实时三维超声心动图临床应用及其进展

目的:探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)临床应用价值.方法:复习最近国外关于RT-3DE临床应用的研究文章,进行总结归类.结果:RT-3DE可从不同的角度观察心内结构的立体形态,更直观地显示心内结构及其毗邻关系,实时显示心脏正常与病变结构的立体形态及动态变化,从而为临床疾病诊断与治疗提供更为丰富的诊断信息,尤其对心脏空间立体构型改变诊断价值更大.结论:RT-3DE能够较好鉴别诊断常见的先天性心脏病、常见的瓣膜疾病、评估心脏腔室容积以及检测心脏肿物等,值得进一步深入研究和推广应用.     

造影超声心动图在心脏肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

心脏肿瘤的临床诊断、治疗决策和预后判断高度依赖超声心动图等影像学检查.常规超声心动图对心脏肿瘤与心脏非肿瘤性占位病变的鉴别以及对心脏肿瘤的良、恶性鉴别能力有限.造影超声心动图利用微气泡进行血流示踪,能使心脏占位显示得更为清晰,提高了超声对心脏肿瘤的诊断准确率;心肌声学造影技术(MCE)还能观察占位内部的血供情况,从而有助于定性诊断心脏肿瘤的良恶性,有重要的临床应用价值.     

心电信号预测冠心病的粗糙集方法

应用粗糙集理论对心电图波形所蕴涵的大量信息进行处理，目的是评价心电信号实测指标与冠心病的关系。通过对心电图导联I中采集的心电信号进行属性约简，降低决策表的冗余性，提取用于判别冠心病的重要属性和诊断规则。实例分析表明，粗糙集理论应用于心电信号分析，可得到清晰简明的诊断规则，有助于冠心病的临床诊断。     

超声新技术在胎儿心脏产前筛查中的应用

复杂先天性心脏畸形在产前期诊断困难,二维超声心动图是产前诊断的基本检查方法.近年来,三维超声心脏容积信息联合应用二维超声影像技术,通过表面成像、反转成像、断层显像等一系列后处理技术,开辟了先天性心脏畸形产前检查的全新视角.三维胎儿心脏超声的迅速发展促进了临床诊断的应用.通过电影回放和时间-空间相关成像等动态显示模式,三维、四维胎儿超声心动图可实时动态显示胎儿心脏三维容积信息,更直观显示心房、心室和大动脉的解剖结构和空间关系,并能评估胎儿心脏容积,测算射血分数和每搏量,更全面的评价胎儿心脏的功能,为出生后的进一步处理提供理论依据。再者,新技术的利用,更能发现一些心脏畸形,提高优生优育。     

原发性心脏肿瘤术前超声心动图诊断与术后病理诊断的一致性

目的探讨原发性心脏肿瘤术前超声心动图诊断与术后病理诊断的一致性。方法收集2017年1月～2021年2月中国科学技术大学附属第一医院诊断并行心脏原发性肿瘤切除的128例患者的临床病理资料,以术后病理诊断结果为标准,将术前超声心动图诊断结果与之对照分析。结果术前超声心动图诊断:心脏恶性肿瘤2例,良性肿瘤126例。良性肿瘤中黏液瘤103例、脂肪瘤1例,另有22例未能明确肿瘤类型。术后病理诊断:恶性肿瘤(均为肉瘤)3例,良性肿瘤125例。良性肿瘤中黏液瘤119例、脂肪瘤5例、血管瘤1例。良性肿瘤术前超声心动图诊断与术后病理诊断的吻合率为99.2%,误诊率为0.8%,术前超声心动图良性肿瘤检出敏感度为100%。其中黏液瘤的术前超声心动图诊断和术后病理诊断吻合率为100%,检出敏感度为86.55%;脂肪瘤吻合率为100%,检出敏感度为20%;血管瘤的心脏超声未检出,敏感度为0;恶性心脏肿瘤吻合率为100%,检出敏感度为66.67%。术前心脏超声心动图诊断肿瘤良、恶性与术后病理诊断的Kappa值为0.796。结论超声心动图诊断心脏原发性肿瘤的良、恶性与病理诊断具有极好的一致性,尤其对黏液瘤的检出敏感度高,而对于其他类型的临床相对少见肿瘤,检出敏感度较低。     

