ICP-MS法同时测定半夏糖浆中6种重金属元素的含量

摘 要 目的：建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP MS）同时测定半夏糖浆中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬6种重金属元素含量的分析方法。方法: 微波消解法处理样品,用ICP MS法（射频功率1.5kW,采样深度10 mm,等离子气、辅助气和载气流量分别为15.0,0.8,0.7 L·min-1,积分时间为0.3~2 s）检测不同厂家不同批次半夏糖浆中6种重金属元素的含量。结果: 各待测元素线性关系良好,r均≥0.997 0,检出限范围为0.3～15.2 ng·g-1,加样回收率为90.4%～98.7%,RSD≤5.8%。结论: 本方法准确、灵敏、简便,可用于半夏糖浆中6种重金属元素的含量测定。     

GC法同时测定肚痛丸中6 种有效成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定肚痛丸中6种成分含量的气相色谱方法。方法: 色谱柱为 HP 5柱 (30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm);采取程序升温,载气为氮气,流速为2.0 ml·min-1,进样量为1 μl,分流比为5∶1,进样口温度为280 ℃,检测器（FID）温度为300 ℃。结果:桂皮醛、乙酸龙脑酯、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、厚朴酚、和厚朴酚分别在32.28~516.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、27.06~433.00 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、25.65~410.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、26.10~417.60 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、24.01~384.20 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 0）、18.32~293.10 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 4）范围内呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为99.71%（RSD=0.67%）、99.34%（RSD=1.18%）、100.16%（RSD=0.34%）、100.40%（RSD=0.39%）、99.32%（RSD=1.22%）、99.58%（RSD=0.58%)(n=6）。结论:该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,准确度好,可为控制该制剂的质量提供依据。     

HPLC法测定氨糖美辛肠溶片的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定氨糖美辛肠溶片中吲哚美辛和盐酸氨基葡萄糖含量。方法: 采用Waters BridgeC18 (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以磷酸二氢铵(以磷酸调节pH至3.0)（A）,乙腈(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.7 ml·min-1,检测波长195 nm,进样量为20 μl,柱温30℃。结果: 盐酸氨基葡萄糖在0.030 0～1.500 8 mg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）,吲哚美辛在0.010 3～0.513 0 mg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为98.3% （RSD=0.33%,n=6）;99.9% （RSD=0.06%,n=6）。结论: 此方法准确、快速、灵敏、专属性强,可较好地控制该产品的质量。     

UPLC-MS/MS法测定黄杨宁制剂中的环维黄杨星D的含量

摘 要 目的：建立超高效液相色谱 串联质谱法（UPLC MS/MS）快速测定黄杨宁制剂中环维黄杨星D的含量。方法: 采用UPLC MS/MS法。色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）,流动相为乙腈 含0.1%甲酸的0.01 mol·L-1甲酸氨溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为0.35 ml·min-1,柱温为30℃,进样量为5 μl。离子源为电喷雾（ESI）离子源,正离子模式,工作模式为多反应监测模式（MRM）。结果:环维黄杨星D的线性范围为15.58～1 558.00 ng·ml-1（r=0.999 5）;平均加样回收率为97.7%（RSD=3.8%,n=6）。结论:该方法快速、简便、准确、重复性好,适用于黄杨宁制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定参莲胶囊中7种生物碱成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立RP HPLC双波长法同时测定参莲胶囊中氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、粉防己碱、防己诺林碱7种生物碱含量。 方法: 采用Venusil XBP NH2（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以乙腈 0.01%醋酸铵水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为210 nm、280 nm。 结果: 氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、粉防己碱、防己诺林碱线性范围分别为32.07～513.07 μg·ml-1（r=0.998 8）、37.90～606.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、23.07～369.07 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、52.37～837.87 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）、17.63～282.13 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）、5.30～84.80 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、8.87～141.87 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）;平均加样回收率（n=9）为100.16%~102.84%（RSD≤2.0%）。5批样品中氧化苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、粉防己碱、防己诺林碱含量依次为9.18~9.69 mg·g-1、9.35~11.74 mg·g-1、6.73~7.09 mg·g-1、15.17~15.96 mg·g-1、5.03~5.33 mg·g-1、1.23~1.97 mg·g-1、2.48~2.74 mg·g-1。 结论: 所建立的多成分分析方法可用于参莲胶囊中7个生物碱成分的含量测定。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定铁屑和枸橼酸铁铵中6种重金属

