二维斑点追踪技术定量评价缩窄性心包炎患者左心室纵向运动功能

目的 应用二维斑点追踪技术定量评价缩窄性心包炎（CP）患者左心室纵向应变能力。方法 对CP 患者40例（CP组）及41名健康志愿者（正常对照组）行超声检查,并存储心尖两腔心、心尖四腔心及心尖左心室长轴切面二维图像;应用二维斑点追踪技术（2D STI）定量分析并记录各个节段纵向峰值应变及各个切面的总体纵向峰值应变,计算二尖瓣水平、乳头肌水平及心尖水平室间隔应变与侧壁应变的比值。结果 CP组心尖两腔心、心尖四腔心及心尖左心室长轴总体纵向峰值应变均低于正常对照组,左心室有心包覆盖的室壁纵向峰值应变峰值低于正常对照组,且二尖瓣水平、乳头肌水平及心尖水平室间隔应变与侧壁应变的比值明显高于正常对照组（P<0.05）。结论 CP患者心脏纵向运动功能减低,心肌存在损伤。二维斑点追踪技术可较射血分数更早检出心肌损伤,为评估CP患者心功能提供了更为精确的方法。     

二维斑点追踪显像技术评价冠心病患者左心房功能

目的 探讨超声二维斑点追踪显像(2D-STI)技术评价冠心病患者左心房功能的临床应用价值。方法 应用Simpson's法测量冠心病组(n=28)左心房最大容积(LAV_max)、左心房最小容积(LAV_min)、左心房P容积(LAV_P),计算左心房主动射血分数(LAAEF)和左心房被动射血分数(LAPEF)。应用2D-STI技术获取距二尖瓣环6~8 mm的左心房侧壁和房间隔处的应变率曲线,测定各房壁的左心室收缩期峰值应变率(SRs)、舒张早期峰值应变率(SRe)、舒张晚期峰值应变率(SRa),计算其平均值(mSRs、mSRe、mSRa),并与对照组(n=30)比较。结果 与对照组比较,冠心病组LAV_max、LAV_min 、LAV_P、LAAEF显著增高(P均<0.05),LAPEF显著减低(P<0.05);mSRs、mSRe均减低(P均<0.05),mSRa增高(P<0.05)。检查者间变异系数为6.22%~7.91%,检查者内变异系数为5.31%~7.42%。结论 应用2D-STI技术评价冠心病患者左心房功能可行且重复性好。     

对比三维斑点追踪技术和二维斑点追踪技术评价正常人左心室心肌应变

目的 应用二维斑点追踪成像（2D-STE）与三维斑点追踪成像（3D-STE）技术评估正常人左心室心肌应变。方法 对34名正常人进行左心室心肌二维、三维图像采集,通过二维图像获取左心室心肌收缩末期17节段纵向应变（LS）、18节段环向应变（CS）及径向应变均（RS）,通过三维图像获得面积应变（AS）、LS、RS及CS。结果 3D-STE与2D-STE的LS和CS均自基底段至心尖段逐渐增大,RS均逐渐减。与2D-STE相比,3D-STE测得的LS较小,CS较大（P均<0.05）。3D-STE所测的AS与LVEF相关性最强（r=-0.720,P<0.05）。3D-STE获取图像及脱机分析时间明显少于2D-STE（P均<0.05）。结论 3D-STE是更全面、省时、高效的应变测量方法。作为3D-STE的新型应变参数,AS能更全面地反映左心室收缩功能。     

超声三维斑点追踪技术评价肥厚型心肌病患者左心房心肌面积应变

目的 运用超声三维斑点追踪（3D-STE）技术观察肥厚型心肌病（HCM）患者左心房心肌面积应变变化。方法 对65例HCM患者,包括非梗阻型（HNCM组）35例、梗阻型（HOCM组）30例,以及43名健康志愿者（对照组）分别采集并存储全容积左心室心尖四腔和两腔切面图像;运用3D-STE分析软件进行脱机分析,软件自动将左心房心肌分为16节段,比较各组间左心房16个心肌节段之间峰值面积应变（PAS）和整体面积峰值应变（GAPS）之间的差异。结果 ①与对照组比较,HNCM组、HOCM组左心房各节段PAS、GAPS均显著减低（P均<0.05）。②与HNCM组比较,HOCM组左心房大部分节段PAS增高（P均<0.05）;HOCM组GAPS略高于HNCM组,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 3D-STE技术可反映HCM患者左心房心肌面积应变变化。     

