人外周血T淋巴细胞自噬现象的观察

目的：观察分离培养的人外周血T淋巴细胞的自噬现象。方法：密度梯度离心法及尼龙棉柱法分离健康成年人外周血T淋巴细胞，分空白组及地塞米松（DXM）组，培养72小时后观察细胞光镜及电镜形态学、MDC荧光染色，并用流式细胞仪检测自噬细胞比例变化。结果：①通过自然培养后人外周血T淋巴细胞可出现典型自噬细胞形态学改变。②空白组及DXM组72小时自噬细胞发生率与0小时比较有显著性差异。③DXM组与空白组72小时自噬细胞发生率有显著性差异。结论：人外周血T淋巴细胞存在自噬现象，DXM可诱导人外周血T淋巴细胞自噬。     

氨茶碱诱导T淋巴细胞自噬现象的观察

目的：观察氨茶碱对分离培养的人外周血T淋巴细胞自噬的影响。方法：密度梯度离心法及尼龙棉柱法分离健康成年人外周血T淋巴细胞,分对照组、氨茶碱组（10^-8～10^-3mol/L,即0.0018～180μg/ml）及地塞米松组（DXM）,培养后用流式细胞术检测自噬率和凋亡率变化。结果：①T淋巴细胞的分离纯度为81.3%～94.5%。②氨茶碱组干预T淋巴细胞培养72小时后,10^-5～10^-3mol/L氨茶碱组自噬率、10^-8～10^-3mol/L氨茶碱组凋亡率与阴性对照组比较差异均有显著性（P值均〈0.05）;各浓度组的自噬率和凋亡率之间均无相关性（P值均〉0.05）;在10^-5mol/L氨茶碱干预下,按不同细胞密度接种T淋巴细胞,观察0、24、48、72小时的自噬率,可见随着细胞密度的减少和时间的延长,其自噬率有增加趋势,但无显著性差异。③DXM干预T淋巴细胞72小时后,其凋亡率与阴性对照组比较有显著差异（P=0.000）,而自噬率无显著差异（P=0.481）。结论：10^-5～10^-3mol/L的氨茶碱可诱导人外周血T淋巴细胞自噬率增加,10^-8mol/L～10^-3mol/L的氨茶碱可诱导人外周血T淋巴细胞凋亡率增加,且自噬与凋亡间相互独立;DXM可诱导人外周血T淋巴细胞凋亡率增加,表明不同的药物可诱导T淋巴细胞启动不同的程序性死亡方式。     

小RNA转染人外周血原代T淋巴细胞的转染试剂筛选

目的探讨人工合成RNA转染人外周血原代T淋巴细胞的有效方法。方法从人外周血分离原代T淋巴细胞,采用Lipofectamine2000、Lipofectamine RNAiMAX、FuGENE6、Hiperfect和EntransterTM-R 5种不同转染试剂介导荧光标记的RNA转染原代T淋巴细胞,通过荧光显微镜观察及流式细胞术检测进行转染效率评价。结果分离的人外周血原代T淋巴细胞的纯度达到87.4%。采用上述5种转染试剂介导荧光标记的RNA转染T淋巴细胞,24 h后转染效率分别为(14.81±1.03)%、(14.33±1.24)%、(2.10±0.16)%、(1.69±0.08)%、(72.24±1.26)%。采用EntransterTM-R转染100及50 nmol/L对照RNA,24 h后转染效率分别为73.7%和56.0%;EntransterTM-R转染100 nmol/L对照RNA后48、72 h荧光标记细胞阳性率分别为62.0%、56.6%。结论转染试剂EntransterTM-R可有效介导人工合成RNA转染人外周血原代T淋巴细胞。     

尖锐湿疣患者外周血T淋巴细胞上活化抗原的表达

目的 :探讨尖锐湿疣 (CA)患者外周血CD6 9和HLA DR分子在T淋巴细胞上表达的变化及其意义。方法 :采用免疫荧光三标记流式细胞术检测 30例CA患者外周血T细胞CD6 9和HLA DR抗原的表达 ,并以 31例正常人作为对照。结果 :CA患者外周血CD3 T细胞CD6 9的表达 (6 6 3%± 3 13% )与正常人对照组 (5 12 %± 1 6 4 % )相比 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,CD4 T细胞CD6 9的表达与正常人对照组相比 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,CD8 T细胞表达CD6 9水平 (4 6 1%± 3 0 9% )明显高于对照组 (2 6 7%± 1 31% ,P <0 0 1) ;患者组CD3 T细胞中HLA DR 细胞 (2 1 6 5 %± 8 84 % )比对照组 (13 5 6 %± 5 15 % )显著增高 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论 :CA患者外周血T淋巴细胞的激活以CD8 T细胞为主 ,其免疫激活状态在抗病毒感染中起着重要作用。     