摘 要 目的：建立利用原子吸收分光光度法测定铁屑及枸橼酸铁铵中有害元素铅,镉,汞,砷,铜,铬的含量,以达到质量控制保证老百姓日常用药安全的目的。方法: 铅的测定：石墨炉法;镉的测定：石墨炉法;铬的测定：石墨炉法;铜的测定：火焰法;砷的测定：氢化物法;汞的测定：冷蒸汽吸收法。结果:铅的进样浓度在0～50 ng·ml-1范围与吸光度线性关系良好, r=0.999 8,平均回收率为98.9%（RSD=2.3%,n=6）;镉的进样浓度在0～4 ng·ml-1范围与吸光度线性关系良好,r=0.999 1,平均回收率为90.5%（RSD=1.5%,n=6）;铬的进样浓度在0～50 ng·ml-1范围与吸光度线性关系良好,r=0.999 7,平均回收率为96.1%(RSD=1.1%,n=6）;铜的进样浓度在0～800 ng·ml-1范围与吸光度线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为97.5%（RSD=1.2%,n=6）;砷的进样浓度在0～16 ng·ml-1范围与吸光度线性关系良好,r=0.999 0,平均回收率为93.4%（RSD=1.1%,n=6）;汞的进样浓度在0～18 ng·ml-1范围与吸光度线性关系良好,r=0.999 2,平均回收率为93.2%（RSD=3.8%,n=6）。结论:该方法准确,重复性好,可用于铁屑及枸橼酸铁铵的质量控制。     

HPLC双波长法同时测定美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中的2种有效成分

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛含量的高效液相色谱双波长分析方法。方法: 采用ZORBAX Extend C18 色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈和0.035 mol·L^-1的磷酸二氢钾水溶液（冰醋酸调节pH至3.0）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长分别为364 nm和318 nm,柱温30℃,进样量20 μl。结果: 在选定的色谱条件下,呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛在0.005～0.05 mg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,检测限分别为20 ng·mL^-1和26 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为70 ng·mL^-1和90 ng·mL^-1,平均回收率分别为99.4%（RSD=0.6%,n=9）和99.4%（RSD=0.3%,n=9）。结论: 所建立的方法简便快速,专属性强,结果准确可靠,可用于美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中呋喃唑酮及吲哚美辛的检测分析。     

气相色谱法测定盐酸阿莫地喹中乙醇及醋酸的残留量

摘 要 目的：建立气相色谱法测定盐酸阿莫地喹中乙醇及醋酸的残留量。 方法: 采用DB 1701毛细管柱（30 m×0.32 mm×1.00 μm）,以氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）检测,载气为氮气,流速1.0 ml·min-1,柱温采用程序升温,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃。 结果: 乙醇、醋酸和空白溶剂能达到良好分离;乙醇、醋酸的浓度线性范围分别为5.021 1～502.117 3 μg·ml-1(r=1.000 0）及5.021 7～502.173 6 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 8）,平均回收率分别为101.04%(RSD=0.65%)及97.33%(RSD=1.83%)（n＝6）。 结论: 本方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于盐酸阿莫地喹中乙醇和乙酸残留量的测定。     

HPLC法测定人血清中百草枯含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定人血清中百草枯含量。方法: 色谱柱：Kromasil C18柱（200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈 水（含0.03 mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠,0.24 mol·L-1磷酸）=3〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗97（用三乙胺调pH至2.0）;检测波长258 nm;柱温25℃;进样体积20 μl;流速0.8 ml·min-1。结果: 百草枯在0.106~10.6 mg·L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好( r=0.999 3),最低检出浓度为0.065 mg·L-1。高、中、低3种浓度样品绝对回收率＞89.4%,方法回收率＞94.4%,日内精密度RSD在0.12%～1.74%之间,日间精密度RSD在0.44%～2.89%之间。结论: 该方法操作简便易行、灵敏度高、专属性强,适用于百草枯的人体血清浓度测定。     

HPLC法同时测定根管消毒糊剂中3种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立高效液相色谱法（HPLC）同时测定根管消毒糊剂中多西环素、甲氧苄啶和醋酸地塞米松的含量。 方法: 色谱柱为Wonda Cract C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为甲醇 0.005 mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠缓冲溶液（内含0.1%三乙胺）（梯度洗脱）,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长240 nm,柱温25℃,进样量20 μl。 结果: 多西环素、甲氧苄啶和醋酸地塞米松的质量浓度分别在61 ~ 1 214 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、57 ~ 1 137 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）和2~9 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率及相应RSD分别为99.5%（RSD=1.21%）、100.4%（RSD=1.23%）和100.1%（RSD=1.20%）（n=9）。 结论: 该方法准确度好,精密度高,可用于多西环素、甲氧苄啶和醋酸地塞米松的同时测定。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.