鼠疫活菌苗接种后人群血清学反应及动物自动保护力试验

以微量被动血凝方法,观测了两组人群用冻干鼠疫活菌苗(EV活菌苗)皮上划痕免疫后的抗体变化以及对豚鼠皮上接种后的保护力试验。经EV活菌苗皮上接种后,人群血清阳转率约80～90％,血凝试验抗体滴度持续时间不长,接种后15天抗体滴度最高,1个月后逐渐下降。但动物试验显示在免疫后的6个月内具有一定的免疫力。EV活菌苗皮上接种易被群众接受,剂量以15亿个菌可靠性大。     

鼠疫活菌苗的研究Ⅵ.新菌苗0614F株加强免疫后持续时间的观察

用新选育的鼠疫菌苗０６１４Ｆ株在豚鼠基础免疫２０天后再加强免疫一次。结果表明，加强免疫２０天后血清Ｆ１抗体迅速达到高峰。几何平均滴度为１１４，至４个月时尚能１００％保护豚鼠耐受强毒鼠疫菌１４１株１０亿菌体的攻击，它比生物制品规程中免疫力试验要求攻击的菌量大１０＾５倍，仍然获得较好的免疫效果。作者认为，在鼠疫动物病流行猛烈的地区，鼠疫活菌苗施行两次接种，预计可提高易感人群的抗感染能力。     

鼠疫活菌苗新菌株的选育研究

从青海、吉林分离的148株强毒和中等毒力的鼠疫菌株中,用氯化血红素法选育了一株弱毒鼠疫菌061株。其生物学特性、残余毒力、遗传稳定性、对实验动物的组织病理改变及免疫力等均达到作为活菌苗的技术要求。最小免疫剂量的保护效果与通用的EV株相似;最大攻击剂量的保护效果明显优于EV株,可保护毒菌141株10亿活菌的攻击;免疫持续时间可维持3～6个月;加强免疫后,可保护毒株50亿活菌的攻击。用061菌株和EV株按常规免疫豚鼠,其抗体水平前者明显高于后者。其菌悬液的F1抗原含量061株为18.55ug/ml,比EV株11.29μg/ml高30%以上。作者认为可作为鼠疫活菌苗,用于人类鼠疫的预防。     

布氏活菌苗人体滴鼻免疫的效果

我国现用布氏活菌苗为皮肤划痕。我们曾试用滴鼻免疫法,共接种1000余人,分滴鼻50亿菌、滴鼻1亿菌和皮肤划痕50亿菌三个组,种后1、3、9和12个月用试管凝集和皮肤变态反应作阳转率观察,阳转率分别为50亿滴鼻组-74.0～91.5％;1亿滴鼻组—45。2～82.9％;50亿划痕组——37.2～65.5％。种后5～60天部份人中分离7株菌苗菌种,经动物试     

犊牛结膜接种布氏菌猪Ⅱ号苗免疫效果观察

为节省菌苗用量,提高免疫密度,对0～8个月龄犊牛进行结膜接种布氏菌猪Ⅱ号苗,其结果报告如下。1 材料和方法 免疫用菌苗系内蒙古生药厂制的冻干活苗。免疫前活菌计数,按计数结果用生理盐水配成200亿/ ml,对0～8个月龄犊牛右眼滴入0.05ml,即10亿个活菌体,共免疫500头。免疫前和免疫后不同时间采血测定抗体水平。     

接种布鲁氏菌羊Ⅰ型及羊5号苗后绵羊的病理变化及保护力测定

本文对使用强毒羊Ⅰ型布鲁氏菌攻击和羊5号菌苗免疫的两组绵羊所致的病理变化进行了比较,并在一定时期内测定其保护力。结果表明两组间出现病理改变的羊只数无明显差异,但强毒攻击组的病理变化较免疫组严重,再用强毒菌攻击,两组都具有一定保护力。     

炭疽保护性抗原疫苗的动物免疫效果

本文介绍了作者试制的无菌保护性抗原疫苗的动物免疫效果资料。此苗安全、毒性低,具有良好的免疫原性。家免经钾矾抗原免疫后能耐过250—10,000个MLD强毒炭疽芽孢的攻击,经0.2mlAl(OH)_3吸附抗原2次接种,对250个MLD攻击的保护率为94％。猴经0.5ml或1.0mlAl(OH)_3吸附抗原3次免疫对强毒炭疽芽孢的保护率为87.5％,免疫力可持续1年。兔、猴经吸附抗原免疫后有相应特异性抗体形成。     