早孕外周血及蜕膜中NK细胞表型及T淋巴细胞亚群的变化

目的: 检测孕妇外周血及蜕膜中T淋巴细胞亚群和NK细胞表型, 探讨它们与母-胎界面免疫耐受的关系.方法: 收集20例早孕同一患者的蜕膜组织及外周血, 密度梯度离心法分离出淋巴细胞, 流式细胞术(FCM)检测两组中NK细胞、 T细胞含量及其表面分子CD16、 NKG2A、 NKG2D表达水平.结果: 蜕膜自然杀伤(dNK)细胞占蜕膜淋巴细胞(57.15±4.0)%, 外周血自然杀伤(pNK)细胞占外周血淋巴细胞(11.46±1.58)%; dNK细胞表面CD16的表达明显低于pNK细胞, 二者分别(10.3±3.9)%与(95.6±2.6)%(P＜0.05); dNK细胞表面NKG2A的表达明显高于pNK细胞, 二者分别为(87.10±4.5) %与(27.5±4.2)% (P＜0.01), dNK细胞NKG2D的表达水平与外周血NK细胞相近, 分别为(88.70±4.1)%与(93.10±3.6)% (P＜0.05); 蜕膜中的CD4 T淋巴细胞的表达低于外周血中CD4 T淋巴细胞, 二者分别为(13.70±1.0)%与(15.85±2.4)% (P＜0.05), 蜕膜中CD8 T淋巴细胞表达明显低于外周血中CD8 T淋巴细胞, 二者分别为(15.23±1.5)%与(18.85±1.73)%(P＜0.01).结论: 妊娠期蜕膜中的NK细胞及T淋巴细胞可能是同维持母-胎界面的免疫耐受的重要原因.     

非结核分枝杆菌感染患者外周血免疫细胞改变及其临床意义

目的分析非结核分枝杆菌(nontuberculosis mycobacterium,NTM)感染患者外周血免疫细胞表达率的改变以及临床意义.方法选择2016年4月至2017年4月期间苏州市第五人民医院住院的69例NTM感染患者作为病例组,选取同期本院健康体检者66例作为对照组.采用流式细胞术对健康对照组和NTM感染患者(NTM组)外周血免疫细胞表达率进行检测,并比较各组之间的差异.进一步根据感染部位的差异将NTM组分为单侧感染组(29例)和双侧感染组(40例),比较两组之间免疫细胞表达水平的差异.结果与对照组相比较,NTM组的总的T淋巴细胞表达率没有显著改变,而B淋巴细胞与单核细胞表达率出现显著上调[(10.50±0.56)%比(12.26±0.57)%,(5.61±0.24)%比(6.72±0.32)%,t值分别为2.209和2.774,P值均<0.05],自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞表达率出现显著下调(21.87±0.98)%比(18.63±0.98)%,t=2.341,P<0.05).对T细胞亚群的分析发现,NTM组的CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、CD8+CD28-T细胞的表达率与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而CD4+CD25HT细胞的表达率较对照组显著上调[(8.05±0.35)%比(3.69±0.19)%,t=11.000,P<0.05],CD8+CD28+T细胞表达率较对照组显著下调[(23.76±0.90)%比(27.07±0.74)%,t=3.039,P<0.05].进一步依据患者感染部位比较分析发现,单侧感染组与双侧感染组的T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、NK细胞、单核细胞在外周血中表达率的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).T细胞亚群的结果分析显示,CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、CD4+CD25HT细胞在单侧感染组与双侧感染组之间的表达率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而双侧感染组的CD8+CD28+T细胞表达比例较单侧感染组显著下降[(21.99±1.02)%比(26.21±1.52)%,t=2.397,P<0.05]、CD8+CD28-T细胞表达比率较单侧感染组显著上调[(24.48±1.90)%比(18.19±1.60)%,t=2.404,P<0.05].结论NTM感染患者外周血中一些免疫细胞的表达率出现了显著改变,可能对疾病的发生与发展产生了重要影响.     

