); and 2) discuss the antithrombotic treatment strategies after TMVR.     

Urgent transcatheter aortic valve replacement for severe acute aortic regurgitation following open mitral valve surgery

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is not currently approved for pure native valve aortic incompetence, and is typically performed on a compassionate basis in selected patients who are at high risk for conventional surgery. We describe the first use of TAVR to treat iatrogenic severe acute pure aortic incompetence following mitral valve surgery. A 71‐year‐old gentleman developed life‐threatening acute aortic regurgitation (AR) within hours of a very challenging fifth open heart mitral valve replacement. Careful inspection of echocardiographic and computed tomographic imaging identified the cause as a disrupted left coronary cusp at the commissure caused by the surgical mitral annular reconstruction. Medical management with afterload reduction failed with recurrent pulmonary edema, and a sixth open heart surgery was deemed prohibitively high risk. The lack of aortic annular calcium onto which anchors a transcatheter valve was a concern for TAVR. However, we postulated that the struts of the mitral valve bioprosthesis would offer some support to the TAVR valve. We opted for a self‐expanding system because of concerns about potential unfavorable interaction between the balloon onto which balloon‐expandable bioprosthesis is mounted and the struts of the mitral bioprosthesis, and because the Evolut R system has additional anchoring points at the crown which might enhance transcatheter valve stability in the non‐calcified annulus, compared with the Edwards Sapien system. Transfemoral TAVR, performed with a Medtronic Evolut R 34 mm system under general anesthesia and using moderately rapid ventricular pacing, was successful with minimal residual AR. On follow‐up 1 month later the patient was asymptomatic, and the aortic and mitral bioprostheses were functioning normally on echocardiogram.     

二尖瓣反流经导管介入微创治疗新进展

随着微创及介入治疗技术在心脏瓣膜病的治疗中不断发展,心脏瓣膜病治疗的适应证逐渐扩大,尤其在二尖瓣反流的介入治疗领域,各项实验技术成果在动物及临床实验当中取得显著效果。现介绍二尖瓣反流经导管介入治疗的新进展,并针对当前研究热点,重点对有关技术的临床研究进展做一综述。     

A systematic approach for transcatheter mitral valve edge-to-edge repair of isolated commissure prolapse

Although transcatheter mitral valve edge-to-edge repair (TEER) has been widely used for non-central degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR), few reports have described therapeutic strategies for commissure prolapse. Furthermore, no standard approach for TEER for commissure has established. Thus, we categorized various grasping strategies into three patterns, and proposed a promising systematic strategy to observe three possible grasping patterns for identifying appropriate grasping target. Here, we report a successful TEER case of isolated posterior commissure prolapse in which we used a systematic approach.     

Comparison of different transcatheter interventions for treatment of mitral regurgitation: A protocol for a network meta-analysis

Background:The arrival of transcatheter mitral valve therapies has provided feasible and safe alternatives to medical and surgical treatments for mitral regurgitation. The aim of this study is to estimate the relative efficacy and safety of different transcatheter mitral valve therapies for mitral regurgitation patients through network meta-analysis.Methods:A systematic search will be performed using PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure to include random controlled trials and nonrandom controlled trials comparing the efficacy and safety of different transcatheter mitral valve techniques. The risk of bias for the included nonrandom controlled studies will be evaluated according to Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions. For random controlled trials, we will use Cochrane Handbook version 5.1.0 as the risk of bias tool. A Bayesian network meta-analysis will be conducted using R-4.0.3 software. Grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation will be used to assess the quality of evidence.Results:The results of this network meta-analysis will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication.Conclusion:This study will provide broad evidence of efficacy and safety of different transcatheter mitral valve therapies for treatment of mitral regurgitation and provide suggestions for clinical practice and future research.Protocol registration number:INPLASY2020110034.     

Nonsurgical pulmonary valve replacement: Why,when, and how?

Percutaneous transcatheter interventions for valve replacement or implantation is one of the most exciting developments in the field of interventional cardiology. Valvular stenosis has been treated by balloon dilatation with early and late results; however, treatment for valvular regurgitation has remained surgical until now. Most new designs have been investigated for implantation of valves in the left or right ventricular outflow tracts. Patients with surgery on the right ventricular outflow tract for congenital heart disease constitute the most common group for reoperations during late follow-up. Surgical pulmonary valve replacement can be performed with low mortality; however, it sets up a substrate for future operations. Also, the risk of cardiopulmonary bypass, infection, bleeding, and ventricular dysfunction remains. A transcatheter technique is likely to have more acceptance and may expand the indications for early intervention for right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction.