开展留学生解剖学教学的体会

随着经济全球化趋势的不断发展,高等教育国际化形势也日益突出[1-3].教育国际化为我国高等教育带来了新的机遇和挑战,高等教育国际化也是高校生存与持续发展的重要根基和不竭动力.     

德国医生的收入

自从在普鲁士"铁血宰相"俾斯麦的努力下形成统一的德国后,德国成了欧洲的文化及科技的最强者[1].自1901年设立诺贝尔奖以来,德国已经产生了102位诺贝尔获得者[2]. 德国的医疗体系也是世界最好的国家之一,但是他们的医生收入如何呢？     

尼泊尔学生医学汉语课教学的体会

进入21世纪，全球化的浪潮席卷世界，高等教育国际化已成为当今高等教育发展不可逆转的趋势。我国医疗水平及医学教育模式逐渐被世界各国所认可，将会有更多国家的留学生陆续进人中国医学院校学习，因此对外教学已经成为国内各大学一项重要的教学内容。四川大学从2001年开始招收尼泊尔的留     

留学生组织学与胚胎学教学需求调查与分析

随着中外医学交流的不断发展,我国医学高等教育日趋国际化[1].自1998年至今,我校已连续招收十余届医学留学生,且人数逐年攀升.如何保证留学生教学质量并进一步提高教学水平,是广大医学院校目前急需解决的问题.多年的教学积累证明只有充分重视学生的反馈意见,才能促进教学工作不断进步[2],基于此笔者进行了问卷调查,以充分了解当前医学留学生对<组织学与胚胎学>教学方法、教学质量等的认可情况,以及对开展某些重大教学改革的需求情况和教材选用情况等,为完善今后的教学工作提供科学依据.     

青年教师从事留学生组织胚胎学全英文教学的优势

<正>上个世纪50年代,我国接受了第一批来自东欧国家的33名留学生,掀开了新中国来华留学教育史的第一页。经过半个多世纪,随着我国高等教育国际化趋势的发展,我国已成为国际学生流动的重要目标国家之一。为了适应医学高等教育国际化的趋势,我校国际交流学院从2005年开始招收了印度、巴基斯坦和尼泊尔等十几个国家的留学生来我校学习。他们在本国已具有良好的英语基础,所以在校期间采用英语授课方式。组织胚胎学是医学生的一门非常重要的基础课,其教学效果的好坏不仅影响整体教学质量,同时也对中外医学教育交流产生影     

人体断层解剖学“三段三阶”混合式教学模式的探索*

人体断层解剖学是重要的基础医学课程.传统上,该课程的授课一直以线下课堂授课为主,但由于课程本身的难度较大,加之断层解剖学的学习需要学习者具备较扎实的人体解剖学基础,导致教师的授课和学生的学习效果皆差强人意[1].近年来,随着信息技术的发展,在线开放课程的建设逐渐兴起,以互联网线上教学与线下课堂教学相结合的混合式教学模式也在高等教育中迅速发展[2].但在基础医学形态学课程中,尤其是断层解剖学这样一门边缘性小众化课程中开展混合式教学模式,国内外可借鉴的成功经验还不多,笔者利用学校在线开放课程平台建设人体断层解剖学在线课程,将学习断层解剖结构分为既相互联系又呈逐步上升递进的"学""识""用"3个阶段,将线上自主学习与线下课堂授课相结合,书本理论学习、实验室标本观察和临床运用相结合,线上过程考核与线下理论考核相结合,形成全新的基于现代信息技术的人体断层解剖学课程"三段三阶"混合式教学模式.开展人体断层解剖学的课程教学改革,以期不断提高教学质量和效果.     

基于费曼学习法理念的开放式教育游戏平台的设计及在形态学课程教学中的应用

传统教学模式因课程学时有限,内容繁多等原因,学生常常出现学习动力不足,学习效率低下的情况.孔子在《论语·雍也》中说,"知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者."兴趣是激励学习的最好老师.在"以教师为主导、以学生为主体"的新型教学模式下,"乐学"的重要形式"游戏化学习"在学科教学和人才培养中受到日益广泛的重视[1-2].近年来,国内外学者对于游戏化学习在游戏的设计与开发、游戏的教育应用和游戏的教育评估等方面开展了丰富的研究[3].     