骨髓间充质干细胞对致脑脊髓炎性MBP68-86特异性T淋巴细胞的调节作用

目的 探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)对致脑脊髓炎性MBP68-86-特异性T淋巴细胞的抑制和激活作用.方法 全骨髓贴壁法提取、培养Lewis大鼠股骨、胫骨内的MSCs;建立实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)动物模型,对照组大鼠仅免疫完全弗氏佐剂(CFA);EAE大鼠免疫10～11 d后,MBP68-86特异性T淋巴细胞被取出进行体外T淋巴细胞增值试验.从Lewis大鼠中得到的间质干细胞分别按下列要求预培养:在24孔板中与T细胞比值:1:1(1×106骨髓基质细胞/T细胞1×106)1:5、1:10、1:50或1:100;ELISA方法检测淋巴细胞培养上清液.结果 同种同基因的MSCs以MSCs与效应T细胞比例为1:1、1:5、1:10时共培养能够显著抑制MBP68-86特异性T淋巴细胞的增殖能力,与没有加入MSCs的单独MBP68-86特异性T淋巴细胞组相比差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 MSCs在高密度(MSCs/T细胞数比≥1:10)的情况下,对MBP68-86-特异性T细胞表现为抑制作用;在较低的密度(≤1:50)时,表现为刺激的作用.     

肿瘤源性热休克蛋白gp96诱导淋巴细胞反应及其抗肿瘤效应

目的：研究肿瘤细胞来源的热休克蛋白gp96-多肽复合物在体外诱导脾淋巴细胞的特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）反应.方法：利用蛋白纯化技术、SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳及Western blot法分离纯化、鉴定gp96-多肽;通过流式细胞术、免疫荧光技术、CCK-8法等检测经gp96多肽诱导的CD8^＋T细胞及其抗肿瘤效应.结果：经鉴定获得纯化的热休克蛋白;流式细胞仪检测表明,经gp96-肽复合物诱导后的CD8^＋T细胞比例达到近70%,远远高于对照组的35%、26%;该活化的CTL细胞在效靶比为50：1时的肿瘤杀伤率达72%,与对照组相比具有统计学意义;激光共聚焦显微镜观察证实实验诱导组的培养上清能诱导H22肿瘤细胞凋亡的形态学改变.结论：肿瘤来源的热休克蛋白gp96-肽复合物能诱导小鼠脾淋巴细胞的CTL反应,该活化的CTL具有特异性抗H22肿瘤细胞的免疫作用,并能分泌免疫活性物质诱导H22肿瘤细胞凋亡.     

小鼠CD4+T细胞活化后IL-10受体I表达的研究

目的:检测抗小鼠CD4+T淋巴细胞活化后表面白细胞介素10受体I(IL-10R1)表达变化,为进一步研究白细胞介素10(IL-10)相关免疫疾病的发病机制及进展提供有力支持.方法:取C57BL/6小鼠脾细胞,溶血后采用尼龙毛去除B淋巴细胞后,流式细胞仪无菌分选CD4+T淋巴细胞,利用anti-CD3和anti-CD28多克隆抗体刺激分选后细胞,分别在第0、12、24、48和72小时流式细胞术检测IL-10R1表达情况.结果:0小时时小鼠CD4+T淋巴细胞不表达IL-10R1,随着刺激时间的延长IL-10R1表达增加,24小时时达到最高,随后表达水平开始下降,72小时时表达情况与0小时基本相同.结论:CD4+T淋巴细胞活化后IL-10R1表达短暂,以24小时时表达最高.     

大鼠脑出血血肿周围神经元血管内皮生长因子表达与胀亡的初步观察

目的 通过建立大鼠脑出血动物模型观察血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在出血灶周的细胞定位和动态表达变化和脑出血后神经细胞胀亡时程表达以探讨两者之间的相关性.方法 采用二步法制备大鼠脑出血模型,脑出血组注入自体血50 μl,对照组注入等量生理盐水,分别于6、24 h、2、3、5、7 d后处死,行HE染色和免疫组化染色观察脑内VEGF表达变化;电镜下观察胀亡细胞形态学变化并计数.结果 脑出血后VEGF的表达与胀亡细胞表达呈负相关.结论 VEGF参与了脑出血后的损伤修复.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.