土拉活菌苗的试制研究

本文报告了冻干土拉活菌苗的试制研究结果。该苗用F15/B弱毒菌株的白色集落,在无血培养基上培养制成。使用安全,具有良好的免疫原性。豚鼠经免疫后,能耐受我国地方性土拉强毒株(T95)800～2000MLD的攻击,保护率为100％。人体接种2个月后,血清凝集价为1:160～1:320,对人安全无害。     

经口和不经口抗旋毛虫感染疫苗在高度和低度反应鼠中的免疫效果

作者分别用旋毛虫囊内幼虫匀浆抗原(MLH)合并福氏完全佐剂(FCA)(经皮下注射),和MLH合并霍乱菌毒素(CT)(经口服)免疫接种明显因遗传学特性而影响免疫力的鼠种,即高反应鼠系(NIH)和低反应鼠系(C57BL/10),观察不同免疫途径和佐剂对两鼠种的免疫效果。另设单用佐剂FCA和CT的对照鼠组。在用300条囊内幼虫作攻击感染前27、17和7天,用上述免疫方法给两鼠系接种     

长春与北京冻干皮内卡介苗新生儿接种效果观察

在延吉市、和龙、珲春、龙井、图们、敦化、安图等县(市)做了长春与北京冻干皮内卡介苗接种效果的观察。方法全州7个县(市)3个月内接种卡介苗的新生儿,随机分长春与北京菌苗两组。每人接种冻干皮内卡介苗O.075mg/O.1ml,观察卡介苗接种后12周阳转率及局部反应。应用长春生物制品所生产的5Tu/O.1ml结核菌素,由专业技术人员操作,在左前臂中央做皮内注射,72小时观察硬结反应,测量纵、横径。平均直径5mm为阳性。结果1.长春苗组观察577人,阳性为488人,阳转率84.6％。北京苗组观察为1,105人,阳性973人,阳转率88.1％。两组无显著差异(X～2=3.7208,P>O.05)。卡痕均径3～8mm各占96.1％与94.4％。2.两组菌苗活菌数及结素变态反应均径:两组菌苗均置2～10℃冰箱保存。活菌数在接种前分别为120万/mg与201万/mg;接种后分别为170万/mg与177万/mg。长春苗组结素变态反应直径是7.2±3.3mm,北京苗     

Mucosal immunization of rhesus macaques with Rift Valley Fever MP-12 vaccine

Rhesus macaques given 5 × 10(4) or 1 × 10(5) plaque-forming units (pfu) of Rift Valley fever (RVF) MP-12 vaccine by oral, intranasal drops, or small particle aerosol showed no adverse effects up to 56 days after administration. All monkeys given the vaccine by aerosol or intranasal drops developed 80% plaque reduction neutralization titers of ≥ 1:40 by day 21 after inoculation. Only 2 of 4 monkeys given the vaccine by oral instillation developed detectable neutralizing antibodies. All monkeys vaccinated by mucosal routes that developed detectable neutralizing antibodies were protected against viremia when challenged with 1 × 10(5) pfu of virulent RVF virus delivered by a small particle aerosol at 56 days after vaccination. A single inoculation of the RVF MP-12 live attenuated vaccine by the aerosol or intranasal route may provide an alternative route of protective immunization to RVFV in addition to conventional intramuscular injection.     

Characteristics of the pulmonary cellular immune response to two strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis in the mouse

In order to assess the cellular responses in the lung in murine pulmonary blastomycosis, serial lung lavages were performed in normal BALB/cByJ mice that had received an intranasal inoculation with 1 of 2 strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis of opposite virulence. The virulent strain, ATCC 26199, induced an increasing number of neutrophils recovered from the lung lavages. An early peak of incoming neutrophils was seen at 1 to 2 days, followed by a more rapid accumulation of intraalveolar neutrophils, until by the ninth day after infection, 80% of the cells recovered from the mice were neutrophils. In contrast, the avirulent strain, ATCC 26197, induced the same degree (20%) of neutrophil influx on Days 1 and 2. Thereafter, the percentage of neutrophils consistently declined, so that by Day 6 after inoculation, the differential counts were normal. The total number of cells recovered from the mice challenged with the virulent strain did not increase significantly until Day 4; then the total number of cells consistently increased until the experiment was terminated on Day 14. The total number of cells obtained from the mice challenged with the avirulent organism never exceeded the normal range. To assess the effects of nonviable inert particles, mice were given Sephadex G-25 beads by the intranasal route, and the total number of cells recovered from the lung lavage fluid and the differential counts were determined. The peak neutrophil influx occurred 6 h after aspiration of the beads, compared with 24 to 48 h with the fungi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Systemic but not intra-intestinal vaccination with BCG reduces the severity of tuberculosis infection in ferrets (Mustela furo).