心肺联合超声在新冠肺炎中的诊断价值

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)可引起心肺病变,导致新冠肺炎(COVID-19),且传播速度快,感染率及致死率高。超声能快速、便捷地判断肺部病变,了解心脏结构、功能和血流动力学信息,心肺联合超声可对新型冠状病毒肺炎患者进行诊断,指导临床诊治、判断疗效以及评估预后。本文就心肺联合超声在新冠肺炎中的应用进行综述,以期为新冠肺炎的诊治提供参考。     

超声心动图辅助诊断系统的研究开发

目的 研究开发超声心动图计算机辅助诊断系统,提高超声心动图工作者的工作效率,使超声心动图诊断结果 更科学、合理和规范.方法 应用Macromedia Flash Professional为开发工具,以权威性专业协会组织最新发布的诊断指南或建议为蓝本,设计出多功能和多用途的辅助诊断软件,并根据临床实践使用中的反馈信息对系统进行完善.结果 系统能够与超声心动图检查同步进行;简便快捷地完成对心脏构型超声测量值的标准化处理和分级判断;能够实现负荷和造影超声心动图、瓣膜病变以及室壁运动等各种定量评级和评分过程;出具规范化的文字报告并能以彩色示意图形式直观地显示评判结果 .系统内置的测量示意图和演示动画有助于超声心动图的临床教学.结论 超声心动图计算机辅助诊断系统能够使诊断结果 更科学、合理和规范;使诊断工作更省时、高效,可以用于临床、科研和教学,具有较高的推广应用价值.     

彩超对胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤的诊断价值

目的提高对胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤的认识,评价彩色多普勒超声在胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法对近10年来围产儿诊断为胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤8例病例进行随访或引产后进行尸检,回顾性分析该病变的超声特征。结果 8例胎儿彩色多普勒超声均发现心房或心室腔内不同部位单个或多个等回声或强回声光团,直径5.6 mm×5.3 mm～16 mm×28mm,回声均匀,境界清晰,侵犯室间隔及室壁,部分侵及房室瓣口及左室流出道。结论彩色多普勒超声可对胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤准确定位、诊断并随访。     

颈动脉超声对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病评估价值研究

目的:探讨颈动脉超声对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病评估价值。方法:选择2018年2月至2019年9月的疑似冠心病患者107例进行研究。患者入组后均行冠状动脉造影剂颈动脉超声检查,根据冠状动脉造影结果将患者分为阴性组(n=33)、单支病变组(n=31)、双支病变组(n=27)及三支病变组(n=16)。对比各组血管内中膜厚度(Intimate-media thickness,IMT))、脉搏波传导速度(Pulse wave velocity,PWV)及硬度指数β(Lβ),并将颈动脉超声参数与冠状动脉病变程度进行相关性分析进行相关性分析。以ROC法评估各指标诊断价值。结果:不同组患者IMT、PWV及Lβ对比差异均具有统计学意义,且均随病变严重程度增加而增加(P0.05)。各颈动脉超声参数与冠状动脉病变支数呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。ROC分析结果显示:联合诊断灵敏度和特异度均显著高于单独诊断(P0.05)。结论:颈动脉超声检查IMT、PWV及Lβ对冠状动脉心脏病均有较高的诊断灵敏度、特异度,联合诊断后灵敏度、特异度更高。     

孕39周胎儿心脏多发性横纹肌瘤尸检报告一例及文献复习

目的探讨胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤的超声诊断及病理特征。方法对1例胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤进行尸检，结合文献回顾性分析该病变的超声表现及病理特征。结果超声心动图发现右心室腔内3个强回声实质性占位，呈圆球状或椭圆状，境界清晰，病理结构为横纹肌细胞，为典型的“蜘蛛细胞”。结论胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤极罕见，超声心动图可发现胎儿心脏横纹肌瘤并准确定位，但病理检查才能最后确诊。     