三维斑点追踪成像技术评价不同年龄正常成人左心室整体应变

目的 应用三维斑点追踪成像技术(3D-STI)探讨不同年龄正常成人左心室心肌纵向、径向、圆周应变及面积追踪特征,并探讨其与年龄的关系。方法 将153名健康志愿者按年龄分为青年组(年龄18~45岁,n=54)、中年组(年龄46~64岁,n=51)和老年组(年龄≥65岁,n=48),行常规超声心动图检查,获取一般资料,然后采集心尖四腔切面动态二维图像,获得左心室全容积图像,存储图像并应用3DT分析软件在线分析。结果 与青年组和中年组比较,老年组整体纵向应变、整体径向应变、整体圆周应变和整体面积追踪明显减低(P均<0.05);青年组与中年组整体纵向应变、整体径向应变、整体圆周应变差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),而中年组整体面积追踪低于青年组(P<0.05)。左心室16节段分析示青年组纵向峰值应变、径向峰值应变和峰值面积追踪从二尖瓣至心尖水平逐渐减低,圆周峰值应变逐渐增大;中年组纵向峰值应变、径向峰值应变、圆周峰值应变及峰值面积追踪均从二尖瓣至心尖水平逐渐减低;老年组纵向峰值应变、径向峰值应变、圆周峰值应变及峰值面积追踪在乳头肌水平最小,而在二尖瓣水平最大。结论 随着年龄增长,左心室心肌纵向、径向、圆周应变及面积追踪有降低趋势。     

组织多普勒速度成像定量测量瓣环运动速度评价缩窄性心包炎患者术后心功能改变

目的 应用组织多普勒技术定量评价缩窄性心包炎(CP)患者手术治疗后心脏收缩、舒张功能改变。 方法 选取已确诊为CP且择期接受CP心包剥脱术的患者22例,于手术前及术后1个月分别行超声检查,存储心尖四腔心、心尖两腔心及心尖部左心室长轴切面组织多普勒二维图像,以定量组织多普勒技术分析并记录二尖瓣环各部位及三尖瓣环侧壁收缩期及舒张期峰值运动速度(S'、E'),分别计算各个节段S'、E'及三尖瓣环的平均速度作为二尖瓣环的总体运动速度。 结果 CP患者术后1个月左心室变大(P<0.001),左心房(P=0.011)及右心房(P=0.004)呈不同程度缩小,左心室射血分数增高(P=0.021);三尖瓣环、二尖瓣环左心室侧壁及室间隔S'、E'均有不同程度减低(P均<0.05),三尖瓣环、二尖瓣环S'、E'峰亦有不同程度减低(P均<0.01)。 结论 CP患者术后左心室射血分数增加,心脏各腔室发生趋于正常的重构;术后短期内切除心包瓣环部位S'及E'较术前减低,表明左心室壁纵向运动速度减低。     

二维斑点追踪显像评价阵发性房颤患者左心房功能

目的 应用二维斑点追踪显像(STI)技术评价阵发性房颤(PAF)患者左心房功能变化。 方法 分别对30例PAF患者(PAF组)和30名正常人(对照组)进行常规超声心动图检查,测定左心房内径(LAD)、舒张早期二尖瓣跨瓣血流速度(E)、舒张晚期二尖瓣跨瓣血流速度(A)、E/A、肺静脉收缩峰值流速(PVs)、肺静脉舒张峰值流速(PVd)、肺静脉收缩峰值流速/舒张峰值流速(S/D)、心房收缩期流入肺静脉血流流速(PVa),计算左心房最大容积(LAVmax)、左心房最小容积(LAVmin)、左心房收缩前容积(LAVp)、左心房被动射血分数(LAPEF)和左心房主动射血分数(LAAEF);应用STI技术获取左心房各壁各节段的应变率曲线,分别测量左心室收缩期左心房峰值应变率(SRs)、左心室舒张早期左心房峰值应变率(SRe)和左心室舒张晚期左心房峰值应变率(SRa),计算其平均值(mSRs、mSRe、mSRa)。 结果 与对照组比较,PAF组LAD、LAVmax、LAVp、LAVmin增大(P<0.05),LAAEF、LAPEF减低(P<0.05);E升高、A减低、E/A升高(P<0.05),PVs、PVd减低,S/D减低(P<0.05);PAF组左心房各壁各节段SRs、SRe和SRa降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PAF组中,SRs与SRe及SRa之间无相关性(P>0.05),mSRa与LAAEF之间呈正相关(r=0.78,P<0.01);对照组中,SRs分别与SRe及SRa呈负相关(r分别为-0.347、-0.384,P<0.05)。 结论 PAF患者左心房各壁应变率峰值减低,左心房辅泵功能、管道功能和储蓄功能相互代偿作用减弱或消失。     

血流向量图——评估房间隔缺损分流量的新方法

目的 应用超声血流向量图(VFM)技术,分析房间隔缺损的分流量及其影响因素。方法 选取20例Ⅱ孔型房间隔缺损患者为观察对象,应用VFM技术获得心腔内的血流速度向量和流线图,采用DSA-RS1软件测量房间隔缺损最大径处的分流量,分析分流量与肺循环血流量与体循环血流量的比值(Q_p/Q_s)、房间隔缺损最大直径、左、右心房的压力及差值的相关性。结果 通过VFM获得的房间隔缺损分流量与Q_p/Q_s呈正相关(r=0.93,P＜0.01)。分流量受房间隔缺损大小影响最大(r=0.95, P<0.05),即房间隔缺损越大,分流量越大。房间隔缺损分流量越大,左心房的收缩压越低(r=－0.61, P<0.05)、左、右心房间收缩压的压力差越小(r=－0.57, P<0.05)。房间隔缺损的分流量与右心房收缩压、左、右心房间的舒张压差和平均压差均无相关性(P均>0.05)。结论 VFM能够真实地反映心腔内血流动力学的变化。应用VFM技术可直接测量房间隔缺损的分流量,为临床提供有价值的血流动力学参数。     