一种新型教学法在八年制医学生普通外科见习的应用

八年制医学教育与其它类型的高等教育相比,具有专业化程度高、实践性强、成本昂贵、培养周期长、社会期望值高等特点[1].我科在八年制临床见习中,以培养高年资住院医师为目标,制定了以症状为出发点,以疾病为导向的"空降兵"教学法,取得了较好的教学效果.     

基于云班课的混合式教学模式在系统解剖学中的应用

近几年,随着"互联网+"与高等教育的相互融合,网络信息技术已对教育产生了革命性影响[1].另外,当代大学生对学习和课程的预期也呈现出多样化趋势[2],基于云班课的混合式教学模式应运而生.云班课在教学活动中既能充分发挥教师引导、启发、监控教学过程的主导作用,又能充分体现学生作为学习主体的积极性、主动性与创造性[3],增加师生间的互动交流[4].传统的解剖学教学模式以教师填充式讲授为主,学生则是被动听和记,师生互动不充分,加上系统解剖学内容多且记忆困难,学生多数感觉"学不明白、学不扎实、学不精通"[5].而新兴的课堂学习与线上学习两种方式结合的混合式教学模式能使传统教学与网络化教学优势互补[6].现以"运动系统"为例,采用理论实验一体化的小班教学,设计基于云班课的混合式教学模式.学生通过云班课和传统面对面的课堂学习来完成学习任务,实现"线上"和"线下"教学的融合,充分发挥教师的引导作用和凸显学生的主体地位,达到教学相长的目的.     

基于在线开放课程平台的系统解剖学新混合式教学模式的构建与实施

当今幕课、在线开放课程、"金课"方兴未艾.网络课程更多强调以学生为中心的自主学习,在一定程度上激发了学生的学习兴趣,促进了师生的交流,提高了学生综合素 质[1].但是,学生自控能力差,成为妨碍学生自主学习的一个重要因素[2].另外一些有效的探索也提出了教学辅助不足,维度不够的弊端[3].在此背景下,笔者所在教学团队对医学基础课系统解剖学的教学模式进行改革,初步建立了一种新的混合式教学模式.     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Association between functional alterations of senescence and senility and disorders of gait and balance

OBJECTIVES:

Declines in cognition and mobility are frequently observed in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the appearance of gait disorders in older individuals may constitute a marker of cognitive decline that precedes significant findings in functional performance screening tests. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between functional capacities and gait and balance in an elderly community monitored by the Preventive and Integrated Care Unit of the Hospital Adventista Silvestre in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

METHODS:

Elderly individuals (193 females and 90 males) were submitted to a broad geriatric evaluation, which included the following tests: 1) a performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) to evaluate gait; 2) a mini-mental state examination (MMSE); 3) the use of Katz and Lawton scales to assess functional capacity; 4) the application of the geriatric depression scale (GDS); and 5) a mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) scale.

RESULTS:

Reductions in MMSE, Katz and Lawton scores were associated with reductions in POMA scores, and we also observed that significant reductions in POMA scores were present in persons for whom the MMSE and Katz scores did not clearly indicate cognitive dysfunction. We also demonstrated that a decline in the scores obtained with the GDS and MNA scales was associated with a decline in the POMA scores.

CONCLUSIONS:

Considering that significant alterations in the POMA scores were observed prior to the identification of significant alterations in cognitive capacity using either the MMSE or the Katz systems, a prospective study seems warranted to assess the predictive capacity of POMA scores regarding the associated decline in functional capacity.     

男性乳腺发育症临床病理分析及雌,孕激素受体检测

对１１３例男性乳腺发育症进行临床病理分析。同时检测其中３０例乳腺组织中雌激素受体和孕激素受体分布情况，结果发现两者阳性率分别为８０．０％和８３．３３％。结合文献讨论了男性乳腺发育症的发生与高血清激素浓度及乳腺组织高受体水平的关系。     

Lay theories of psychotherapy and perceptions of therapists: A replication and extension of furnham and wardley

This study examined laypersons' perceptions of psychotherapy, the experience of psychotherapy clients, and therapist credibility. Most of Furnham and Wardley's recent findings of positive and realistic lay views on psychotherapy and therapists were replicated. Age, sex, and psychological experience mediated some beliefs about therapy and clients' experiences. Although positive views were associated with higher ratings on some aspects of therapist credibility, only the modality of the therapy (behavior vs. client-centered vs. rational-emotive individual therapy) influenced perceptions of overall credibility. Neither the fee charged nor the participant's sex had any effect on perceptions of therapist credibility.