Improvement in the diagnosis of abscesses associated with endocarditis by transesophageal echocardiography

BACKGROUND. Echocardiography is recognized as the method of choice for the noninvasive detection of valvular vegetations in patients with infective endocarditis, with transesophageal echocardiography being more accurate than transthoracic echocardiography. The diagnosis of associated abscesses by transthoracic echocardiography is difficult or even impossible in many cases, however, and it is not known whether transesophageal echocardiography is any better. METHODS. To determine the value of transesophageal echocardiography in the detection of abscesses associated with endocarditis, we studied prospectively by two-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography 118 consecutive patients with infective endocarditis of 137 native or prosthetic valves that was documented during surgery or at autopsy. RESULTS. During surgery or at autopsy, 44 patients (37.3 percent) had a total of 46 definite regions of abscess. Abscesses were more frequent in aortic-valve endocarditis than in infections of other valves, and the infecting organism was more often staphylococcus (52.3 percent of cases) in patients with abscesses than in those without abscesses (16.2 percent). The hospital mortality rate was 22.7 percent in patients with abscesses, as compared with 13.5 percent in patients without abscesses. Whereas transthoracic echocardiography identified only 13 of the 46 areas of abscess, the transesophageal approach allowed the detection of 40 regions (P less than 0.001). Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of abscesses associated with endocarditis were 28.3 and 98.6 percent, respectively, for transthoracic echocardiography and 87.0 and 94.6 percent for transesophageal echocardiography; positive and negative predictive values were 92.9 and 68.9 percent, respectively, for the transthoracic approach and 90.9 and 92.1 percent for the transesophageal approach. Variation between observers was 3.4 percent for transthoracic and 4.2 percent for transesophageal echocardiography. CONCLUSIONS. The data indicate that transesophageal echocardiography leads to a significant improvement in the diagnosis of abscesses associated with endocarditis. The technique facilitates the identification of patients with endocarditis who have an increased risk of death and permits earlier treatment.     

A Fast Region-Based Active Contour Model for Boundary Detection of Echocardiographic Images

This paper presents the boundary detection of atrium and ventricle in echocardiographic images. In case of mitral regurgitation, atrium and ventricle may get dilated. To examine this, doctors draw the boundary manually. Here the aim of this paper is to evolve the automatic boundary detection for carrying out segmentation of echocardiography images. Active contour method is selected for this purpose. There is an enhancement of Chan–Vese paper on active contours without edges. Our algorithm is based on Chan–Vese paper active contours without edges, but it is much faster than Chan–Vese model. Here we have developed a method by which it is possible to detect much faster the echocardiographic boundaries. The method is based on the region information of an image. The region-based force provides a global segmentation with variational flow robust to noise. Implementation is based on level set theory so it easy to deal with topological changes. In this paper, Newton–Raphson method is used which makes possible the fast boundary detection.     

以造影增强磁共振血管成像术诊断先天性主动脉弓畸形

目的评价造影增强磁共振血管成像术（CE-MRA）对先天性主动脉弓畸形的诊断准确性并与超声心动图等比较。方法413例先天性主动脉弓畸形病例在1999年4月到2004年12月期间做了CE-MRA检查。年龄5d～11岁，平均年龄2.4岁。检查使用1.5T磁共振扫描仪。对比剂gadolinium-DTPA，剂量0.2mmol／kg体质量，手动静脉注射。磁共振检查前均已做心脏超声检查。结果在413例中，动脉导管未闭（PDA）166例，主动脉缩窄（COA）168例，主动脉弓中断（IAA）31例，双主动脉弓等其他先天性主动脉弓畸形48例。全部413例均经手术和／或X线心血管造影证实。CE-MRA的诊断准确率为97.3％（402／413），心脏超声检查的诊断准确率为87.2％（360／413）。结论对于先天性主动脉弓畸形，CE-MRA是可靠的影像学检查方法，不仅优于心脏超声检查，有时CE-MRA甚至能比传统的X线心血管造影术提供更多的诊断信息。     