SETTING: Ferrets are important wildlife vectors of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in New Zealand. By reducing the severity and/or incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in wild ferret populations, vaccination may limit disease transmission to livestock. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether vaccination of ferrets with attenuated M. bovis BCG via systemic or intraintestinal routes can reduce the severity of TB resulting from oral M. bovis challenge. DESIGN: Groups of captive ferrets were vaccinated with live BCG via sub-cutaneous injection or intra-duodenal inoculation, twice, 4 weeks apart. Vaccinated and non-vaccinated (control) ferrets were subsequently challenged orally with virulent M. bovis to simulate the natural route of infection. Peripheral blood lymphocyte reactivity was longitudinally monitored, and the outcome of challenge was determined 20 weeks later by autopsy, histology and bacteriological culture. RESULT: Both vaccination routes induced tuberculin-specific lymphocyte reactivity; however, only the subcutaneous route was effective in reducing disease. Subcutaneous vaccinated ferrets had a lower severity of infection than non-vaccinated control animals, as indicated by significant reductions in viable bacterial burdens and prevention of gross lesions in mesenteric lymph nodes (the primary site of infection), and a lower incidence of bacterial translocation to thoracic lymph nodes. However, sub-cutaneous vaccination did not reduce the incidence of mesenteric lymph node infection. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic vaccination with BCG can reduce the severity of TB resulting from oral challenge with virulent M. bovis; however, delivery of viable BCG to the upper intestinal tract may not protect ferrets against TB.     

Cortisone-induced recrudescence of Giardia lamblia infections in gerbils

The course of infection with Giardia lamblia in gerbils was studied after oral inoculation with either cysts isolated from humans or cultured trophozoites. Primary infections occurred in 87% of exposed gerbils; cyst release peaked during the second and third weeks post-infection; cysts and trophozoites were observed for up to 49 and 87 days post-infection, respectively. Gerbils were refractory to challenge infection with infective human source cysts at 5 months post-infection. Overall, 50% of animals given subcutaneous injections of hydrocortisone acetate, during or following the late stages of their primary infection, showed recrudescence of infection as evidenced by passage of cysts; percentages showing recrudescence were: 80% at 50 days post-infection, 55% at 70 days post-infection, 27% at 7 months post-infection, and 50% (2 of 4) in gerbils challenged unsuccessfully at 5 months post-infection and subsequently injected with hydrocortisone acetate at 7 months post-infection. Both infected animals and uninfected controls injected with hydrocortisone acetate were immunocompromised as evidenced by significantly reduced plaque forming cell responses to sheep red blood cells. We conclude that infections with G. lamblia in gerbils can last longer than standard examinations for cysts would indicate, and that long-term immunity to this organism can be nonsterile.     

Defective mucosal immunity and normal systemic immunity of Mongolian gerbils,Meriones unguiculatus,to reinfection with Strongyloides venezuelensis

The systemic and local protective activity of Mongolian gerbils was examined after re-infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis. Mongolian gerbils were unable to expel S. venezuelensis adult worms from the intestine for over ten weeks after a primary infection. Therefore, immune animals were prepared by treating with mebendazole four weeks after a primary infection and then they were challenged by different maturation stages of the parasite; subcutaneous inoculation with the infective larvae ( L₃₎ obtained by faecal culture, oral administration of L3 obtained from the lungs of rats three days after a primary infection, or oral implantation of adult worms obtained from the intestines of rats seven days after a primary infection. The results show that, although immune animals were highly resistant against challenge infection by subcutaneous inoculation with cultured L₃, they were unable to expel orally administered lung-recovered L3 nor orally implanted adult worms. Although potentiated mastocytosis was induced by challenge infections with lung-recovered L₃ and adult worms, all mast cells were formalin-resistant, heparin-containing cells and never seen in the epithelial layer. In spite of the defective protective capacity at the intestinal mucosa, circulating antibody production specific to S. venezuelensis adult as well as L3 antigen was positive. Therefore, the inability of Mongolian gerbils to expel S. venezuelensis adult worms from the intestine seems to be due to the defects of effector/regulator cells, presumably mast cells, but not due to immune unresponsiveness to parasite antigen.     