三维斑点追踪成像技术评价子痫前期患者左心室收缩功能

目的 采用三维斑点追踪成像（3D-STI）技术检测子痫前期患者左心室收缩功能。方法 纳入轻度子痫前期患者73例（轻度组）、重度子痫前期患者64例（重度组）和年龄、孕周匹配的健康孕妇60例（对照组）。检测生化指标和常规超声参数,并运用3D-STI测量左心室收缩期整体纵向峰值应变（GLS）、整体径向峰值应变（GRS）、整体环向峰值应变（GCS）和整体面积峰值应变（GAS）,计算面积应变不同步指数（ASDI）。并分析三维应变参数与生化指标及超声参数的相关性。结果 与对照组比较,重度组左心房前后径（LAD）增大,二尖瓣口舒张期流速比值（E/A）减低,Tei指数在对照组、轻度组、重度组依次增高（P均<0.05）。与对照组比较,轻度组|GLS|、|GAS|降低,ASDI增高,重度组|GLS|、|GRS|、|GCS|、|GAS|和ASDI差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。与轻度组比较,重度组GLS、GAS明显降低,ASDI明显增高（P均<0.05）。|GLS|与Tei指数呈负相关（r=-0.471,P=0.036）;|GAS|与LVEF呈正相关（r=0.051,P=0.028）,与Tei指数呈负相关（r=-0.612,P=0.017）;ASDI与心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）呈负相关（r=-0.525,P=0.046）,与Tei指数呈正相关（r=0.489,P=0.037）。结论 子痫前期患者左心室收缩功能明显受损,心肌应变能力下降,3D-STI技术可早期无创评价子痫前期患者左心室收缩功能变化。     

心脏MR特征追踪技术定量评估扩张型心肌病左心房心肌应变

目的 观察心脏MR特征追踪（CMR-FT）技术定量分析扩张性心肌病（DCM）左心房（LA）心肌应变的价值。方法 对28例临床诊断DCM患者（DCM组）及23名健康对照者（对照组）采集心脏MRI。采用CVI42后处理软件,以CMR-FT技术基于两腔心和四腔心图像获得LA应变参数,测量LA容积（LAV）参数;比较组间CMR参数的差异,分析DCM的LA应变参数与LA射血分数（LAEF）、氨基末端脑钠肽前体（NT-pro-BNP）的相关性。结果 相比对照组,DCM组LAV增大、LAEF减小,应变和应变率参数总应变（εs）、被动应变（εe）、主动应变（εa）、左心室收缩期峰值正向应变率（SRs）、左心室舒张早期LA峰值负向应变率（SRe）及左心室舒张晚期LA峰值负向应变率（SRa）绝对值均减小（P均<0.05）。DCM患者εs与LA总射血分数（LAEF_total）、εe与LA被动射血分数（LAEF_passive）及εa与LA主动射血分数（LAEF_active）均呈高度正相关（r=0.92、0.86、0.86,P均<0.05）,εs、εe、εa与NT-Pro-BNP均呈中度负相关（r=-0.49、-0.40、-0.44,P均<0.05）。结论 CMR-FT技术可评估DCM患者LA心肌应变,有助于定量分析其LA功能;DCM所致LA应变参数降低与容积参数及NT-pro-BNP相关。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。     

甲状旁腺功能减退性心肌病的系统综述

目的 甲状旁腺功能减退（甲旁减）性心肌病是一种罕见的心脏疾病,为扩张型心肌病中少数可逆转的一种,常被误诊为不明原因或难治性心力衰竭。本文旨在探寻甲旁减性心肌病的规律性特征。方法 检索Pubmed、SinoMed、万方数据库中符合标准的甲旁减性心肌病病例,采用统计分组法对纳入研究的文献进行分析,依据系统综述和meta分析优先报告条目（PRISMA声明）进行报告。结果 在我们筛查出的41例患者中,女性居多（68.29%）,平均年龄为45.5岁,各年龄段均有发病。甲旁减性心肌病最常见的病因为特发性甲旁减（78.05%）,颈部手术导致的甲旁减性心肌病次之（17.07%）。患者均以心力衰竭就诊,伴不同程度的低钙血症。51%的患者有神经肌肉兴奋性增加的病史,90%的患者左心室射血分数降低。该病误诊漏诊率较高,仅36%的患者于入院后即明确诊断为甲旁减性心肌病。低血钙的纠正是治疗的关键,90%的患者心脏功能在血钙浓度正常化后恢复至正常。结论 对所有不明原因或难治性心力衰竭患者都应警惕甲旁减性心肌病的可能。     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.