心肌声学造影在冠状动脉微血管疾病中的临床应用进展

冠状动脉微血管疾病是心肌微循环异常的临床综合征,其出现打破了以往对心脏疾病认识的局限,正引起越来越多的关注。心肌声学造影是评估心肌微循环灌注情况的新技术,有望成为该病的重要检查方法。本文简要综述心肌声学造影的作用机制、冠状动脉微血管疾病的相关概念以及心肌声学造影在冠状动脉微血管疾病的临床诊断、治疗及预后评估方面的作用。     

经胸超声心动描记术在房间隔缺损封堵中的作用

目的探讨超声心动描记术在房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵术术前诊断筛选、术中监测指导、术后随访评价中的作用。方法 11例中央型ASD患者,其中男性4例,女性7例;年龄4～65岁,平均年龄29岁。术前应用彩色多普勒超声心动描记术经胸观察、测量ASD大小、位置及与周围组织结构的关系,并观察周缘软硬情况,选择封堵器型号。术中监测封堵过程、观察封堵器的牢固性,彩色多普勒观察有无残余分流,术后进行随访。结果术前检查ASD大小5～34mm,术中选用的封堵器大小8～38mm,所有患者手术顺利完成,无并发症发生,经3个月以上的随访,封堵器固定牢固,无脱落,无残余分流。结论超声心动描记术在ASD封堵术术前诊断筛选、术中监测指导、术后随访评价中发挥了重要作用。     

应用右心超声造影诊断无顶冠状静脉窦综合征

目的探讨右心超声造影对无顶冠状静脉窦综合征（UCSS）的诊断意义,提高对该病的诊断率。方法选择2005年3月~2012年6月在内蒙古医科大学附属医院收治并手术UCSS患者12例,其中男性8例,女性4例;年龄16～34岁,平均年龄22.08岁。与其手术结果对照,回顾性分析其二维超声心动图与右心超声造影表现。结果 12例患者行常规经胸超声心动图检查正确诊断5例,漏诊7例,符合率41.67%;同时应用右心超声造影符合率为83.33%;所有患者全部经手术证实。9例UCSS合并永存左上腔静脉患者的右心超声造影的影像学显影顺序与3例单纯UCSS患者存在不同。结论常规经胸超声图怀疑冠状静脉窦间隔缺损的存在时,应用右心超声造影检查可以提高诊断率,避免漏诊。超声造影对该病诊断具有重要意义。     

Layer-specific assessment of left ventricular function by utilizing wavelet de-noising: a validation study

Regional myocardial function assessment is essential for diagnosis and evaluation of heart disease. The purpose of this study was to enhance the spatial resolution of a speckle tracking echocardiography approach and enable layer-specific analysis of the myocardium. Following validation with software-implemented and mechanical phantoms versus imposed values, short-axis cines were obtained from 50 rats. The cines were post-processed by a speckle tracking commercial program, and the myocardial velocities were processed by a three-dimensional wavelet de-noising program, instead of the built-in smoothing process of the commercial program. Software-implemented phantom measurements yielded rotation errors of 7.5%, 2.9%, and 3.4%, for inner, middle, and outer layers, respectively. Analysis of a shrinking/expanding mechanical phantom yielded strain errors of 3%, 5%, and 7% for the three layers. Bland–Altman analysis showed agreement between the commercial and enhanced programs. Thus, layer-specific analysis is feasible while using echocardiography even on small animals such as rats.     

四维超声心动图成像方法学探讨（上）——方法学的建立

四维(动态三维)超声心动图是一项新的超声诊断技术,因其能客观再现心脏的立体结构而引起人们的兴趣与重视,本文介绍了四维超声心动图成像原理、步骤等方法学问题并对其进行了讨论。