Virulence studies, in mice, of transposon-induced mutants of Staphylococcus aureus differing in capsule size

We used three related strains of Staphylococcus aureus to determine whether capsule size influenced bacterial virulence. Strain SA1 mucoid elaborated a large capsule demonstrable by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nonmucoid isolates were derived from strain SA1 mucoid by Tn551 insertional mutagenesis. By TEM, strain JL24 produced a "microcapsule," whereas strain JL25 was unencapsulated. Strain SA1 mucoid had a 50% lethal dose for mice greater than 3,000-fold lower than that of strains JL24 and JL25. Quantitative cultures of blood and kidney from animals challenged intravenously revealed that strain SA1 mucoid was cleared less readily from the bloodstream and kidneys than the nonmucoid mutants. In an in vitro assay, only strain SA1 mucoid demonstrated antibody-dependent, complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis by human leukocytes. Strains JL24 and JL25 were opsonized for phagocytosis by complement alone. Thus a highly encapsulated strain of S. aureus was more virulent in mice than two related nonmucoid strains. The microencapsulated mutant was not more virulent than the unencapsulated mutant.     

炭疽吸附抗原对山羊免疫效果的初步观察

14头山羊和18头奶山羊经炭疽吸附抗原接种后未发现任何不良反应。免疫效果用ELISA测定血清抗体量和攻击试验判定。山羊免疫后血中抗体滴度增长2.5～320倍,增长幅度>5倍者占90.6％;8头免疫奶山羊经炭疽强毒芽孢攻击后活存5头。结果表明炭疽吸附抗原接种安全,可使绝大多数山羊获得免疫保护。     

Effect of bacille Calmette-Guérin on the immune response of BALB/c mice to a tumor allograft.

The effect of dosage and route of inoculation of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) on immune response to allogeneic tumor cells was investigated. BALB/c mice were tested 14 and 21 days after injection of EL-4 lymphoma for spleen-cell cytotoxicity against EL-4 cells in vitro and for complement-dependent, antibody-mediated lysis of tumor cells. BCG treatment had no measurable effect on the antibody-mediated lysis of tumor cells, but spleen-cell cytotoxicity was significantly increased in mice treated with 10(4) or 10(8) BCG by the intraperitoneal route; no such increase occurred when BCG was given by the oral or subcutaneous routes. The cytotoxic effector cells were primarily thymus-derived, since treatment of spleens with rabbit antiserum to mouse brain serum decreased cytotoxicity titers by approximately 90%. Within the framework of these experiments, the intraperitoneal route of BCG inoculation resulted in a more effective immune stimulation than the oral or subcutaneous routes.     

云南森林脑炎病毒生物学性状研究

1989年从云南省怒江州捕获的两组卵形硬蜱和一高热患者血中分离到3株病毒,对乳小白鼠和鸡胚敏感,并能在多种组织培养细胞上增殖产生病变。能凝集多种动物红细胞,血凝最适pH为6.2和6.6。电镜观察病毒呈球形,有包膜,直径40～62nm.不耐酸,不耐乙醚,属RNA病毒。保护力试验表明森林脑炎病毒免疫血清对新分离株有保护作用,经交叉血抑试验、交叉中和试验鉴定属披膜病毒科黄病毒属蜱媒脑炎亚组中的森林脑炎病毒。     

Comparison of infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi blood stream trypomastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes from Rhodnius prolixus.

Four strains of Trypanosoma cruzi (Y, BG, M and Peru) retain their ability to infect Rhodnius prolixus and to produce virulent infections in mice for from 12 to 39 years. About 60 or more metacyclic trypomastigotes were consistently lethal to mice. The mean number of metacyclics per bug ranged from 1.2 to 17.3 x 10(3). Comparative studies of virulence of metacyclics and blood trypomastigotes showed the blood forms to be slightly more virulent. The route of injection was shown to be more significant in varying the host response to infection, subcutaneous inoculation being the preferred route.